Anaesthetic considerations for laparoscopic surgery in canines
|
|
- Maurice Daniels
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession Anaesthetic considerations for laparoscopic surgery in canines Author : Chris Miller Categories : Canine, Companion animal, Vets Date : February 15, 2016 Laparoscopy in dogs is becoming an increasingly common technique for procedures such as ovariectomies and biopsies. It allows minimally invasive surgery with enhanced and magnified visualisation of the surgical field (Figure 1). Figure 1. A laparoscopic view of the abdomen. K: kidney, S: suspensory ligament, O: ovary, U: uterus. It is also associated with faster recovery, a reduced risk of postoperative wound complications and significantly less pain than open surgery 1,2,3. This article discusses the approach and management of dogs undergoing laparoscopic surgery from an anaesthesia point of view. To provide suitable visualisation and manipulation of organs the abdomen must first be inflated. Insufflation of the abdomen can either be performed using a blind or open approach. The trochar or Veress needle is inserted and gas insufflated to a pressure of 10mmHg to 12mmHg. The most common gas used is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) because it is safe to be used with electrocautery and has a low risk of embolism. Once the abdomen is inflated, more ports can be inserted to allow passage for the laparoscope 1 / 6
2 and instruments (Figures 2 and 3). The main difference between laparoscopy and laparotomy for abdominal surgery is a raised intraabdominal pressure (IAP). Figure 2. A two-port approach to the abdomen. Figure 3. A three-port approach to the abdomen. 2 / 6
3 Respiratory system Raising IAP using CO 2 impacts on the respiratory system mechanically and chemically. The increased pressure will push the diaphragm cranially, producing a splinting of the diaphragm and reducing the functional residual capacity of the lungs. As a consequence, at normal airway pressures more alveoli will be in a collapsed state, reducing the surface area for gaseous exchange and resulting in less uptake of oxygen from the lungs and reducing the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Areas of atelectasis will still be perfused, leading to a venous admixture further reducing arterial oxygenation. This will impact on the oxygen delivery to the rest of the body and can cause hypoxia and tissue damage. When CO 2 is insufflated into the abdomen some of it is absorbed into the systemic circulation, increasing the partial pressure of CO 2 in the blood. The normal physiological response to hypercapnia is to increase the respiratory rate to expire excess CO 2. This response in a conscious, healthy animal would be sufficient to manage the increased CO 2 concentration in the blood; however, in an anaesthetised animal the response is decreased. Cardiovascular system Raising IAP will also have an impact on the cardiovascular system, compressing the caudal vena cava and reducing the venous return to the heart and cardiac output. This reduction in cardiac output may decrease peripheral tissue perfusion, resulting in hypoxia. The body will respond by increasing the heart rate and systemic vascular resistance to maintain tissue perfusion. However, an anaesthetised animal will have a reduced capacity to mount an appropriate response. A raised IAP can also reduce perfusion of the organs by compressing abdominal vessels. It has been shown the IAP required for suitable surgical visualisation and working space can maintain normal physiological response cardiac output despite a decrease in venous return. The most critical period in regard to cardiopulmonary change is at insufflation and desufflation. The sudden difference in IAP has the greatest impact. Interestingly, after long periods of raised IAP, the most dramatic changes are seen at desufflation. A sudden fall in IAP results in increased cardiac output and greater pulmonary perfusion. However, a greater ventilation/perfusion mismatch causes a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO 2 ). 3 / 6
4 Anaesthetic management To address the complications of raised IAP you need to detect these changes. Pulse oximetry is vital to assess oxygenation of the blood and provides important information regarding compensatory changes in heart rate as a result of differences in venous return and cardiac output. Capnography gives an insight into the effects of a raised IAP. Monitoring respiratory rate, pattern and end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) will offer a lot of information regarding compromises to ventilation. A raised ETCO 2 would indicate either reduced alveolar ventilation or increased absorption of CO 2 from the inflated abdomen. Normotension should be ensured with a mean arterial pressure >60mHg and systolic >90mmHg. Tachycardia with a low blood pressure would suggest a large reduction in venous return, which is likely to occur in a hypovolaemic patient. Steps to take would include administering boluses of 10ml/kg Hartmann s solution or the surgeon working at a lower IAP. Arterial blood gas analysis will give a definitive answer of the degree of hypercapnia and acidosis. To ensure normocapnia, intermittent positive pressure ventilation should be provided, manually or