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1 Providencia rettgeri infection in 11 Juvenile American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) N

2 Clinical History Three years ago a large alligator farm with ~2000 animals experienced a large die-off of to 4 foot alligators Clinical signs included: inappetance white spots on tongue side to side thrashing of head and tail bleeding from nose and throat

3 Clinical History In late November 2008, eleven juvenile alligators began showing the same symptoms acutely These were brought to UF for clinical workup, euthanasia and necropsy

4 Gross Findings Liver Enhanced lobular l pattern (7/11) Diffuse hepatomegaly (2/11) Multifocal petechiation of hepatic capsule (1/11) Lungs Low to moderate numbers of petechiae distributed multifocally on pleural surface (6/11) Heart Occasional 1-2mm poorly circumscribed ib confluent white foci on the ventricular epicardium (1/11) Brain Mild to marked hemorrhage of meninges overlying rostral cerebellum and cranial cervical cord (3/11) Eyes Mild to moderate amounts of white flocculent material within anterior chambers of both eyes (11/11)

5 Microscopic Findings - Spleen

6 Microscopic Findings - Spleen

7 Microscopic Findings Gram stain

8 Microscopic Findings Spleen (WP)

9 Microscopic Findings - Heart

10 Microscopic Findings - Heart

11 Microscopic Findings - Heart

12 Microscopic Findings - Eye

13 Microscopic Findings - Eye

14 Microscopic Findings - Eye

15 Additional Diagnostics The bacterium Providencia rettgeri was cultured from meninges, anterior chamber of the eyes, heart, liver, spleen, kidney and bone marrow of all eleven alligators

16 Final Anatomic Diagnoses 1. Necrotizing splenitis, heterophilic, subacute, multifocal to coalescing, moderate to marked, with lymphocytolysis 2. Endocarditis diti and myocarditis, heterophilic, hili lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic, subacute, multifocal, moderate, with intralesional bacilli, atrial and ventricular myocardium 3. Endophthalmitis, heterophilic and histiocytic, subacute, diffuse, moderate, bilateral with hypopyon

17 Additional Anatomic Diagnoses 1. Meningoencephalitis, heterophilic to histiocytic, subacute, multifocal, mild to moderate 2. Hepatitis, heterophilic, subacute, multifocal, mild to moderate, with individual cell necrosis 3. Interstitial pneumonia, heterophilic to lymphoplasmacytic, subacute, multifocal, mild to moderate 4. Glossitis, lymphoplasmacytic, subacute, multifocal, mild

18 Discussion Providencia rettgeri is an infrequent opportunistic pathogen of captive American alligators and crocodiles Has been shown to cause septicemia with heterophilic meningoencephalitis, pneumonia, hepatitis and splenitis In Australia this bacterium has been isolated from the brain, liver and in mixed cultures from the kidney and intestines of crocodile hatchlings Stress and sub-optimal water temperatures commonly precipitate infection

19 Thanks Dr Nanny Wenzlow Dr Brian Stacy Dr Lisa Farina Dr Ken Conley Dr Deb Mahapatra Other fellow UFL pathology residents UFVMC Histology lab staff

20 Questions?

21 Refernces 1. Camus, A.C., Hawke J.P. Providencia rettgeri- associated septicemia and meningoencephalitis in juvenile farmed American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). ) Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 14: , 153, Ladds, P.W., Bradley, J., Hirst, R.G. Providencia rettgeri meningitis in hatchling salt water crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). Australian Veterinary Journal 74: : , 398, Turton, J.A., Ladds, P.W., Melville, L.F. Interdigital subcutaneous emphysema ( bubble foot ) in Crocodylus porosus hatchlings. Australian Veterinary Journal 74: , 397, 1996.

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