Cardiovascular System. Chapter 22

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1 Cardiovascular System Blood Vessels Chapter 22

2 Cardiac Contractions Cardiac cycle consists of alternate periods of contraction and relaxation Contraction is the systolic pressure Blood is ejected into the ventricles Blood is ejected into the pulmonary trunk and the ascending aorta Relaxation is the diastolic pressure Chambers are filling with blood

3 Cardiac contractions Contractions are coordinated by conducting cells: Sinoatrial node (SA node) Also called cardiac pacemaker Located in the posterior wall of the right atrium Generates action potentials per minute Atrioventricular node (AV node) Located within the floor of the right atrium

4 Summary of Cardiac Events 1. Impulse travels from SA node to AV node Atrialcontrationoccurs 2. Impulse travels from AV node to AV bundle 3. The AV bundle travels along the interventricularseptum and then divides to form the right and left bundle branches 4. The bundle branches send impulses to the purkinje fibers Ventricle contraction occurs

5 Figure The Conducting System and the Cardiac Cycle (3 of 8) Components of the Conducting System Sinoatrial (SA) node Internodal pathways Atrioventricular (AV) node contains pacemaker cells that initiate the electrical impulse that results in a heartbeat are conducting fibers in the atrial wall that conduct the impulse to the AV node while simultaneously stimulating cardiac muscle cells of both atria slows the electrical impulse when it arrives from the internodal pathways AV bundle conducts the impulse from the AV node to the bundle branches Left bundle branch Right bundle branch Moderator band Purkinje fibers extends toward the apex of the heart and then radiates across the inner surface of the left ventricle extends toward the apex of the heart and then radiates across the inner surface of the right ventricle relays the stimulus through the ventricle to the papillary muscles, which tense the chordae tendineae before the ventricles contract convey the impulses very rapidly to the contractile cells of the ventricular myocardium 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6 Figure The Conducting System and the Cardiac Cycle (4 of 8) Movement of Electrical Impulses through the Conducting System Time = 0 Elapsed time = 50 msec Elapsed time = 150 msec Elapsed time = 175 msec Elapsed time = 225 msec SA node AV node AV bundle Bundle branches Moderator band Purkinje fibers The SA node depolarizes and atrial activation begins. Depolarization spreads across the atrial surfaces and reaches the AV node. Atrial contraction begins. The AV node delays the spread of electrical activity to the AV bundle by 100 msecs. Impulses travel along the AV bundle within the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart. Impulses also spread to the papillary muscles of the right ventricle by the moderator band. The impulse is distributed by Purkinje fibers and relayed throughout the ventricular myocardium. Atrial contraction is completed and ventricular contraction begins Pearson Education, Inc.

7 Start Atrial systole begins: Atrial contraction forces a small amount of blood into the relaxed ventricles. Atrial systole ends; atrial diastole begins: Atrial diastole continues until the start of the next cardiac cycle. 800 msec 0 msec 100 msec Ventricular diastole late: All chambers are relaxed. The AV valves open and the ventricles fill passively. Cardiac cycle Ventricular systole first phase: Ventricular contraction pushes the AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open the semilunar valves. 370 msec Ventricular diastole early: As the ventricles relax, the ventricular blood pressure drops until reverse blood flow pushes the cusps of the semilunar valves together. Blood now flows into the relaxed atria Pearson Education, Inc. Ventricular systole second phase: As ventricular pressure rises and exceeds the pressure in the arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected.

8 Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart Valve Function during the Cardiac Cycle Papillary muscles relax Due to the pressure in the atria, the AV valves open When the ventricles contract, pressure causes the semilunar valves to open Also upon contraction, the blood forces the AV valves closed, thus resulting in blood going through the semilunar valves

9 Histology of Blood Vessels Characteristics of the Three Layers Intima(innermost layer) Also called tunica intima Makes up the endothelium of the vessel Media(middle layer) Also called tunica media Consists of smooth muscle Involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation Adventitia(outermost layer) Also called tunica adventitia or tunica externa Fibers of the adventitia anchor the blood vessels