by using an automatic ventilator. If ventilating manually it is important to understand there will be decreased compliance of the lungs (compliance is the ease with which the lungs can be expanded). Monitoring the extent of chest excursions is vital, albeit a relatively crude method, to prevent generating excessive airway pressures. The use of a ventilator allows much finer control. Tidal volumes and respiratory rates can be controlled to maintain ventilation. Studies have shown to maintain normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO 2 ), minute ventilation needs to be increased and ETCO 2 should be maintained at 35mmHg to 45mmHg. Oxygenation saturation is not dramatically affected by a raised IAP and should not be a major concern if the animal is maintained on 100% oxygen and anaesthetic gas. Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation should be maintained above 93%. Artificial ventilation No studies to date have investigated the effects of raised IAP in spontaneously breathing dogs. Several studies have demonstrated cardiovascular and pulmonary changes during laparoscopic procedures using CO 2 as the insufflation gas, but all animals in these studies had been artificially ventilated. These changes tend to be mild and within normal physiological parameters when IAPs less than 15mmHg are used. 4 / 6
5 In one study, minute ventilation was fixed and PaCO 2 did increase as high as 55mmHg 4. However, the abdomen was insufflated for three hours and PaCO 2 levels did decrease to normal limits 30 minutes after desufflation when minute ventilation was not changed. This suggests, even with fixed minute ventilation, compensation can be made for the changes in PaCO 2. Another study altered the minute ventilation to maintain ETCO 2. Again, the abdomen was insufflated for three hours and it was necessary to increase minute ventilation to maintain ETCO 2 between 40mmHg to 42mmHg 5. However, this increase was within normal physiological limits and not required for the procedure s whole duration. If ETCO 2 measurements can be made and the abdomen is insufflated at pressures around 10mmHg, a healthy animal should be able to spontaneously breathe and compensate for the increased PaCO 2. Slow insufflation and desufflation are very important in preventing rapid changes in abdominal pressure. Maintaining the animal on 100% inspired oxygen for as long as possible after desufflation will help to minimise the decrease in PaO 2 at this stage. Considerations for ovariectomy Moderate pain can be associated with insufflation of the abdomen, but there is less postoperative pain using a laparoscopic technique. An acepromazine/methadone premedication will provide suitable anxiolysis, sedation and analgesia for the duration of the surgery and into the postoperative period. For a healthy dog, appropriate doses would be 0.02mg/kg acepromazine and 0.3mg/kg methadone IM 30 to 40 minutes before induction. Lidocaine can be infiltrated into the skin and muscles overlying the portal sites at least five minutes before the ports are inserted into the abdomen. Lidocaine patches can be applied over the sites postoperatively. An NSAID will contribute to perioperative analgesia. Considerations for liver biopsy Coagulation times should be assessed before surgery. Acepromazine should be avoided as it may prolong clotting times and increase the risk of haemorrhage. An alpha-2 agonist, in combination with an opioid, would be an ideal premed. The author considers using dexmedetomidine as opposed to medetomidine as there is less to be metabolised by the liver. In severe cases of liver disease it may be necessary to omit the alpha-2 agonist and rely on 5 / 6
6 Powered by TCPDF ( an opioid alone. Appropriate doses depend on the dog, but could be 0.005mg/kg to 0.010mg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.3mg/kg methadone IM or IV 15 to 20 minutes before induction. All induction agents are metabolised by the liver, but propofol may be the best choice as it is also metabolised by extrahepatic tissues. Local anaesthetics can be used as described before. NSAIDs should be avoided and postoperative analgesia should be continued with opioids. There may be a prolonged duration of action of the opioids due to decreased metabolism. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Matt Gurney and John Williams for reviewing this article and providing the images. References 1. Devitt CM et al (2005). Duration, complications, stress and pain of open ovariohysterectomy versus a simple method of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 227(6): Culp WT et al (2009). The effect of laparoscopic versus open ovariectomy on postsurgical activity in small dogs, Vet Surg 38(7): Hancock RB et al (2005). Comparison of postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy by harmonic scalpel-assisted laparoscopy compared with median celiotomy and ligation in dog, Vet Surg 34(3): Williams MD et al (1993). Laparoscopic insufflations of the abdomen depresses cardiopulmonary function, Surg Endosc 7(1): Duke T et al (1996). Cardiopulmonary effects of using carbon dioxide for laparoscopic surgery in dogs, Vet Surg 25(1): / 6
Frederic J., Gerges MD. Ghassan E. Kanazi MD., Sama, I. Jabbour-Khoury MD. Review article from Journal of clinical anesthesia 2006.
