Measure and correlate cardiovascular metrics for both resting and aerobic conditions.

Transcription

1 Student ID # Team Name: Fine Winer Student Names: Razzle Dazzle and Twitter Glitter Lab Assignment: Lab #6 Date: March 15, 2012 Lab Title: Comparison of Cardiovascular Stress Response to Heart Rate, Blood pressure and Respiratory Rate Purpose / Objective: Measure and correlate cardiovascular metrics for both resting and aerobic conditions. Hypotheses: A body at rest will increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate when physical activity / stress are prompted for a variable period of time. There is a direct correlation between aerobic activity and increased metrics. Within an individual heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate will respond differently to varied conditions of stress. Physical health, age and BMI will show direct correlations Heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate will overall respond differently to varied conditions of stress. Metrics will decrease from peak to 10 minute post exertion resting phase for all cases. Female vs. Male data is expected to show a difference in blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate. Males in all cases of stress are expected to show higher metrics than woman. My personal data is expected to be consistently higher than other females in my class. Having a categorized obese BMI, my metrics will show a direct correlation to expectably high cardiovascular metrics. Materials / Subjects / Specimens: Three specimens were measured One male and two females A personal iphone was used to accurately time heart rate beats per minute for each subject Respiratory rate was measured in breaths per minute Blood pressure was measured using a Stethoscope and a Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) Methods / Tools / Instrumentation / Procedures: Stethoscope, Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) and personal iphone were used to make all measurements Measured resting heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure while sitting

2 Measured resting heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure while standing Measured resting heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure while in supine position Specimens heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure were measured after an elevated 5 minute walk Specimens heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure were measured at 3 minute recovery, 6 minute recovery and 10 minute recovery With the blood pressure cuff deflated and the air valve closed, the cuff was wrapped around each specimens arm. The end of the Stethoscope was placed under the blood pressure cuff. The blood pressure cuff was inflated to a little above 180 mm Hg. (This collapses the major arteries in the arm) Air was then slowly released by gently turning the air valve, and the drop in pressure was watched. Results: Table #1 and figure #1 summarize blood pressure statistics for all sample populations by gender. For all subjects, average blood pressure dramatically rises from resting to an increased peak at the time of exercise. The most prominent observation to be made is that from the time of peak elevation to the 10 minute resting recovery mark there is a significant decrease in blood pressure. See attachments Graph #1 & #2 Table 1 Figure 1 Table #2 summarizes my personal respiratory rate and the average respiratory rates for the females in my Biology 105 class pre 5 minute aerobic exercise. With a BMI (shown in figure #2) that is established as obese there is a direct correlation between my height/weight/age(shown in figure#4) and my resting respiratory rates. The most prominent observation is that when in supine position my respiratory rate decreases dramatically compared to my siting and standing resting respiratory rates. See Graph #3 in Attachments

3 Table #2 Height Weight Age BMI Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Rate Rest Rate Rest Rate Rest Sit Stand Sup Me (SMD) F Means Figure #2 Figure#3 Table #3 summarizes metrics for female and male means. Table #3 shows the direct correlation between average heart rates for females and average heart rates for males in varied conditions of stress. The table indicates males have a higher resting heart rate in sitting, standing, and supine position but females have a higher metrics like heart rate at peak elevation and all recovery phases. Also see in figure #4 where the only phase that is higher for females is recovery. Table #3

4 Varible Points of Blood Pressure Figure #4 Female Means Male Means Table #4 shows how individual woman at various ages differ in metrics. The table below (table 4) shows direct correlations between age and both respiratory rate and also heart rate from resting through recovery post exercise phases. The table shows that individuals within a controlled group do vary in metrics. The most prominent observation is that subject F4 whom is the oldest female subject has the lowest resting heart rate but is perfectly average with the other female subjects when it comes to respiratory rate. Figure #5 shows an example of target heart ranges for adults based on age courtesy of the American Heart Association. Table #4 Ht Rate Rest Sit Resp Rate Rest Sit Ht Rate Rest Sup Respiratory Rate Rset Sup Resp Rate Elev Ht Rate Rec 3 Resp Rate Rec 3 Ht Rate Rec 10 Resp Rate Rec 10 Code Notes Age Ht Rate Elev F1 SMD F2 KAH F3 PMD F4 LAS

5 Figure #5 Analysis / Discussion: Our hypothesis that men would have higher metrics in all aspects of varied stresses was disproven. Even though our data collected in class showed the average males heart rate was higher in resting phases as soon as the aerobic exercise peaked the heart rate for the woman it remained higher than the men s throughout the recovery phases. The fact the correlation does not hold true in the peak and post aerobic phases might possibly indicate an error in our mechanism or in the data we speculated. In fact we learned that heart rate of men is lower than women because size of the heart in men is 25% larger than in women. Larger heart can pump more blood than smaller heart in one beat. Another reason of low heart rate in men than women is capacity of lungs in men is 25-30% higher than women. Men are generally larger with a larger muscular structure allowing the heart to pump blood harder throughout the body generating and spreading oxygen which causes dilation of blood vessels. Men were more likely to have

