Health effects of wood burning. Dr. M.E. Gerlofs-Nijland RIVM, The Netherlands

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1 Health effects of wood burning Dr. M.E. Gerlofs-Nijland RIVM, The Netherlands 1

2 Outline Introduction wood smoke and particulate matter In vitro cell culture studies In vivo animal studies Comparison effects wood smoke and traffic Black carbon to estimate effects (health indicator)

3 Wood smoke Wood smoke particulate matter CO, formaldehyde, SO 2, irritant gases, PAHs, dioxins Wood smoke PM

4 Sources of air pollution Several sources various emissions

5 Source emission composition Chemical composition Size

6 Health effects of particles Respiratory effects asthma inflammation impaired lung function Health effects beyond the lung Cardiovascular system impairment of vascular function vasoconstriction Brain neuroinflammation neurodegeneration

7 Effect of wood smoke PM on inflammation Gerlofs-Nijland et al Inhal Toxicol

8 Wood smoke in vitro studies Kochbach et al PFT 2009 dominating particle class model system biological response comparison combustion conditions

9 In vitro old and new technologies Jalava et al. Atmos Environ 2012 Technology OT - old technology (log wood boiler (LWB) and stove (ST)) NT - new technology (stove and tiled stove (TL)) Modern automated boilers (LWB, woodchip boiler (WCB) and pellet boiler (PLB)) Exposure Collection PM on filters; exposure macrophages 4 concentrations 24 h Assessment of health effects Pro-inflammatory markers Cytotoxicity Genotoxicity

10 New technology less potent inducer inflammation

11 Old technology most potent Inflammation Cytotoxicity

12 Summary - wood smoke in vitro studies Studies in cell cultures have shown that wood smoke particulate matter is associated with release of pro-inflammatory cytokine elevated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) lipid peroxidation products oxidative damage genotoxicity (Danielsen et al., 2009; Karlsson et al., 2006; Kocbach et al., 2008; Leonard et al., 2000, 2007; Jalava et al., 2012) New technology less potent (Jalava et al. Atmos Environ 2012) Toxicological responses were decreased when the combustion phase was more efficient (Tapanainen et al. Inhal Toxicol 2012)

13 Wood smoke in vivo studies Kochbach et al PFT 2009 dominating particle class model system biological response comparison combustion conditions

14 Old and modern technologies in vivo studies Happo et al. SciTotEnviron 2013 Modern technology lowest PM1 but highest inflammatory, cytotoxic and genotoxic activities

15 Wood smoke particles and inflammation (in vivo) Danielsen et al., 2010 Toxicol Sci AA-ambient air; HO-high oxygen; LO-low oxygen Shift towards higher number of inflammatory cells and increased pro-inflammatory mrna under conditions of low oxygen Workshop wood burning Ghent December 2013

16 Prolonged exposure in vivo Reed Inhal Toxicol 2006 Animals were exposed to clean air (control) or dilutions of whole wood emissions based on particulate (30, 100, 300, and 1000 μg/m 3 ) Exposed by whole-body inhalation 6 h/day, 7 days/wk, for either 1 week or 6 months Effects of exposure on general indicators of toxicity, bacterial clearance, cardiac function, and carcinogenic potential were mild

17 Summary wood smoke in vivo animal studies Few investigations of oxidative stress end points in animal models after wood smoke increased levels of lipid peroxidation (Dubick et al., 2002; Park et al., 2004) Exposure to wood smoke in rodents has shown increased mild lung inflammation (Kocbach Bølling et al., 2009; Danielsen et al., 2010 Toxicol Sci ) Moreover, long-term inhalation of wood smoke has been reported to give only weak inflammatory responses in rats (Reed et al., 2006; Tesfaigzi et al., 2005)

18 Comparison wood smoke and traffic Künzi et al., AtmosEnviron 2013 Particles from diesel exhaust affected cells more than wood combustion

19 Comparison wood smoke and traffic Lower or equal potential to induce an inflammatory response for wood smoke PM compared to traffic-related PM (Karlsson et al., 2006; Kochbach et al., 2008) Similar inflammatory response of wood smoke PM compared to rural background (Danielsen et al., 2011) PM from wood burning revealed increased DNA damage on a mass basis compared to traffic-related PM (Daniellsen et al., 2009, 2011)

20 Black carbon (BC) better indicator for health effects? Soot black carbon carbon black elemental carbon reflection etc Attributable value compared to PM10, PM2.5 if: Different health effects Low correlation between mass of PM and soot Black Carbon as an Additional Indicator of the Adverse Health Effects of Airborne Particles Compared with PM10 and PM2.5. Janssen NA, Hoek G, Simic-Lawson M, Fischer P, van Bree L, Ten Brink H, Keuken M, Atkinson RW, Anderson HR, Brunekreef B, Cassee FR. Environ Health Perspect Dec;119(12): Workshop woodburning Ghent December 2013

21 Black carbon (or EC) in relation to other components EC= soot Cardiovascular diseases Airway diseases Bell et al, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2009 Effect estimates > EC than for most components Workshop woodburning Ghent December 2013

22 Black carbon better indicator for health effects? Daily mortality and morbidity All cause Mortality Respiratory Cardiovascular Hospital admisions Heart disease Heart disease >65 BC Black Carbon as an Additional Indicator of the Adverse Health Effects of Airborne Particles Compared with PM10 and PM2.5 Janssen NA, Hoek G, Simic-Lawson M, Fischer P, van Bree L, Ten Brink H, Keuken M, Atkinson RW, Anderson HR, Brunekreef B, Cassee FR Environ Health Perspect (12): % change per 1 ug/m 3 Workshop woodburning Ghent December 2013

23 Implications Average person s loss in life days per 1 µg/m 3 increase PM2.5 : 21 days Black carbon : 195 days Hazard Black carbon = 10x PM2.5 Workshop woodburning Ghent December 2013

24 However risk = hazard x exposure The concentration of PM is much higher than that of black carbon On average exposure PM2.5 10x higher than black carbon Black carbon Risk would be roughly the same for BC and PM2.5 Workshop woodburning Ghent December 2013

25 Spatial variation in relation to traffic PM10 en PM2.5 only ± 20% higher near busy roads compared to urban background This 20% consist roughly for 55% of black carbon Workshop woodburning Ghent December 2013

26 Example effect black carbon reduction street RR Reduction (ug/m3) Increased life time expectancy per person Impact on reduction of black carbon can be substantially higher that for PM2.5 PM days Black carbon ( ) 3.6 month ( ) Improved health will be underestimates when using PM2.5 in stead of black carbon in areas with high BC Workshop woodburning Ghent December 2013

27 Overall summary Health effects studies of wood smoke mainly PM-related effects Exposure to whole mixture and not just PM Inhalation route is the route of exposure Traffic overall more health effects compared to wood smoke depending on health endpoint Health implications could be better expressed with BC Workshop woodburning Ghent December 2013

28 Thank you for your attention

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