Frederic J., Gerges MD. Ghassan E. Kanazi MD., Sama, I. Jabbour-Khoury MD. Review article from Journal of clinical anesthesia 2006 Introduction Laparoscopic surgery started in the mid 1950s. In recent
More informationCapnography for Pediatric Procedural Sedation Learning Module Last revised: February 18, 2014
Capnography for Pediatric Procedural Sedation Learning Module Last revised: February 18, 2014 Capnography 40 Non-invasive device that continually monitors EtCO 2 While pulse oximetry measures oxygen saturation,
More informationINTRODUCTION The effect of CPAP works on lung mechanics to improve oxygenation (PaO 2
2 Effects of CPAP INTRODUCTION The effect of CPAP works on lung mechanics to improve oxygenation (PaO 2 ). The effect on CO 2 is only secondary to the primary process of improvement in lung volume and
More informationADVANCED PATIENT MONITORING DURING ANAESTHESIA: PART ONE
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk ADVANCED PATIENT MONITORING DURING ANAESTHESIA: PART ONE Author : CARL BRADBROOK Categories : Vets Date : October 7, 2013
More informationADVANCED PATIENT MONITORING DURING ANAESTHESIA: PART TWO
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk ADVANCED PATIENT MONITORING DURING ANAESTHESIA: PART TWO Author : CARL BRADBROOK Categories : Vets Date : October 14, 2013
More information1. When a patient fails to ventilate or oxygenate adequately, the problem is caused by pathophysiological factors such as hyperventilation.
Chapter 1: Principles of Mechanical Ventilation TRUE/FALSE 1. When a patient fails to ventilate or oxygenate adequately, the problem is caused by pathophysiological factors such as hyperventilation. F
More informationCapnography 101. James A Temple BA, NRP, CCP
Capnography 101 James A Temple BA, NRP, CCP Expected Outcomes 1. Gain a working knowledge of the physiology and science behind End-Tidal CO2. 2.Relate End-Tidal CO2 to ventilation, perfusion, and metabolism.
More informationBirds are hard to keep alive...
Birds are hard to keep alive... Advances in Drugs Monitoring Understanding of birds Anaesthesia provides.. Immobilisation Analgesia Muscle relaxation Oxygen Reduced stress? Better control... Intubation
More informationCritical Care Monitoring. Assessing the Adequacy of Tissue Oxygenation. Tissue Oxygenation - Step 1. Tissue Oxygenation
Critical Care Monitoring 1 Assessing the Adequacy of Tissue oxygenation is the end-product of many complex steps 2 - Step 1 Oxygen must be made available to alveoli 3 1 - Step 2 Oxygen must cross the alveolarcapillary
More informationCapnography. Capnography. Oxygenation. Pulmonary Physiology 4/15/2018. non invasive monitor for ventilation. Edward C. Adlesic, DMD.
Capnography Edward C. Adlesic, DMD University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine 2018 North Carolina Program Capnography non invasive monitor for ventilation measures end tidal CO2 early detection
More informationThe Vigileo monitor by Edwards Lifesciences supports both the FloTrac Sensor for continuous cardiac output and the Edwards PreSep oximetry catheter
1 2 The Vigileo monitor by Edwards Lifesciences supports both the FloTrac Sensor for continuous cardiac output and the Edwards PreSep oximetry catheter for continuous central venous oximetry (ScvO2) 3
More informationMechanical Ventilation. Assessing the Adequacy of Tissue Oxygenation. Tissue Oxygenation - Step 1. Tissue Oxygenation
1 Mechanical Ventilation Assessing the Adequacy of 2 Tissue oxygenation is the end-product of many complex steps - Step 1 3 Oxygen must be made available to alveoli 1 - Step 2 4 Oxygen must cross the alveolarcapillary
More informationCapnography Connections Guide
Capnography Connections Guide Patient Monitoring Contents I Section 1: Capnography Introduction...1 I Section 2: Capnography & PCA...3 I Section 3: Capnography & Critical Care...7 I Section 4: Capnography
More informationLevel 2 Anatomy and Physiology Bite size revision. Respiratory System. The order of the passage of oxygen into the body (inhalation/inspiration) is: -
Respiratory System Function of the respiratory system The lungs are located in the chest cavity and their function is to intake oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the body. Structure of the respiratory
More informationFoundation in Critical Care Nursing. Airway / Respiratory / Workbook
Foundation in Critical Care Nursing Airway / Respiratory / Workbook Airway Anatomy: Please label the following: Tongue Larynx Epiglottis Pharynx Trachea Vertebrae Oesophagus Where is the ET (endotracheal)
More informationCapnography- A Review and Renewed Perspective of its Uses and Limitations
Capnography- A Review and Renewed Perspective of its Uses and Limitations Prepared and Presented by: Christine Hardie and Dr. Matt Davis December 2014 Learning Objectives Upon completion of this webinar
More informationApplied Physiology of One Lung Ventilation
Applied Physiology of One Lung Ventilation One Lung Ventilation Usual situation Thoracic surgery Lateral decubitus position GA, paralysis, PPV Non-dependant lung collapsed and non-ventilated Chest may
More informationHow it Works. CO 2 is the smoke from the flames of metabolism 10/21/18. -Ray Fowler, MD. Metabolism creates ETC0 2 for excretion
CO 2 is the smoke from the flames of metabolism -Ray Fowler, MD How it Works Metabolism creates ETC0 2 for excretion ETC02 and Oxygen are exchanged at the alveolar level in the lungs with each breath.
More informationACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS) Rv
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS) Rv.8.18.18 ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS) SUDDEN PROGRESSIVE FORM OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE ALVEOLAR CAPILLARY MEMBRANE BECOMES DAMAGED AND MORE
More informationEssentials of Anaesthetic Monitoring in Veterinary Practice
Essentials of Anaesthetic Monitoring in Veterinary Practice A refresher and update lecture By Prof Yves Moens, Dipl ECVAA Presented by Dr Alessandra Bergadano, Dipl ECVAA Technical Monitoring human From
More informationRespiratory Physiology Part II. Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross
Respiratory Physiology Part II Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Gas exchange Gas exchange in the lungs (to capillaries) occurs by diffusion across respiratory membrane due to differences in partial
More informationEnd Tidal CO2 Not All Its Cracked Up To Be The Limitations of PETCO2 In Sedation Analgesia
End Tidal CO2 Not All Its Cracked Up To Be The Limitations of PETCO2 In Sedation Analgesia Tidal Volume Noninvasive monitoring of ventilation and exhaled carbon dioxide of a patient End Tidal CO2 Produces
More informationLecture Notes. Chapter 2: Introduction to Respiratory Failure
Lecture Notes Chapter 2: Introduction to Respiratory Failure Objectives Define respiratory failure, ventilatory failure, and oxygenation failure List the causes of respiratory failure Describe the effects
More informationChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
136 PHYSIOLOGY CASES AND PROBLEMS Case 24 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Bernice Betweiler is a 73-year-old retired seamstress who has never been married. She worked in the alterations department
More informationCompetency Title: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
Competency Title: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Trainee Name: ------------------------------------------------------------- Title: ---------------------------------------------------------------
More informationCritical Care of the Post-Surgical Patient
Critical Care of the Post-Surgical Patient, Dr med vet, DEA, DECVIM-CA Many critically ill patients require surgical treatments. These patients often have multisystem abnormalities during the immediate
More informationThe Challenging Pediatric Cardiac Patient. Edmund Jooste
The Challenging Pediatric Cardiac Patient Edmund Jooste A 5 -year old female with hypoplastic left heart syndrome s/p the Fontan procedure presents for laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis.
More informationJune 2011 Bill Streett-Training Section Chief
Capnography 102 June 2011 Bill Streett-Training Section Chief Terminology Capnography: the measurement and numerical display of end-tidal CO2 concentration, at the patient s airway, during a respiratory
More informationSepsis Wave II Webinar Series. Sepsis Reassessment
Sepsis Wave II Webinar Series Sepsis Reassessment Presenters Nova Panebianco, MD Todd Slesinger, MD Fluid Reassessment in Sepsis Todd L. Slesinger, MD, FACEP, FCCM, FCCP, FAAEM Residency Program Director
More informationCapnography: The Most Vital Sign
Capnography: The Most Vital Sign Mike McEvoy, PhD, NRP, RN, CCRN Cardiac Surgical ICU RN & Chair Resuscitation Committee Albany Medical Center EMS Coordinator Saratoga County, NY www.mikemcevoy.com CO
More informationEffect of anaesthetic use of nitrous oxide on carbon dioxide elimination in laparoscopic surgery
Quest Journals Journal of Medical and Dental Science Research Volume 2~ Issue 1 (2015) pp: 11-15 ISSN(Online) : 2394-076X ISSN (Print):2394-0751 www.questjournals.org Research Paper Effect of anaesthetic
More informationArterial Blood Gases. Dr Mark Young Mater Health Services
Arterial Blood Gases Dr Mark Young Mater Health Services Why do them? Quick results Bedside test Range of important information Oxygenation Effectiveness of gas exchange Control of ventilation Acid base
More informationNIV - BI-LEVEL POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE (BIPAP)
Introduction NIV - BI-LEVEL POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE (BIPAP) Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is a method of delivering oxygen by positive pressure mask that allows for the prevention or postponement of invasive
More informationHOW LOW CAN YOU GO? HYPOTENSION AND THE ANESTHETIZED PATIENT.
HOW LOW CAN YOU GO? HYPOTENSION AND THE ANESTHETIZED PATIENT. Donna M. Sisak, CVT, LVT, VTS (Anesthesia/Analgesia) Seattle Veterinary Specialists Kirkland, WA dsisak@svsvet.com THE ANESTHETIZED PATIENT
More informationHyperthyroid anaesthesia in felines
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Hyperthyroid anaesthesia in felines Author : MIGUEL MARTÍNEZ Categories : Vets Date : July 28, 2008 MIGUEL MARTÍNEZ discusses
More informationRespiratory Pathophysiology Cases Linda Costanzo Ph.D.
