Human Anatomy, First Edition

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1 Human Anatomy, First Edition McKinley & O'Loughlin Chapter 23 : Vessels and Circulation 23-1

2 Blood Vessels An efficient style of transport for oxygen, nutrients, and waste products to and from body tissues. Heart is the mechanical pump that propels the blood through the vessels. Heart and blood vessels form a closed-loop system. Blood is continuously pumped to and from the tissues. Are not rigid and immobile. Can pulsate and change shape in accordance with the body s needs. 23-2

3 Blood Vessels Naming: Often share names with either the body region they pass through (traverse) or the bone next to them (Ulnar artery). Some are named for the structure they supply. Arteries and veins that travel together sometimes share the same name. Systemic circulation consists of the blood vessels that extend to and from the body tissues. Pulmonary circulation consists of the vessels that take the blood to the lungs for gas exchange. Work continuously and in tandem with each other. 23-3

4 Three Main Classes of Blood Vessels Arteries convey blood away from the heart to the body tissues. Arteries branch, or bifurcate, into smaller and smaller vessels (arterioles) until they feed into the capillaries, where gas and nutrient exchange occurs. From the capillaries, veins return blood to the heart. 23-4

5 Three Main Classes of Blood Vessels Arteries become progressively smaller as they divide and get further from the heart. Veins become progressively larger as they merge and get closer to the heart. 23-5

6 Anastomosis: Site where two or more vessels merge to supply the same body region. arterial anastomoses: are arteries that form a link between main arteries supplying an area e.g palms of hands, soles of feet, the brain and joints. If one artery supplying an area is occluded, anastomotic arteries provide collateral circulation (alternate route). Veins tend to form many more anastomoses than do arteries. 23-6

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8 End arteries Three Main Classes of Blood Vessels Are arteries that do not form anastomoses Artery that is the only supply of oxygenated blood to a portion of tissue. Only one route E.g.: renal artery Functional end arteries Have small anastomoses an artery having only ineffectual anastomoses, so that it is unable to maintain viability of the tissue supplied when occlusion of the artery occurs. E.g.: coronary arteries 23-8

9 9

10 Blood Vessel Tunics Tunica Intima, or Tunica Interna innermost layer composed of: an endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) subendothelial layer (areolar CT) Tunica Media middle layer of the vessel wall composed of: circularly arranged smooth muscle cells Sympathetic innervation: Increase: vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessel lumen) Decrease: vasodilation (widening of the blood vessel lumen) 23-10

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13 Blood Vessel Tunics Tunica Externa, or Tunica Adventitia outermost layer composed of: areolar connective tissue that contains elastic and collagen fibers helps anchor the vessel to other tissues Term adventitia is used to specify outer layer in blood vessels that are buried in CT Vasa vasorum : blood vessels that supply large blood vessels In the externa 23-13

14 Vasa vasorum 14

15 15

16 Arteries In the systemic circulation, carry oxygenated blood to the body tissues. Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Three basic types of arteries: elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles as an artery s diameter decreases corresponding decrease in the amount of elastic fibers relative increase in the amount of smooth muscle 23-16

17 17

18 Capillaries Contain only the tunica intima, but this layer consists of a basement membrane and endothelium only. Allow gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and the body tissues to occur rapidly. Smallest blood vessels, connect arterioles to venules. Are called the functional units of the cardiovascular system. A group of capillaries (10 100) functions together and forms a capillary bed

19 Capillary Beds (capillary plexus) Capillaries work together as a network to supply a blood flow to the tissues according to need. 19

20 The Three Basic Kinds of Continuous capillaries Capillaries the most common type, endothelial cell with overlapped ends Fenestrated capillaries: have pores in the endothelial cells, allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse Sinusoids, or discontinuous capillaries: are a special type of fenestrated capillaries that have larger openings in the endothelium

21 Continuous (found in muscle, skin, lung, central nervous system) basement membrane is continuous and intercellular clefts (between adjacent endothelial cells) are tight (i.e., have tight junctions); these capillaries have the lowest permeability. Fenestrated (found in exocrine glands, renal glomeruli, intestinal mucosa) perforations (fenestrae) in endothelium result in relatively high permeability. Discontinuous (found in liver, spleen, bone marrow) large intercellular gaps and gaps in basement membrane result in extremely high permeability. 21

22 Veins Drain capillaries and return the blood at low pressure to the heart. Walls are relatively thin and the vein lumen is larger. Blood pressure is substantially reduced by the time blood reaches the veins. Hold about 60% of the body s blood at rest. Veins function as blood reservoirs

23 Arteries vs Veins: Artery wall have more elastic and muscles in tunica media 23

24 From Venules to Veins Venules collect blood from capillaries. Venules merge to form veins. Venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than 100 micrometers. Blood pressure in veins is too low to overcome the forces of gravity. To prevent blood from pooling in the limbs, most veins contain one-way numerous valves to prevent blood backflow in the veins. As blood flows superiorly in the limbs, the valves close to prevent backflow. Numerous valves along its length to assist in moving blood back to the heart

