Lab 1 Blood Composition and formed elements

Transcription

1 Lab 1 Blood Composition and formed elements Plasma 55% of whole blood 90% water 8% proteins from liver 2% misc. Nutrients: AA, glucose, lipids vitamins, minerals Wastes: urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonium salts, lactic acid Gases: some CO2 and some O2 Electrolytes: Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca++, H+ Hormones 1

2 Formed Elements Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets make up the formed elements 45% of whole blood Leukocytes - WBCs Erythrocytes - RBCs (99%) Platelets Thrombocytes - fragments Leukocytes and platelets = buffy coat (<1%) 2

3 1 Withdraw blood and place in tube. 2 Centrifuge the blood sample. Formed elements Plasma 55% of whole blood Least dense component Buffy coat Leukocytes and platelets <1% of whole blood Erythrocytes 45% of whole blood Most dense component 3 Figure 17.1

4 Platelets Erythrocytes Monocyte Neutrophils Lymphocyte 4 Figure 17.2

5 2.5 µm Side view (cut) 7.5 µm Top view 5 Figure 17.3

6 Leukocytes Make up <1% of total blood volume Can leave capillaries via diapedesis Move through tissue spaces by ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis Leukocytosis: WBC count over 11,000/mm 3 Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion 6

7 Granulocytes Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with Wright s stain Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs Lobed nuclei Phagocytic 7

8 Neutrophils Most numerous WBCs Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) Fine granules take up both acidic and basic dyes Give the cytoplasm a lilac color Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins Very phagocytic bacteria slayers 8

9 (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules (c) Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules 9 Figure (a-c)

10 Eosinophils 1 4% of WBC Red-staining, bilobed nuclei Red to crimson (acidophilic) coarse, lysosome-like granules Digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized Modulators of the immune response 10

11 (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules (c) Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules 11 Figure (a-c)

12 Basophils Rarest WBCs Large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules contain histamine Histamine: an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites Are functionally similar to mast cells 12

13 (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules (c) Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules 13 Figure (a-c)

14 Agranulocytes Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes Lack visible cytoplasmic granules Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei 14

15 Lymphocytes 25% or more of WBC Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm Mostly in lymphoid tissue; few circulate in the blood Crucial to immunity Two types T cells act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies 15

16 (d) Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus (e) Monocyte; kidney-shaped nucleus 16 Figure 17.10d, e

17 Monocytes 4 8% of WBC The largest leukocytes Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei Leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response 17

18 (d) Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus (e) Monocyte; kidney-shaped nucleus 18 Figure 17.10d, e

19 Platelets Small fragments of megakaryocytes Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin Blue-staining outer region, purple granules Granules contain serotonin, Ca 2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) Form a temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels Circulating platelets are kept inactive and mobile by NO and prostacyclin from endothelial cells of blood vessels 19

20 Stem cell Developmental pathway Hemocytoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Platelets 20 Figure 17.12

21 Diagnostic Blood Tests Hematocrit Blood glucose tests Microscopic examination reveals variations in size and shape of RBCs, indications of anemias 21

22 Diagnostic Blood Tests Differential WBC count Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess hemostasis SMAC, a blood chemistry profile Complete blood count (CBC) 22

23 Heart Anatomy Approximately the size of your fist Location Superior surface of diaphragm Left of the midline Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum 23

24 Figure 18.2a Location of the heart in the mediastinum. Midsternal line 2nd rib Diaphragm Sternum Location of apical impulse 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

25 Figure 18.1 The systemic and pulmonary circuits. Capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs Pulmonary Circuit Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Venae cavae Right atrium Right ventricle Heart Left atrium Systemic Circuit Left ventricle Aorta and branches 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Oxygen-rich, CO 2 -poor blood Oxygen-poor, CO 2 -rich blood Capillary beds of all body tissues where gas exchange occurs

26 Figure 18.2 Location of the heart in the mediastinum. Midsternal line 2nd rib Diaphragm Sternum Location of apical impulse Mediastinum Heart Left lung Body of T 7 vertebra Posterior Superior vena cava Pulmonary trunk Left lung Aorta Parietal pleura (cut) Pericardium (cut) Diaphragm Apex of heart 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

27 Figure 18.3 The pericardial layers and layers of the heart wall. Pericardium Pulmonary trunk Fibrous pericardium Parietal layer of serous pericardium Myocardium Pericardial cavity Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium) Myocardium Endocardium Heart chamber Heart wall 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

28 Figure 18.5e Gross anatomy of the heart. Aorta Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Right atrium Right pulmonary veins Fossa ovalis Pectinate muscles Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Chordae tendineae Trabeculae carneae Inferior vena cava Left pulmonary artery Left atrium Left pulmonary veins Mitral (bicuspid) valve Aortic valve Pulmonary valve Left ventricle Papillary muscle Interventricular septum Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium Frontal section 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

29 Heart Valves 29 Figure 18.8a, b

30 Heart Valves 30 Figure 18.8c, d

31 Brachiocephalic trunk Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery Ascending aorta Pulmonary trunk Right pulmonary veins Right atrium Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Anterior cardiac vein Right ventricle Marginal artery Small cardiac vein Inferior vena cava (b) Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery Aortic arch Ligamentum arteriosum Left pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins Left atrium Auricle Circumflex artery Left coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Left ventricle Great cardiac vein Anterior interventricular artery (in anterior interventricular sulcus) Apex 31 Figure 18.4b

32 Aorta Left pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins Auricle of left atrium Left atrium Great cardiac vein Posterior vein of left ventricle Left ventricle Apex (d) Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery Right pulmonary veins Right atrium Inferior vena cava Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Coronary sinus Posterior interventricular artery (in posterior interventricular sulcus) Middle cardiac vein Right ventricle 32 Figure 18.4d