Respiratory Pathophysiology Cases Linda Costanzo Ph.D. I. Case of Pulmonary Fibrosis Susan was diagnosed 3 years ago with diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. She tries to continue normal activities,
More informationOctober Paediatric Respiratory Workbook APCP RESPIRATORY COMMITTEE
October 2017 Paediatric Respiratory Workbook APCP RESPIRATORY COMMITTEE This workbook is designed to introduce to you the difference between paediatric and adult anatomy and physiology. It will also give
More informationShock is defined as a state of cellular and tissue hypoxia due to : reduced oxygen delivery and/or increased oxygen consumption or inadequate oxygen
Shock is defined as a state of cellular and tissue hypoxia due to : reduced oxygen delivery and/or increased oxygen consumption or inadequate oxygen utilization The effects of shock are initially reversible
More informationINDEPENDENT LUNG VENTILATION
INDEPENDENT LUNG VENTILATION Giuseppe A. Marraro, MD Director Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Department Paediatric Intensive Care Unit Fatebenefratelli and Ophthalmiatric Hospital Milan, Italy gmarraro@picu.it
More informationPneumoperitoneum. Laparoscopic instrumentation Access into the abdomen
Basic Science in Laparoscopic Surgery Contents Pneumoperitoneum Patient positioning Laparoscopic instrumentation Access into the abdomen Laparoscopic Surgery Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) Keyhole Surgery
More informationOxygenation. Chapter 45. Re'eda Almashagba 1
Oxygenation Chapter 45 Re'eda Almashagba 1 Respiratory Physiology Structure and function Breathing: inspiration, expiration Lung volumes and capacities Pulmonary circulation Respiratory gas exchange: oxygen,
More informationRole of EtCO2 (End tidal CO2) Monitoring (Capnography) During Laparoscopic Surgery under General Anesthesia
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Role of EtCO2 (End tidal CO2) Monitoring (Capnography) During Laparoscopic Surgery under General Anesthesia Mamta G. Patel 1*, V. N. Swadia 2 1 M.D., Associate Professor, 2 M.D., Ex.Professor
More informationJulie Zimmerman, MSN, RN, CCRN Clinical Nurse Specialist
Julie Zimmerman, MSN, RN, CCRN Clinical Nurse Specialist Objectives Define capnography vs. end tidal CO2 (EtCO 2 ) Identify what normal vs. abnormal EtCO2 values mean and what to do Understand when to
More informationANAESTHESIA FOR BLEEDING TONSIL
ANAESTHESIA FOR BLEEDING TONSIL BY Dr.S.C.Ganeshprabu, MD., D.A., Professor of Anaesthesiology, Madurai Medical College & Govt. Rajaji Hospital, Madurai -652 020. A 5-year-old child who had tonsillectomy
More informationPrepared by : Bayan Kaddourah RN,MHM. GICU Clinical Instructor
Mechanical Ventilation Prepared by : Bayan Kaddourah RN,MHM. GICU Clinical Instructor 1 Definition Is a supportive therapy to facilitate gas exchange. Most ventilatory support requires an artificial airway.
More informationProceedings of the Society for Theriogenology 2013 Annual Conference
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the Society for Theriogenology 2013 Annual Conference Aug. 7-10, 2013 Louisville, KY, USA www.therio.org/ Next SFT Meeting: Aug. 6-9, 2014 Portland, OR, USA Reprinted in the
More informationRespiratory Failure in the Pediatric Patient
Respiratory Failure in the Pediatric Patient Ndidi Musa M.D. Associate Professor of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Pediatric Cardiac Intensivist Children s Hospital of Wisconsin Objectives Recognize
More informationAnaesthesia for patients with endocrine diseases
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Anaesthesia for patients with endocrine diseases Author : Karen Walsh Categories : Companion animal, Vets Date : March 21,
More informationOther methods for maintaining the airway (not definitive airway as still unprotected):
Page 56 Where anaesthetic skills and drugs are available, endotracheal intubation is the preferred method of securing a definitive airway. This technique comprises: rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia
More informationPharmacology: Inhalation Anesthetics
Pharmacology: Inhalation Anesthetics This is an edited and abridged version of: Pharmacology: Inhalation Anesthetics by Jch Ko, DVM, MS, DACVA Oklahoma State University - Veterinary Medicine, February
More information43. Pros and Cons of Alternate Gases and Abdominal Wall Lifting Methods
43. Pros and Cons of Alternate Gases and Abdominal Wall Lifting Methods Robert Talac, M.D., Ph.D. Heidi Nelson, M.D., F.A.C.S. Modern surgery has become complex and technically sophisticated. This is particularly
More informationa. Describe the physiological consequences of intermittent positive pressure ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure.
