Sierra Smith Bio 205 Extra Credit Essay. My Face. Growing up I was always told that it takes 43 muscles to frown but only 17
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1 Sierra Smith Bio 205 Extra Credit Essay My Face Growing up I was always told that it takes 43 muscles to frown but only 17 muscles to smile and I should just smile because it's easier. It wasn't until a few weeks ago that I realized these numbers couldn't possibly be right. From what I know, there are only about 36 named muscles of the face, and they're not all involved in smiling and frowning. So which ones are responsible for smiling and frowning? I could take a chance and guess, but I'll rely on Dr. David Song, a plastic surgeon and Associate Professor at the University Of Chicago Hospitals, who wrote Does it take fewer muscles to smile than it does to frown? Counting only the muscles that make significant contributions, he concludes that smiling takes one more muscle than frowning (12 vs.11). Now that doesn't necessarily mean that smiling is harder to do, but a face always looks better with a smile. The facial muscles are like elastic sheets that are stretched in layers over the cranium, facial bones, the openings they form, and the cartilage, fat, and other tissues of the head. The facial muscles are innervated by cranial nerve VII, also known as the facial nerve. The anatomy of muscles is most directly related to facial expression, as the muscles cause these appearance changes. The figure below shows a simplified view of how the facial muscles are actually arranged.
2 Figure 1: Occipitofrontalis- Raises eyebrows. Procerus- Draws down the medial angle of the eyebrow giving expressions of frowning. Nasalis- Compresses bridge, depresses tip of nose, elevates corners of nostrils. Orbicularis oculi- Close eyelids. Corrugator supercilii- Wrinkles forehead. Depressor supercilii- Depression of eyebrow. Orbicularis oris- Pucker lips (kissing). Depressor anguli oris. Risorius. Zygomaticus major- Mouth upward. Zygomaticus minor- Elevates upper lip. Levator labii superioris. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. Depressor labii inferioris/ Levator anguli oris- Smile. Buccinator- Blowing aid in chewing. Mentalis. Platysma is innervated by the facial nerve. Stylohyoid
3 Muscular activity contributes expressive variation. Thus, facial expression is an important channel of nonverbal communication. For example, the facial behaviors related to ones emotions can reveal what they are experiencing at that time. As you may have guessed, the most important source of change in facial expression is the muscular movements produced by facial muscles, which provide the most substantial changes in facial appearance over short time durations and contribute most to nonverbal communication by the face. Interestingly there are two tools for studying facial expression produced by muscular action. The first is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a method that researchers use to measure facial expressions by identifying the muscular activity underlying transient changes in facial appearance. Researchers use in facial analysis to determine the elementary behaviors that pictures of facial expressions portray. Another is the FACS Affect Interpretation Database (FACSAID) and it s a tool for understanding what the muscular actions that FACS measures mean in terms of psychological concepts. FACSAID interprets the facial expressions in terms of meaningful scientific concepts. For most people appearance plays a big role in their lives. We begin the day looking in the mirror, washing our face, brushing teeth, combing hair, shaving and putting on make-up. And for some, the reflection can cause displeasure due to accidents, birth defects and disorders. Some disorders include; Bell s palsy, the paralysis of the facial nerve resulting in inability to control facial muscles on the affected side. Several other conditions can cause facial paralysis (brain tumor, stroke and Lyme disease). However, if no specific cause can be identified, the condition is known as Bell's Palsy. Linear Scleroderma is a form of localized scleroderma, which sometimes forms a long
4 crease on the face. It may be referred to as En Coup De Sabre because of its similarity to a saber or sword wound causing one side of the face to look different from the other. Romberg's disease, also known as progressive hemifacial atrophy, in its earlier stages usually involves the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and later may involve the facial muscles and skeleton. Both Romberg's and Linear Scleroderma usually begin in the first two decades of life. Central Core disease is characterized by muscle weakness ranging from mild to severe. Most have mild disease with symmetric proximal muscle weakness and variable involvement of facial and neck muscles. Many of those conditions can be improved surgically and many people choose to put their faces in the hands of a facial plastic surgeon. A facial plastic surgeon specializes in performing cosmetic and reconstructive surgery on the face, head, and neck region. The surgeon is typically board certified in otolaryngology, the specialty addressing surgery of the head and neck. The procedure is called, facial reconstruction surgery which repairs or reconstructs facial features. This includes scar revision, fracture repair, laceration repair, vascular birthmarks, cleft lip and palate, craniofacial deformitites and etc. A popular procedure that is done for more cosmetic reasons is rhytidectomy also known as a facelift. In facelift surgery, excess skin is removed and muscles are tightened. Some may just opt for a forehead lift to minimize forehead lines and wrinkles, and elevate brows to reduce lid drooping. Whatever the case may be, your face is often the first thing people notice about you, so take care of it! Improving your facial muscles (tightening) doesn t always need to involve surgery according to Dr. Horton, a plastic surgeon. Now you can t get rid of your double chin just by chewing gum as most of us have been told. Dr. Horton does suggest
5 that chewing gum keeps your facial muscles active, much like exercise for your facial muscles. Several fitness instructions have actually come up with exercises to work the facial muscles. Now these exercises do not show drastic changes immediately. But some people have shown some improvement over time. References: 1. Friesen. S. (2000) Facial Action Coding System Eds 2. Hager, E. The Inner and Outer Meanings of Facial Expressions 3. Horton, M. (2008) Institute for Plastic Surgery. Washington, DC (Conversation) 4. Huang, K., Sejnowski, R. (1999). Understanding the Face The American Journal of Physiology 5. Song, D. Does it take fewer muscles to smile than it does to frown University of Chicago Article Archive (Obtained via web 7/2008)
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