BLOOD I. Composition and Function of Blood

Transcription

1 BLOOD I. Composition and Function of Blood A. Components 1. Blood is the only fluid tissue 2. Has living blood cells and nonliving fluid matrix 3. Breakdown of blood sample a. Formed elements b. Plasma B. Physical Characteristics and Volume 1. Scarlet to dull red in color liters normal adult blood volume C. Plasma 1. Straw-colored liquid part of blood D. Formed Elements 1. Erythrocytes (RBCs) a. Carry oxygen b. Biconcave disks c. 5 million per cu. mm. of blood most numerous d. Pathology 1- Anemia 2- Sickle-cell anemia 3- Polycythemia 2. Leukocytes (WBCs) a thousand per cu. mm. of blood b. Fight infection c. Promote tissue repair d. Two major groups 1- Granulocytes - contain granules (a) Neutrophils (b) Eosinophils (c) Basophils 2- Agranulocytes - lack granules (a) Monocytes (b) Lymphocytes e. Pathology 1- Leukocytosis 2- Leukopenia 3- Leukemia 3. Platelets a. 300 thousand per cu. mm. of blood b. Irregularly shaped cell fragments c. Needed for blood clotting 4. Hemopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation) a. Red bone marrow b. Spleen c. Lymph nodes d. Liver e. Thymus gland

2 II. III. Hemostasis A. Stoppage of blood loss from injured blood vessel 1. Three phases a. Vascular spasms b. Platelet plug formation C. Blood clot formation B. Disorders of Hemostasis 1. Undesirable clotting a. Thrombus b. Embolus 2. Bleeding disorders a. Thrombocytopenia b. Hemophilia c. Liver deficiencies - Blood Groups A. Human Blood Groups 1. Type O 2. Type AB 3. Type A 4. Type B I. Cardiovascular System: Heart CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM A. Anatomy of the Heart 1. Location and Size a. Within bony thorax between lungs b. Apex at 5th intercostal space 2. Coverings and Wall a. Pericardium 1- Visceral pericardium (epicardium) 2- Parietal pericardium 3- Serous fluid b. Myocardium c. Endocardium 3. Chambers and Associated Great Vessels a. Chambers (4) 1- Rt Atrium 2- Lt Atrium 3- Rt Ventricle 4- Lt Ventricle b. Septum 1- Interatrial septum 2- Interventricular septum c. Superior and inferior vena cava d. Pulmonary trunk e. Rt and Lt pulmonary arteries

3 f. Pulmonary veins (4) g. Aorta h. Pulmonary circulation i. Systemic circulation 4. Valves (4) a. Atrioventricular (AV) valves 1- Tricuspid valve 2- Bicuspid (mitral) valve b. Semilunar valves 1- Pulmonary valve 2- Aortic valve c. Pathology 1- Incompetent valve 2- Valvular stenosis 5. Blood Flow Through Heart a. Right side of heart b. Flow on right side- Superior & Inferior Vena Cava Rt Atrium Tricuspid Valve Rt Ventricle Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary Artery Lungs c. Left side of heart d. Flow in left side - Pulmonary veins (4) Lt Atrium Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve Lt Ventricle Aortic Valve Aorta All Parts of the Body 6. Cardiac Circulation a. Rt and Lt coronary arteries b. Cardiac veins c. Pathology 1- Angina pectoris 2- Myocardial infarction B. Physiology of the Heart 1. Conduction system of the heart a. Autonomic nerves b. Intrinsic conduction (nodal) system 1- Sinoatrial (SA) node 2- Atrioventricular (AV) node 3- Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His) 4- Bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers c. Pathology 1- Heart block 2- Ischemia 3- Fibrillation 4- Tachycardia 5- Bradycardia 2. Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds a. Systole b. Diastole c. Heart sounds (lub-dup) d. Phases 1- Atrial Systolic Phase (0.1 sec) -