B. 10 Applied Respiratory Physiology a. Describe the physiological consequences of intermittent positive pressure ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation
More informationBi-Level Therapy: Boosting Comfort & Compliance in Apnea Patients
Bi-Level Therapy: Boosting Comfort & Compliance in Apnea Patients Objectives Describe nocturnal ventilation characteristics that may indicate underlying conditions and benefits of bilevel therapy for specific
More informationCAPNOGRAPHY. 1.1 To set forth the policy and procedure for performing continuous end-tidal waveform capnography.
OFFICE OF MEDICAL AFFAIRS DIRECTIVE 2009-02 CAPNOGRAPHY 1. PURPOSE 1.1 To set forth the policy and procedure for performing continuous end-tidal waveform capnography. 2. SCOPE 2.1 This procedure applies
More informationDon t let your patients turn blue! Isn t it about time you used etco 2?
Don t let your patients turn blue! Isn t it about time you used etco 2? American Association of Critical Care Nurses National Teaching Institute Expo Ed 2013 Susan Thibeault MS, CRNA, APRN, CCRN, EMT-P
More information² C Y E N G R E M E ssignac Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation Device uob
E M E R G E N C Y Boussignac Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation Device ² What is b-card? b-card Boussignac Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation Device has been designed specifically for the treatment of cardiac arrest.
More informationAnesthesia for the Colic Patient
Published in IVIS with the permission of the AAEP Close this window to return to IVIS Anesthesia for the Colic Patient Cynthia M. Trim, BVSc, DVA, Diplomate ACVA, Diplomate ECVA, MRCVS Author s Address:
More information3. Which of the following would be inconsistent with respiratory alkalosis? A. ph = 7.57 B. PaCO = 30 mm Hg C. ph = 7.63 D.
Pilbeam: Mechanical Ventilation, 4 th Edition Test Bank Chapter 1: Oxygenation and Acid-Base Evaluation MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The diffusion of carbon dioxide across the alveolar capillary membrane is. A.
More informationAnaesthesia and induction in neonatal companion animals
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Anaesthesia and induction in neonatal companion animals Author : Samantha Carrington-Brown, Karen Walsh Categories : Canine,
More informationThe cardiovascular and respiratory system
The cardiovascular and respiratory system For this unit you need to be able to... Learning Outcomes: Covered? Confident? Understand and be able to give sporting examples of when each respiratory system
More informationAcid Base Imbalance. 1. Prior to obtaining the ABG s an Allen s test should be performed. Explain the rationale for this.
Acid Base Imbalance Case 1. An 18-year-old male arrives via EMS to the emergency department. He is experiencing Tachypnea, dizziness, numbness and paraesthesia. He is anxious, respirations are 28 per minute
More informationMaternal Collapse Guideline
Maternal Collapse Guideline Guideline Number: 664 Supersedes: Classification Clinical Version No: Date of EqIA: Approved by: Date Approved: Date made active: Review Date: 1 Obstetric Written Documentation
More informationCardiorespiratory Interactions:
Cardiorespiratory Interactions: The Heart - Lung Connection Jon N. Meliones, MD, MS, FCCM Professor of Pediatrics Duke University Medical Director PCVICU Optimizing CRI Cardiorespiratory Economics O2:
More informationNOTE: CONTENT CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT IS TAKEN FROM ROSEN S EMERGENCY MEDICINE 9th Ed.