10 Figure 22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels (4 of 8) Histological Comparison of Arteries and Veins Adventitia AV bundle Adventitia Media Intima Smooth muscle Lumen of vein Media Intima The internal elastic membrane is a network of elastic fibers located between the intima and the media. Smooth muscle The media is separated from the adventitia by the external elastic membrane, a band of elastic tissue. Lumen of artery Endothelium Endothelium ARTERY Elastic fiber Artery and Vein LM 60 VEIN 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

11 Distinguishing Arteries from Veins Arteries carry blood away from the heart Walls are thicker Arteries maintain their circular shape when cut Endothelial lining of arteries have pleated folds Blood travels from heart to elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles Veins carry blood toward the heart Walls are thinner Veins collapse when cut Veins do not have pleated folds

12 Arteries Elastic Arteries Large vessels up to 2.5 cm diameter, resilient Aorta, Brachiocephalic, Pulmonary trunk, common carotid, subclavian, common iliac Muscular Arteries Medium-sized arteries up to 0.4 cm diameter Examples are: radial and ulnar, external carotid, brachial, femoral, mesenteric Arterioles 30 micros diameter Poorly defined adventitia Control blood flow between arteries and capillaries

13 ARTERY

14 VEIN

15

16 Artery Tunica externa Inner elastic membrane of tunica intima Tunica media

17 Tunica externa Tunica media Tunica intima Vein

18 Aorta Tunica intima Tunica media

19 Aorta Tunica intima Tunica media

20 Figure 22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels (2 of 8) Structural Differences between Arteries and Veins VEINS ARTERIES Start 7 Large Vein Large veins include the superior and inferior venae cavae (also termed the great veins) and their tributaries within the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities. Elastic Artery 1 The walls of elastic arteries, such as the aorta and brachiocephalic arteries, are not very thick relative to the vessel diameter, but they are extremely resilient. The media of these vessels contains relatively few smooth muscle cells and a high density of elastic fibers. Adventitia Media Endothelium Intima Internal elastic layer Endothelium Media Adventitia Intima 6 Medium-Sized Vein Medium-sized veins, such as the radial and ulnar veins, range from 2 to 9 mm in internal diameter and correspond in general size to muscular arteries. In these veins the media is thin, and it contains relatively few smooth muscle cells. Adventitia Media Endothelium Intima Muscular Artery 2 A typical muscular artery has a diameter of approximately 4 mm (0.15 in.). Muscular arteries, such as the radial and ulnar arteries, have a thicker media with a greater percentage of smooth muscle cells than elastic arteries. Adventitia Media Endothelium Intima 5 Venule Venules, the smallest veins, collect blood from capillaries. They vary widely in diameter and character, and the small venules are both innumerable and unnamed. The smallest venulesresemble expanded capillaries, and venules smaller than 50 µm in total diameter lack a media altogether. Adventitia Endothelium Arteriole 3 Arterioles have an average diameter of about 30 µm. They are considerably smaller than muscular arteries, and they are both innumerable and unnamed. Arterioles have a poorly defined adventitia, and the media consists of scattered smooth muscle cells that may not form a complete layer. Smooth muscle cells Endothelium Basal lamina Fenestrated capillaries are capillaries that contain windows, or pores in their walls, due to an incomplete or perforated endothelial lining. 4 Fenestrated Capillary Pores Endothelial cells Basal lamina Capillaries Continuous Capillary Endothelial cells Basal lamina Continuous capillaries are found in most regions of the body. In these capillaries the endothelium is a complete lining, and the endothelial cells are connected by tight junctions and desmosomes Pearson Education, Inc.

21 Capillaries Smallest and most delicate vessels Thin walls permit exchange of gases between blood and interstitial fluid 8 micron diameter Two types: Continuous and fenestrated Capillary beds: interconnected network of capillary vessels connecting arterioles with venules

22 Basal lamina Endothelial cell Nucleus Endosomes Endosomes Fenestrations, or pores Basal lamina Boundary between endothelial cells Boundary between endothelial cells Figure 22.2ab Structure of Capillaries and Sinusoids Basal lamina 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

23 Capillaries continued There four mechanisms regarding the passage of material: 1. Material can diffuse across endothelial lining 2. Material can diffuse through gaps between adjacent cells 3. Material can diffuse through pores 4. Material can diffuse via endocytosis

24 Smooth muscle cells Arteriole Collateral arteries Vein Venule Metarterioles Thoroughfare channel Capillaries Section of precapillary sphincter Small venule Precapillary sphincters Arteriovenous anastomosis Figure 22.3a Organization of a Capillary Bed KEY Consistent blood flow Variable blood flow 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