4 Rt & Lt atria contract Tricuspid & Bicuspid valves open Pulmonary & Aortic valves closed 2- Ventricular Systolic Phase (0.3 sec) - Pulmonary & Aortic valves open Tricuspid & Bicuspid valves closed 3- Diastolic Phase (0.4 sec) - Rt & Lt atria contract Tricupsid & Bicuspid valves open Pulmonary & Aortic valves closed e. Pathology 1- Heart murmur 2- Congestive heart failure (CHF) II. Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels A. Blood vessels 1. Arteries 2. Arterioles 3. Veins 4. Venules 5. Capillaries B. Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels 1. Tunica intima 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica externa 4. Walls of arteries 5. Veins C. Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels 1. Major arteries of the systemic circulation a. Aorta 2. Major veins of the systemic circulation a. Superior vena cava b. Inferior vena cava 3. Major arteries of pulmonary circulation a. Pulmonary artery 4. Special circulations a. Fetal circulation 1- Umbilical vein (1) 2- Umbilical arteries (2) 3- Foramen ovale 4- Ductus arteriosus 5- Ductus venosus b. Pathology 1- Patent foramen ovale 2- Patient ductus arteriosus 3- Patent ductus venosus D Physiology of circulation 1. Arterial pulse 2. Pressure points

5 3. Blood pressure 4. Measuring blood pressure a. Systolic pressure b. Diastolic pressure c. Variations in blood pressure 5. Pathology 1- Hypotension 2- Hypertension III. Vascular Pathology A. Varicose veins B. Thrombophlebitis C. Pulmonary embolism D Atherosclerosis E. Arteriosclerosis F. Aneurysm G. Anoxia H. Cyanosis I. Infarct J. Stenosis LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND BODY DEFENSES I. Lymphatic System A. Lymphatic Vessels 1. Description a. Pick up excess tissue fluid (lymph) b. One-way system c. Porous, blind-ended capillaries d. Have valves e. Pumpless system f. Bacteria, viruses, etc enter lymphatics 2. Lymph enters venous system through a Thoracic duct (on left) b. Rt lymphatic duct (on right) c. Both empty into subclavian veins B. Lymph Nodes 1. Function to protect the body a. Produce lymphocytes (WBCs) b. Phagocytosis c. Filtration C. Other Lymphoid Organs 1. Spleen a. Filters and cleanses blood b. Destroys worn-out RBCs c. Stores platelets and acts as blood reservoir d. Forms lymphocytes 2. Thymus a. Produce hormones

6 II. 3. Tonsils a. Trap and remove bacteria 4. Peyer s Patches a. Prevent bacteria in intestine from penetrating deeper into the body Body Defenses A. Surface Membrane Barriers 1. Skin and mucous membranes body s first line of defense 2. Inflammatory response body s second line of defense B. The Immune System 1. The Immune Response body s third line of defense

7 ANATOMY II STUDY QUESTIONS- Cardiovascular System, Blood, and Lymphatics 1. (or red corpuscle) is another name for a red blood cell. 2. The oxygen-carrying compound in red blood cells is called. 3. The main place that erythrocytes are formed is. 4. (or white corpuscle) is another name for a white blood cell. 5. The main functions of are to fight infection by phagocytosis and promote tissue repair and regeneration. 6. (or platelets) are the bodies in the blood that help to form clots. 7. are the most numerous type of blood cell and have the longest life span. 8. is the fluid portion of the blood. 9. The 5 reticuloendothelial structures where blood cells are formed or destroyed are:,,,, and. 10. Name the 4 blood types.,,, and. 11. Blood type is the Universal Receiver and type is the Universal Donor. 12. An abnormal decrease in the number of red blood cells is called. 13. A genetic disorder occurring chiefly in people of color in which deformed erythrocytes rupture easily and block small blood vessels is called anemia. 14. An abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells is called. 15. is a malignant condition in which the white blood cells increase tremendously. 16. An abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells when foreign substances invade the body is called. 17. An abnormal decrease in the number of white blood cells is called. 18. A stationary blood clot that forms in a blood vessel is called a. 19. A free moving blood clot in the bloodstream is called an. 20. A platelet deficiency causes a bleeding disorder called. 21. The hereditary bleeders disease is called.