Chapter 5 Monitoring the Emergency Patient NOTE: CONTENT CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT IS TAKEN FROM ROSEN S EMERGENCY MEDICINE 9th Ed. Italicized text is quoted directly from Rosen s. Key Concepts: 1. Monitoring
More informationIntroduction and Overview of Acute Respiratory Failure
Introduction and Overview of Acute Respiratory Failure Definition: Acute Respiratory Failure Failure to oxygenate Inadequate PaO 2 to saturate hemoglobin PaO 2 of 60 mm Hg ~ SaO 2 of 90% PaO 2 of 50 mm
More informationRespiratory Failure. Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF): a- Intrapulmonary:
Respiratory failure exists whenever the exchange of O 2 for CO 2 in the lungs cannot keep up with the rate of O 2 consumption & CO 2 production in the cells of the body. This results in a fall in arterial
More informationITLS Pediatric Provider Course Basic Pre-Test
ITLS Pediatric Provider Course Basic Pre-Test 1. You arrive at the scene of a motor vehicle collision and are directed to evaluate a child who was in one of the vehicles. The patient appears to be a child
More informationManagement of refractory ARDS. Saurabh maji
Management of refractory ARDS Saurabh maji Refractory hypoxemia as PaO2/FIO2 is less than 100 mm Hg, inability to keep plateau pressure below 30 cm H2O despite a VT of 4 ml/kg development of barotrauma
More informationADVANCED ASSESSMENT Respiratory System
ONTARIO BASE HOSPITAL GROUP QUIT ADVANCED ASSESSMENT Respiratory System 2007 Ontario Base Hospital Group ADVANCED ASSESSMENT Respiratory System AUTHOR(S) Mike Muir AEMCA, ACP, BHSc Paramedic Program Manager
More informationReducing Adverse Drug Events Related to Opioids: An Interview with Thomas W. Frederickson MD, FACP, SFHM, MBA
Reducing Adverse Drug Events Related to Opioids: An Interview with Thomas W. Frederickson MD, FACP, SFHM, MBA The following is a transcript of part two of an interview with Dr. Thomas Frederickson. For
More informationSmall animal thoracic surgery: approaches and techniques
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Small animal thoracic surgery: approaches and techniques Author : Tim Charlesworth Categories : RVNs Date : December 1, 2011
More informationOXYGENATION AND ACID- BASE EVALUATION. Chapter 1
OXYGENATION AND ACID- BASE EVALUATION Chapter 1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION Used when patients are unable to sustain the level of ventilation necessary to maintain the gas exchange functions Artificial support
More informationMURDOCH RESEARCH REPOSITORY
MURDOCH RESEARCH REPOSITORY http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/7769/ Raisis, A. and Musk, G. (2012) Respiratory and cardiovascular support. In: Platt, S. and Garosi, L., (eds.) Small Animal Neurological
More informationAppendix E Choose the sign or symptom that best indicates severe respiratory distress.
Appendix E-2 1. In Kansas EMT-B may monitor pulse oximetry: a. after they complete the EMT-B course b. when the service purchases the state approved pulse oximeters c. when the service director receives
More informationCauses and Consequences of Respiratory Centre Depression and Hypoventilation
Causes and Consequences of Respiratory Centre Depression and Hypoventilation Lou Irving Director Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, RMH louis.irving@mh.org.au Capacity of the Respiratory System At rest During
More informationTissue Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy
Tissue Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy ก ก ก ก ก ก 1. ก ก 2. ก ก 3. tissue hypoxia 4. ก ก ก 5. ก ก ก 6. ก กก ก 7. ก ก tissue hypoxia ก ก ก ก 1. Pathway of oxygen transport 2. Causes of tissue hypoxia 3. Effect
More informationRespiratory Physiology
Respiratory Physiology Dr. Aida Korish Associate Prof. Physiology KSU The main goal of respiration is to 1-Provide oxygen to tissues 2- Remove CO2 from the body. Respiratory system consists of: Passages
More informationNITROUS OXIDE-CURARE ANESTHESIA UNSUPPLEMENTED WITH CENTRAL DEPRESSANTS
Brit. J. Anasth. (1953). 25, 237 NITROUS OXIDE-CURARE ANESTHESIA UNSUPPLEMENTED WITH CENTRAL DEPRESSANTS By HENNING RUBEN The Finsen Institute, Copenhagen IN a previous communication (Ruben and Andreassen,
More informationInformation Often Given to the Nurse at the Time of Admission to the Postanesthesia Care Unit
Information Often Given to the Nurse at the Time of Admission to the Postanesthesia Care Unit * Patient s name and age * Surgical procedure and type of anesthetic including drugs used * Other intraoperative
More informationPOSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBO
POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBO MD (ANAESTHESIOLOGY) FINAL EXAMINATION AUGUST 2013 Date : 2 nd August 2013 Time : 1.00 p.m. 4.00 p.m. Answer any three questions. Answer each question
More informationPost Resuscitation Care
Princess Margaret Hospital f Children PAEDIATRIC ACUTE CARE GUIDELINE Post Resuscitation Care Scope (Staff): Scope (Area): All Emergency Department Clinicians Emergency Department This document should
More informationChapter 38: Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid UNIT VII. Slides by Robert L. Hester, PhD