25 Veins Veins transport blood from tissues back to heart from: Capillary beds Capillaries Venules Smallest veins, lack or have thin tunica media Medium-sized veins The adventitia (tunica externa) is the largest of the layers, contains elastic fibers Large veins All three layers are relatively thick Examples: Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Vena Cava

26 Figure 22.4 Function of Valves in the Venous System Valve closed Valve opens above contracting muscle Valve closed Valve closes below contracting muscle 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

27 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Large veins 18% Large venous networks (liver, bone marrow, skin) 21% Venules and medium-sized veins 25% Figure 22.5 The Distribution of Blood in the Cardiovascular System

28 Two group of Blood Vessels Pulmonary Circuit Blood goes to and from the lungs Systemic Circuit Blood goes to the rest of the body and back to the heart Blood goes to both circuits at the same time with each heart beat

29 Figure 22.6 An Overview of the General Pattern of Circulation Brain Upper limbs Pulmonary circuit (arteries) Pulmonary circuit (veins) Lungs Systemic circuit (veins) RA Right ventricle LA Left ventricle Systemic circuit (arteries) Kidneys Spleen Liver Digestive organs Gonads Lower limbs 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

30 Figure 22.7a The Pulmonary Circuit Ascending aorta Pulmonary trunk Alveolus Capillary CO 2 O Pearson Education, Inc.

31 Figure 22.9 Aortic Angiogram Right common carotid artery Thyrocervical trunk Right subclavian artery Left common carotid artery Brachiocephalic trunk Internal thoracic artery Ascending aorta Left subclavian artery Aortic arch Descending aorta 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

32 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertebral Brachiocephalic trunk Right subclavian Aortic arch Ascending aorta Celiac trunk Brachial Radial Ulnar Right common carotid Left common carotid Left subclavian Axillary Pulmonary trunk Descending aorta Diaphragm Renal Superior mesenteric Gonadal Inferior mesenteric Common iliac Internal iliac Palmar arches External iliac Popliteal Deep femoral Femoral Descending genicular Posterior tibial Anterior tibial Fibular Dorsalis pedis Plantar arch Figure 22.8 An Overview of the Systemic Arterial System

33 Right thyrocervical trunk Right vertebral Right common carotid See Figure Left common carotid Left subclavian Right subclavian Brachiocephalic trunk Right internal thoracic Right thyrocervical Right trunk vertebral Aortic arch Right axillary Left subclavian Ascending aorta Thoracic aorta Subscapular Left ventricle Deep brachial Right brachial Intercostals Superior ulnar collateral Abdominal aorta Right radial Right ulnar Inferior ulnar collateral Deep palmar arch Superficial palmar arch Digital arteries Figure 22.10a Arteries of the Chest and Upper Limb

34 Superficial temporal Cerebral arterial circle Basilar Occipital Maxillary Facial Lingual Vertebral Inferior thyroid Carotid sinus Thyrocervical trunk Suprascapular Axillary Internal thoracic Figure 22.12a Arteries of the Neck and Head

35 Abdominal Aorta Inferior phrenic arteries Celiac trunk Superior mesenteric artery Suprarenal arteries Renal arteries Gonadal arteries Inferior mesenteric artery Lumbar arteries Right and left common iliac arteries

36 Vertebral Thyrocervical trunk Aortic arch Internal thoracic Common carotid Left subclavian Axillary Pericardial THORACIC AORTA Intercostal Superior phrenic Inferior phrenic Diaphragm Common hepatic Suprarenal Renal Celiac trunk Left gastric Splenic Superior mesenteric Lumbar Gonadal Right common iliac External iliac Internal iliac Inferior mesenteric Terminal segment of the aorta Median sacral Figure Major Arteries of the Trunk

37 Celiac Trunk Branches to form the left gastric artery Supplies the stomach Branches to form the common hepatic artery Supplies liver, gall bladder, duodenum Branches to form the splenic artery Supplies the spleen, stomach, pancreas

