UNIT 4: BLOOD VESSELS

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1 UNIT 4: BLOOD VESSELS Dr. Moattar Raza Rizvi NRS237, Physiology Generalized Structure of Blood Vessels 1

2 Tunica interna (tunica intima) Endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels In vessels larger than 1 mm, a subendothelial connective tissue basement membrane is present Tunica media Tunics Smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer, regulated by sympathetic nervous system Controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation of vessels Tunica externa (tunica adventitia) Collagen fibers that protect and reinforce vessels Larger vessels contain vasa vasorum BLOOD VESSELS Blood is carried in a closed system of vessels that begins and ends at the heart 5 Classes of Blood Vessels 1. Arteries: carry blood away from heart 2. Arterioles: Are smallest branches of arteries 3. Capillaries: are smallest blood vessels location of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid 4. Venules: collect blood from capillaries 5. Veins: return blood to heart 2

3 BLOOD VESSELS Arteries ARTERIES Thick, highly elastic walls; large radii Passageway from heart to capillaries (organs) serve as pressure reservoir arteries change: from elastic arteries to muscular arteries to arterioles 3

4 Elastic (Conducting) Arteries Thick-walled arteries near the heart; the aorta and its major branches Large lumen allow low-resistance conduction of blood Contain elastin in all three tunics Withstand and smooth out large blood pressure fluctuations Serve as pressure reservoirs Allow blood to flow fairly continuously through the body Muscular (Distributing) Arteries and Arterioles Muscular arteries distal to elastic arteries; deliver blood to body organs Have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle and less elastic tissue Active in vasoconstriction Arterioles smallest arteries; lead to capillary beds Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and constriction 4

5 Structure of Artery and Vein Blood Vessels 5

6 Capillaries Primary function is to permit the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels Very thin walled; large total cross-sectional area Walls consisting of a thin tunica interna, one cell thick Allow only a single RBC to pass at a time Pericytes on the outer surface stabilize their walls There are three structural types of capillaries: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoids Types of Capillaries: Continuous capillaries Have complete endothelial lining Are found in all tissues except epithelia and cartilage Continuous capillaries are abundant in the skin and muscles Permit diffusion of: Water, small solutes, Lipid-soluble materials Block: blood cells, plasma proteins Are in CNS and thymus, Have very restricted permeability e.g., the blood brain barrier 6

7 Types of Capillaries: Fenestrated capillaries Found wherever active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs (e.g., choroid plexus, endocrine organs, kidneys, intestinal tract) Are found in all tissues except epithelia and cartilage Have complete endothelial lining Characterized by: An endothelium riddled with pores (fenestrations) Capillary Structure 7

8 Types of Capillaries: Sinusoid Highly modified, leaky, fenestrated capillaries with large lumens Found in the liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, and in some endocrine organs Allow large molecules (proteins and blood cells) to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues Blood flows sluggishly, allowing for modification in various ways Capillary Networks Capillary bed or capillary plexus connect 1 arteriole and 1 venule Figure

9 Capillary Sphincter Guards entrance to each capillary Opens and closes, causing capillary blood to flow in pulses Vasomotion -Contraction and relaxation cycle of capillary sphincters Causes blood flow in capillary beds to constantly change routes Venous System: Veins Thin walled compared to arteries; highly distensible; large radii Primary resistance vessels; determine distribution of cardiac output Veins are formed when venules converge Composed of three tunics, with a thin tunica media and a thick tunica externa consisting of collagen fibers and elastic networks Capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs) that contain 65% of the blood supply 9

10 Venous System: Veins Veins have much lower blood pressure and thinner walls than arteries To return blood to the heart, veins have special adaptations Large-diameter lumens, which offer little resistance to flow Valves (resembling semilunar heart valves), which prevent backflow of blood Venous sinuses specialized, flattened veins with extremely thin walls (e.g., coronary sinus of the heart and dural sinuses of the brain) 10

11 Three vein categories 1. Venules: very small veins collect blood from capillaries 2. Medium-sized veins: Thin tunica media and few smooth muscle cells Tunica externa with longitudinal bundles of elastic fibers 3. Large veins: Have all 3 tunica layers Thick tunica externa Thin tunica media Tunica intima Valves Veins Folds of tunica intima prevent blood from flowing backward Compression pushes blood toward heart Atriovenous anastomoses Allow blood to flow from arterioles to small veins without passing through capillaries 11

12 Arteries Vs Veins S. No. ARTERIES VEINS 1 Most arteries are located deep in the body Veins are situated superficially 2. They appear pink (وردي) in color They appear dark red in color 3. They contain oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery 4. They carry blood away (بعيدا) from heart into various organs and tissue 5. Their wall is thick, strong, and less (قابل للنفخ) distensible They contain deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein They bring blood from various organs and tissues into or towards (نحو) heart Their wall is thin, weak and more distensible (قابلة للطي) 6. They are non collapsible They are collapsible 7. Lumen of arteries is small Lumen عضو) (تجويف of veins is large 8. The flow (تدفق) of blood is fast, jerky and with great pressure The flow of blood is slow, steady and with less pressure 9. Valve absent Valve present and prevents back flow of blood 10. They become empty after death They contain blood even after death 12

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