25 From Venules to Veins Many deep veins pass between skeletal muscle groups. As the skeletal muscles contract, veins are squeezed to help pump the blood toward the heart. This process is called the skeletal muscle pump

26 26

27 Blood Pressure Is the force/unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel. Measures in mmhg Sphygmomanometer: device to measure blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure 120/80 mmhg 23-27

28 If Blood Pressure is too high blood vessels can be damaged causing clot or bleeding from the site of vessel rupture. If it fall too low then the blood flow through the tissue beds may be inadequate. When left ventricle contracts blood is pushed into the aorta, the pressure produced within the arterial system is called Systolic blood pressure= 120 mmhg 28

29 Aorta Begins at the upper part of the left ventricle, and after passing upwards for a short way, it arches backwards and to the left. It then descends behind the heart through the thoracic cavity a little to the left of thoracic vertebrae. It passes the diaphragm then downwards in abdominal cavity to the level of L4 vertebrae, where it divides into the right and left common iliac arteries. Throughout the length of aorta, it gives off numerous branches. 29

30 Thoracic aorta This part is above the diaphragm and is described in three parts: 1. Ascending aorta 2. Arch of the aorta 3. Descending aorta in the thorax 30

31 Ascending aorta Rises from the heart, branch into the right and left coronary arteries. These supply the myocardium. Arch of the aorta branch into: 1-brachiocephalic artery: 5 cm passes to the right and divide into right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery 2-left common carotid artery, and 3-left subclavian artery. 31

32 Circulation of blood to head and neck, (Arterial supply) The pried arteries supplying head and neck are common carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. Right common carotid artery and left common carotid artery pass upwards on either side of the neck and have the same distribution on each side. 32

33 Circulation of blood to head and neck, (Arterial supply) cont. At the level of thyroid cartilage each divide into internal carotid artery and external carotid artery. The external carotid artery supply the superficial tissue of head and neck, via a number of branches. 33

34 Circulation of blood to head and neck, (Arterial supply) cont. The internal carotid artery is a major contributor to the circle of Willis, which supply the greater part of the brain. It also has branches that supply the forehead, eyes and nose. 34

35 35

36 Circulation of blood to upper limb, (Arterial supply) The right subclavian artery arise from brachiocephalic artery; The left subclavian artery arise from aortic arch. They are slightly arched and pass behind the clavicle over the first ribs before entering the axilla, where they continue as axillary arteries. 36

37 Circulation of blood to upper limb, (Arterial supply) axillary arteries become brachial arteries. brachial artery runs the medial aspect of the upper arm passes the elbow then branch into radial and ulnar arteries. radial and ulnar arteries passes to the hand and form anastomoses called superficial and deep palmer arches

38 palmar arches 23-38

39 Descending aorta in the thorax Gives many paired branches which supply the walls of the thoracic cavity and the organs within the cavity. 1. Bronchial arteries which supply the Bronchi, CT in the lung and the lymph nodes at the root of the lung. 2. Oesphageal arteries which supply the oesphagus. 3. Intercostal arteries which supply the intercostal muscles, ribs and skin 39

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41 Abdominal Aorta At the level of the fourth lumber vertebra it divides to right and left common iliac arteries. Many other branches some are paired and some are unpaired. Paired branches: 1. Inferior phrenic arteries supply the diaphragm 2. Renal arteries supply the kidneys 3. Testicular arteries supply the testes 4. Ovarian arteries supply the ovaries

42 42

43 unpaired branches: 1-The coeliac artery it arises bellow the diaphragm and divide into three branches I. The left gastric artery supplies the stomach II. The splenic artery supplies the pancreas and the spleen III. The hepatic artery supplies the liver, gall bladder, stomach, duodenum, and pancreas 2- The superior mesenteric artery supplies the SI and the proximal half of LI. 3-The inferior mesenteric artery supplies the distal half of LI and part of rectum. 43

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45 45

46 Circulation of blood to Pelvis and lower limb, (Arterial supply) right and left common iliac arteries each divide into the external and internal iliac arteries. internal iliac arteries supply the organs within the pelvic cavity. 46

47 Circulation of blood to Pelvis and lower limb, (Arterial supply) The external iliac artery pass into the thigh where it becomes femoral artery. femoral artery becomes popliteal artery, which supply the thigh, knee joint (where the pulse can be felt). Then it divides into anterior and posterior tibial arteries. 47

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49 Aging and the Cardiovascular System Heart and blood vessels become less resilient. Elastic arteries are less able to withstand the forces from the pulsating blood. Systolic blood pressure may increase with age. Apt to develop an aneurysm, whereby part of the arterial wall thins and balloons out. Wall is more prone to rupture, which can cause massive bleeding and death. Incidence and severity of atherosclerosis increases

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