38 Superior Mesenteric Artery Branches to supply: Pancreas Duodenum Small intestine Large intestine

39 Inferior Mesenteric Artery Branches to supply: Terminal portion of the large intestine Rectum

40 Paired Arteries of Abdominal Aorta Inferior phrenicarteries Supply inferior portion of esophagus and diaphragm Suprarenal arteries Supply suprarenal glands Renal arteries Supply Kidneys Gonadal arteries Supply testes, scrotum, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus Lumbar arteries Supply vertebrae, spinal cord, abdominal wall

41 Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs Common iliac arteries form: Internal iliac artery Supplies the urinary bladder, walls of the pelvis, external genitalia, and the medial side of the thigh External iliac artery Supplies blood to the legs

42 Inferior vena cava THORACIC AORTA Celiac trunk Common hepatic Liver Stomach ABDOMINAL AORTA Hepatic artery proper Cystic Gastroduodenal Right gastric Left gastric Splenic Spleen Right gastroepiploic Superior mesenteric Left gastroepiploic Superior pancreaticoduodenal Duodenal Inferior pancreaticoduodenal Middle colic (cut) Ascending colon Right colic Ileocolic Intestinal Right external iliac Right internal iliac Pancreas Small intestine Sigmoid colon Rectum Pancreatic Inferior mesenteric Left colic Sigmoid Left common iliac Rectal Figure 22.15a Arteries of the Abdomen

43 Common iliac Internal iliac External iliac Deep femoral Femoral Popliteal Posterior tibial Anterior tibial Fibular Dorsalis pedis a Figure 22.16a Major Arteries of the Lower Limb, Part I

44 Right external iliac (see Fig ) Femoral (see Fig ) Thigh Deep femoral (see Fig ) Hip joint, femoral head, deep muscles of the thigh Medial femoral circumflex Adductor and obturator muscles, hip joint Lateral femoral circumflex Quadriceps muscles, hip and knee joints Descending genicular Skin of leg; knee joint Popliteal Leg and foot Posterior tibial Anterior tibial Fibular Connected by anastomoses of dorsalis pedis, dorsal arch, and plantar arch, which supply distal portions of the foot and the toes Figure 22.17Major Arteries of the Lower Limb, Part II

45 Systemic Veins Veins collect blood from body tissues and return it to the heart Blood returns to the heart from the lower extremities Via the inferior vena cava Blood returns to the heart from the upper extremities Via superior vena cava Blood returns to the heart from the lungs Via the pulmonary veins to left atrium

46 Superior Vena Cava & Inferior Vena Cava Receives blood from: The head Neck Chest Shoulders Upper limbs Receives blood from:

47 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertebral External jugular Subclavian Axillary Cephalic Brachial Basilic Hepatic Median cubital Radial Median antebrachial Ulnar Palmar venous arches Digital Great saphenous Deep femoral Femoral Internal jugular Brachiocephalic Superior vena cava Intercostal Inferior vena cava Renal Gonadal Lumbar Left and right common iliac External iliac Internal iliac Popliteal Small saphenous Fibular Posterior tibial Anterior tibial Dorsal venous arch Plantar venous arch KEY Superficial veins Deep veins Figure An Overview of the Systemic Venous System

48 Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagittal sinus Temporal Maxillary Vertebral External jugular Internal jugular Right subclavian Axillary Clavicle Right brachiocephalic Left brachiocephalic Superior vena cava Internal thoracic Figure 22.19a Major Veins of the Head and Neck

49 Superior sagittal sinus (cut) Internal jugular Figure 22.19b Major Veins of the Head and Neck 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

50 SUPERIOR VENA CAVA Subclavian Brachiocephalic Cephalic KEY Superficial veins Deep veins Cephalic Palmar venous arches Digital Figure 22.20The Venous Drainage of the Trunk and Upper Limb

51 SUPERIOR VENA CAVA Subclavian Brachiocephalic Axillary Basilic KEY Superficial veins Deep veins Median cubital Cephalic Basilic Ulnar Palmar venous arches Digital Figure 22.20The Venous Drainage of the Trunk and Upper Limb

52 Superior Vena Cava Receives blood from Azygos Veins BrachiocephalicVeins Brachiocephalic veins receive blood from Subclavianveins Internal thoracic veins

53 SUPERIOR VENA CAVA Brachiocephalic Azygos Internal thoracic KEY Superficial veins Deep veins Figure 22.20The Venous Drainage of the Trunk and Upper Limb