8 22. The major portion of the heart lies to the of the midline. 23 Name the 2 large veins that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart from the upper and lower halves of the body. 24. The two upper chambers of the heart are called. The two lower chambers of the heart are called. 25. The is the double-walled sac covering the heart. The is the heart muscle. The is the internal lining of the heart. The dividing wall that separates the heart in half is called the. The pointed lower end of the heart is called the. 26. The valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. The valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. What is another name for the bicuspid valve? valve 27. The valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta. 28. Blood in the right side of the heart is, whereas blood in the left side of the heart is. 29. Blood flow through the heart: Superior & Inferior vena cave to the, Tricuspid valve to the, Pulmonary semilunar valve to the to the lungs to pick up oxygen. From the lungs to heart via 4 pulmonary veins to the, Bicuspid valve to the, Aortic semilunar valve to the then to the chest, head, trunk, and extremities and then back again. 30. The circulation includes the blood vessels that send blood from the heart to the head, trunk, and extremities and back. 31. The circulation includes the blood vessels that send blood from the heart to the lungs and back. 32. The circulation is a subdivision of the systemic circulation that includes blood vessels to the digestive organs, through the liver, and back to the heart via the inferior vena cava. 33. The arteries are the first branches of the aorta which supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood. 34. The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called. The relaxation phase is called.

9 35. Name the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle and the valves open and closed during each phase: PHASE VALVES OPEN VALVES CLOSED 1. systole 2. systole Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart are called. Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart are called. 37. Veins contain that prevent backflow of blood. 38. The only artery in the body that does not carry oxygenated blood is the artery, which carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the. 39. The only veins in the body that do not carry deoxygenated blood are the 4 veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left. 40. The largest systemic artery in the body is the which carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. 41. The connecting network of tiny vessels between arterioles and venules are called. 42. The umbilical cord has 3 vessels. It has 2 umbilical which carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta. The 1 umbilical oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. carries 43. The is the opening between the right and left atrium in the fetal heart that causes blood to shunt back and forth between the two atria before birth. 44. The ductus is the opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta in the fetal heart that causes blood to bypass the lungs (which are non-functional before birth). 45. The ductus is the bypass between the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava causing blood to bypass the liver in fetal circulation. 46. The term patent ductus indicates that the opening between the two atria is still open after birth. 47. The term patent ductus indicates that the vessel that connects the aorta and pulmonary artery is still open after birth. 48. The term patent ductus indicates that the vessel that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver, is still open after birth.

10 49. Swollen, distended veins caused by inadequate valves and pooling of blood are called veins. 50. is hardening of the arteries. 51. The condition of being without oxygen is called. 52. The bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen is called. 53. An area of tissue death due to lack of blood supply is called an. 54. The pacemaker of the heart in the upper right atrium is the node. The node in the lower right atrium continues the beat to the lower chambers of the heart. 55. Inflammation of a vein is called. 56. An is a sac-like outpouching of an arterial wall. 57. In the average blood pressure, 120/80, the number 120 indicates the pressure and 80 indicates the pressure. What 2 devices are necessary to measure blood pressure? 58. The pulse is due to the dilatation and contraction of an. For vital signs, the pulse is most often measured at the. 59. is a colorless fluid that is derived from intercellular fluid in the spaces between body cells and circulates in a second collecting system of vessels. 60. The main functions of lymph nodes are filtration/ingestion of and formation of lymphocytes necessary for the immune response. 61. The main functions of the lymphatic system are to drain fluid, blood of bacteria and microorganisms, and to ingest. 62. The duct is the major lymphatic duct in the body that drains 3/4 of the body s lymph into the left subclavian vein. 63. Besides lymph nodes, 4 other lymphoid organs are,,, and. 64. The body s first line of defense are and membranes. 65. The body s second line of defense is the response. 66. The body s third line of defense is the response.

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