UNIT VII Chapter 38: Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid Slides by Robert L. Hester, PhD Objectives Describe the pulmonary circulation Describe the pulmonary blood pressures List the
More information3/30/12. Luke J. Gasowski BS, BSRT, NREMT-P, FP-C, CCP-C, RRT-NPS
Luke J. Gasowski BS, BSRT, NREMT-P, FP-C, CCP-C, RRT-NPS 1) Define and describe ETCO 2 2) Explain methods of measuring ETCO 2 3) Describe various clinical applications of ETCO 2 4) Describe the relationship
More information25. Fluid Management and Renal Function During a Laparoscopic Case Done Under CO 2 Pneumoperitoneum
25. Fluid Management and Renal Function During a Laparoscopic Case Done Under CO 2 Pneumoperitoneum Gamal Mostafa, M.D. Frederick L. Greene, M.D. Minimally invasive surgery aims to attenuate the stress
More informationCor pulmonale. Dr hamid reza javadi
1 Cor pulmonale Dr hamid reza javadi 2 Definition Cor pulmonale ;pulmonary heart disease; is defined as dilation and hypertrophy of the right ventricle (RV) in response to diseases of the pulmonary vasculature
More informationHemodynamic Monitoring
Perform Procedure And Interpret Results Hemodynamic Monitoring Tracheal Tube Cuff Pressure Dean R. Hess PhD RRT FAARC Hemodynamic Monitoring Cardiac Rate and Rhythm Arterial Blood Pressure Central Venous
More informationLearning Objectives. 1. Indications versus contra-indications 2. CPAP versus NiVS 3. Clinical evidence
Learning Objectives 1. Indications versus contra-indications 2. CPAP versus NiVS 3. Clinical evidence Pre-hospital Non-invasive vventilatory support Marc Gillis, MD Imelda Bonheiden Our goal out there
More informationIntroduction to Emergency Medical Care 1
Introduction to Emergency Medical Care 1 OBJECTIVES 6.1 Define key terms introduced in this chapter. Slides 11, 15, 17, 26, 27, 31, 33, 37, 40 42, 44, 45, 51, 58 6.2 Describe the basic roles and structures
More informationLaparoscopic surgery in the high risk patient
22 September 2017 No. 13 Laparoscopic surgery in the high risk patient Dr J Carim Moderator: Dr S Reddy School of Clinical Medicine Discipline of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care CONTENTS LAPAROSCOPIC
More informationBronchoscopy: approaches to evaluation and sampling
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Bronchoscopy: approaches to evaluation and sampling Author : Simon Tappin Categories : Companion animal, Vets Date : December
More informationDr. AM MAALIM KPA 2018
Dr. AM MAALIM KPA 2018 Journey Towards Lung protection Goals of lung protection Strategies Summary Conclusion Before 1960: Oxygen; impact assessed clinically. The 1960s:President JFK, Ventilators mortality;
More informationNovember 2012 Critical Care Case of the Month: I Just Can t Do It Captain! I Can t Get the Sats Up!
November 2012 Critical Care Case of the Month: I Just Can t Do It Captain! I Can t Get the Sats Up! Bridgett Ronan, MD Department of Pulmonary Medicine Mayo Clinic Arizona Scottsdale, AZ History of Present
More information3. Which statement is false about anatomical dead space?
Respiratory MCQs 1. Which of these statements is correct? a. Regular bronchioles are the most distal part of the respiratory tract to contain glands. b. Larynx do contain significant amounts of smooth
More informationMD (Anaesthesiology) Title (Plan of Thesis) (Session )
S.No. 1. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CENTRAL VENOUS CANNULATION USING ULTRASOUND GUIDANCE VERSUS LANDMARK TECHNIQUE IN PAEDIATRIC CARDIAC PATIENT. 2. TO EVALUATE THE ABILITY OF SVV OBTAINED BY VIGILEO-FLO TRAC
More informationHealth Tech Symposium Fall, Dan Sommers P.E. EMT-P
Health Tech Symposium Fall, 2009 Dan Sommers P.E. EMT-P Human Physiological Signals Simple Explanations for Complicated Systems Ref: Atlas of Human Anatomy, 4 th Edition Simple Schematic RA LA RV LV PCR
More informationAnesthetic Challenges in Morbid Obesity
Anesthetic Challenges in Morbid Obesity The Challenge Postoperative pain management of the morbid obese patient The number of patients who present for elective surgery, with a BMI of greater than 30 kgm
More informationPRE-HOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE COURSE.
PRE-HOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE COURSE www.basics.org.uk Chest Assessment & Management BASICS Education March 2016 Objectives To understand the importance of oxygenation and ventilation To be able to describe
More informationRespiration & Circulation
Respiration & Circulation Objectives Describe the purpose of the respiratory system List & describe the structures of the respiratory system Describe the respiratory cycle, frequency, and factors that
More informationAdvanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) Science Update 2015
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) Science Update 2015 What s New in ACLS for 2015? Adult CPR CPR remains (Compressions, Airway, Breathing Chest compressions has priority over all other
More informationHOSPITAL PROCEDURE Collaborative Practice Committee
Title: Capnography (ETC0 2 ) Monitoring Code: CPC-2012AUG-1.C.35 HOSPITAL PROCEDURE Collaborative Practice Committee Title of Responsible Party: Director of Medical-Surgical Services Origination Date:
More information