54 Inferior Vena Cava Receives blood from Hepatic veins Gonadal veins The right gonadalvein drains into the inferior vena cava, the left gonadalvein drains into the left renal vein and then into the inferior vena cava Lumbar veins Common Iliac veins

55 Hepatic Gonadal KEY Superficial veins Deep veins Lumbar Common iliac Figure 22.20The Venous Drainage of the Trunk and Upper Limb

56 Right common iliac Superior gluteal Right external iliac Internal iliac Inferior gluteal Internal pudendal Lateral sacral Obturator External Iliac Femoral circumflex Femoral Femoral Deep femoral Collects blood from the thigh Great saphenous Small saphenous Collects blood from superficial veins of the leg and foot Popliteal Small saphenous Posterior tibial Fibular Anterior tibial Fibular The dorsal and plantar venous arches collect blood from the foot and toes Dorsal venous arch KEY Superficial veins Deep veins Plantar venous arch Digital Figure 22.21a The Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb

57 External Iliac Superior gluteal Internal pudendal Inferior gluteal Obturator Femoral Femoral circumflex Deep femoral Femoral Great saphenous Collects blood from the superficial veins of the lower limb Popliteal Small saphenous Anterior tibial Posterior tibial Anterior tibial Fibular The dorsal and plantar venous arches collect blood from the foot and toes Dorsal venous arch KEY Superficial veins Deep veins Plantar venous arch Digital Figure 22.21b The Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb

58 Hepatic Portal System Blood from the small intestine, large intestine, stomach, and pancreas flows into the hepatic portal system Inferior mesenteric vein drains a portion of the large intestine Splenicvein drains the spleen, lateral border of the stomach, and the pancreas Superior mesenteric vein drains a portion of the stomach, small intestine, and a portion of the large intestine

59 The hepatic portal system From the hepatic portal veins, venous blood enters into: Liver sinusoids Hepatic veins Inferior vena cava Right Atrium

60 Inferior vena cava Hepatic Liver Stomach Left gastric Right gastric Hepatic portal Pancreas Pancreatic Superior mesenteric Left colic Inferior mesenteric Intestinal Superior rectal Figure The Hepatic Portal System

61 Fetal cardiovascular system Fetal lungs are nonfunctional Fetal digestive system not fully functioning All fetal nutritional and respiratory needs are provided by diffusion across the placenta Blood in the fetal internal iliacsenters the umbilical arteries then enters umbilical cord, then placenta

62 Blood leaving the Placenta Blood leaves the placenta Enters the umbilical vein Enters the ductus venosus Enters the fetal liver Enters the inferior vena cava Enters the fetal right atrium

63 Foramen ovale (open) Aorta Ductus arteriosus (open) Pulmonary trunk Umbilical vein Liver Inferior vena cava Ductus venosus Placenta Umbilical cord Umbilical arteries Figure 22.23a Changes in Fetal Circulation at Birth 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

64 Ductus arteriosus (closed) Pulmonary trunk Foramen ovale (closed) Right atrium Inferior vena cava Left atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Figure 22.23b Changes in Fetal b Circulation at Birth 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

65 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior vena cava General systemic circulation Right atrium Foramen ovale Left atrium Ductus venosus Inferior vena cava Right ventricle An opening in the interatrial septum that permits some blood to flow directly into the left atrium Left ventricle A shunt that permits most blood to bypass the fetal liver so as to directly enter the inferior vena cava and then the right atrium Lungs Minimal blood flow Ductus arteriosus FETAL HEART Umbilical vein Transports oxygen-rich, nutrient-rich blood from placenta to fetal liver A vessel that shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk, away from the pulmonary circuit, into the aortic arch General systemic circulation Aorta PLACENTA Umbilical arteries Internal iliac arteries c Flowchart for circulatory patterns in the fetus and newborn infant. KEY Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Mixed blood Figure 22.23c Changes in Fetal Circulation at Birth

66 Aging and the Cardiovascular System Age-related changes in the cardiovascular system Blood changes Decreased hematocrit Thrombi and emboli form more easily Pooling of blood in veins of the leg Heart changes Reduced efficiency and elasticity Atherosclerosis of coronary vessels Scar tissue forms Blood vessel changes Loss of elasticity Calcium deposits damage vessel walls

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