Supplementary Appendix

Transcription

1 Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Nabel EG, Braunwald E. A tale of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2012;366: (PDF updated March 8, 2012.)

2 Timeline of Events in Cardiology: 1628 Harvey describes the circulation and function of the heart Heberden s describes angina Parry speculates that angina is related to coronary-artery ossification (calcification) NEJM begins publication as the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, in which the first paper by Warren amplifies the description of angina Bernard catheterizes animals and measures cardiac and vessel pressures Brunton describes use of amyl nitrite in treatment of angina Hektoen speculates that myocardial infarction is caused by coronary thrombosis Mahomed describes essential hypertension Roentgen discovers X rays Riva-Rocci develops the blood pressure cuff Tigerstedt and Bergman describe renin Einthoven describes the string galvanometer Korotkoff describes the auscultatory measurement of blood pressure Publication of the first two cardiology journals: Archives des Maladies du Coeur in France (1908) and Zentralblatt fur Herzkrankheiten in Germany (1909) Windhaus describes the presence of cholesterol in human aortic plaques Obraztsov and Strazhesko describe the clinical manifestations of acute myocardial infarction, which was confirmed at postmortem examination Herrick describes coronary thrombosis as the cause of acute myocardial infarction, emphasizes total bed rest as its treatment, and uses electrocardiology to diagnose it.

3 1913 Anitschkow and Chalatow produce aortic atherosclerotic plaques by feeding cholesterol to rabbits American Heart Association is established Forssmann carries out a catheterization on his own heart Cournand and Richards begin their systematic investigation of hemodynamics The National Heart (now Heart, Lung, and Blood) Institute is established First randomized clinical trial is reported by the British Medical Research Council National Heart Institute establishes the Framingham Heart Study Zoll develops the first external pacemaker Gibbon describes the first successful open-heart operation Forssmann, Cournand and Dickinson receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system Novello and Sprague develop thiazide diuretics Sones develops coronary arteriography Framingham investigators identify hypertension and hypercholesterolemia as risk factors for acute myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease Julian develops the coronary care unit Black develops the first beta-blocker Schultz develops loop diuretics Dotter and Judkins describe transluminal approaches to atherosclerotic obstructions Fries shows improved survival in hypertensive patients with severe hypertension Favaloro describes coronary-artery bypass grafting. 2

4 1972 The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute establishes the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Chazov administers intracoronary streptokinase in treatment of acute myocardial infarction Endo describes the first HMG-CoA inhibitor (mevastatin) Grüntzig develops coronary angioplasty Mirowski develops the first implantable cardioverter-defibrillator Furchgott describes role of endothelial relaxing factor (NO) in control of the coronary circulation Coronary Artery Surgery Study defines role for medical versus surgical therapy in coronary artery disease Brown and Goldstein receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for describing the receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute establishes the National Cholesterol Education Program Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) study group establishes the role for large, multi-center, randomized clinical trials in defining therapeutic guidelines GISSI group shows reduction of deaths from myocardial infarction with intravenous streptokinase in first megatrial (>10,000 patients) Second International Study of Infarct Survival (ISIS-2) demonstrates that the addition of aspirin to thrombolysis further reduces mortality Pfeffer and Braunwald show that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors prevent ventricular remodeling and reduce mortality in acute myocardial infarction Superiority of primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) versus fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction (MI) S group shows clinical benefit of cholesterol lowering in large trial of patients with hypercholesterolemia. 3

5 1998 Furchgott, Ignarro, and Murad receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of nitric oxide as a physiological dilator of blood vessels Moss demonstrates prolongation of life in heart failure patients with an implanted defibrillator Efficacy of drug eluting stents versus bare metal stents established Benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure demonstrated Genotype and phenotype genome-wide association data from the Framingham Heart study made available by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Slaughter demonstrates life prolongation with a continuous flow left ventricular assist device Myocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium describes genomewide association in early-onset myocardial infarction National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute begins whole-exome and wholegenome sequencing of Framingham Heart Study Global Alliance for the Chronic Diseases established. 4