6 engaged in moderate to-vigorous PA [Physical activity] 3 times per week than women (60.3% versus 53.1%, respectively) according to the American Heart Association, which can contribute to better heart health and the steady line of decrease in heart rate on Graph #4 in attachments. Our hypothesis that an individual heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate will respond differently to varied conditions of stress was validated. There is a direct correlation associated with the increase in metrics associated with the stress of exercise. Results demonstrate that as you grow older, you may not be able to tolerate as much exercise as you once did. It takes longer for the pulse to increase when exercising, and longer to slow back down after exercise. The maximum heart rate reached with exercise is lowered as age increases. There are a lot of variables that affect an individual s metrics, such as environmental factors, health and overall fitness levels. Heart rate can vary as the body s need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as during exercise. Our bodies naturally regulate metrics, with built in mechanisms like perspiring to control body temperature. Aging decreases one's ability to sweat. Some older adults find it more difficult to tell when they are becoming overheated. In proving our hypothesis we concluded that upright exercise caused systolic blood pressure to gradually increase while diastolic blood pressure remains about the same when being compared to resting blood pressure (Refer to Graph #1 in Attachments). Diastolic pressure when the pressure is weakest, may even decrease due to vasodilation which is the slight dilation of blood vessels caused by the heart pumping harder to spread more oxygen throughout the body. The systolic number shows pressure at peak times when heartbeats force blood through the veins. During exercise systolic pressure is effected the most (also shown in Graph #1) since it is directly connected to how the heart operates. Contracting muscles and the narrowing of blood vessels is a contributing factor in increased blood pressure. There was a significant increase in our data for all subject means with systole blood pressure and just as our research has shown the diastole blood pressure remained about the same, only varying 3-4 units between resting and peak elevated metrics. Our hypothesis that metrics will decrease from peak to 10 minute post exertion resting phase for all cases was validated. There is a direct correlation between the decreases from peak to 10 minute post exertion resting phase for all cases due to the decrease in activity level. (Refer to Graph #2 in Attachments) As activity level decreases, vasopressor agents that increase heart rate are decreased in a reverse feedback loop of blood pressure homeostasis.

7 With the more volume of blood entering the heart, the more will be pumped out. With a lower blood return after exercise, the heart will respond by beating slower and less force per beat. The adult heart at rest normally beats at a rate of 60 to 100 bpm (beats per minute). According to the Mayo Clinic trained athletes normally have a resting heart rate as low as 40 to 60 bpm-. Children below the age of 10 usually have higher resting heart rates than adults. Our hypothesis that my obese BMI directly correlated to a higher respiratory rate along with other metrics such as my heart rate. Correlation between various cardiac parameters and BMI in obese, showed that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between various cardiac parameters and BMI. There must be a tradeoff between getting more oxygen to the muscles and hyperventilating. The diaphragm can only contract and relax at a certain maximum rate; this limits the breathing rate and at the same time avoids CO2 buildup. Athletes or highly fit individuals have a higher tolerance to the higher rate of breathing during aerobic exercise, allowing them to maintain lower pulse and blood pressure while transporting sufficient oxygen to needy cells. The correlation between BMI and resting breathing rate follows the proportionality that exists between body weight and rate of oxygen consumption. The fact I am larger than average females in our case study showed our hypothesis that there is a direct correlation between BMI and respiratory rates because of the amount of oxygen needed to supply my tissues compared to the smaller amount needed for someone 2/3 my weight. Figure B in attachments shows another analysis table of examples of how obese BMI and Higher cardiac parameters are positively correlated to subjects with lower/healthier BMIs. Conclusions / Further Considerations: In summary I have come to the conclusion that factors such as age, bmi, gender, and overall physical health will greatly impact cardiovascular metrics pre, during and post aerobic excersise phases.

8 Attachments: Graph #1 Blood Pressure Metrics for All Mean Subjects during Resting and Peak Elevation As hypothesized graph #1 shows in all cases from resting to the peak point after a 5 minute aerobic exercise an obvious increase in blood pressure, indicated by the top trend line showing Systolic blood pressure. The bottom trend line compared diastolic blood pressure at both resting and peak showing only a slight variance making diastolic pressure steady from the resting phase to the peak phase. BP Systole Sit BP Diastole Sit BP Systole Elevation BP Diastole Elevation Graph #2 Heart Rate of All Subject Averages from Peak Elevation Post 5 Minute Aerobic Activity to Recovery 10 Minutes Post Activity

9 Graph #2 shows as hypothesized metrics will decrease from peak to 10 minute post exertion resting phase for all cases. The Male Mean had the lowest decrease in Heart rate from Peak to 10 Minute Recovery and the Sample Mean had the greatest decrease with a drop of approx. 19 BPM Me Male Mean Female Mean Sample Mean 65 Ht Rate Elev Ht Rate Rec 10 Graph #3 Personal Respiratory Metrics for Resting Phases Pre Elevation and Recovery Graph #3 shows a clearer view of as hypothesized my personal respiratory rates pre elevation exercise were greater than those of the average female which was shown in Table #2. Again we also can see that in correlation with my obese BMI my supine respiratory rate drops dramatically from my sitting and standing rest metrics. Effects on Obese BMI and Normal are visible on Figure B.

10 Breaths Per Minute Personal (SMD) Respiratory Rates Resp Rate Rest Sit Resp Rate Rest Stand Respiratory Rate Rset Sup Respiratory Rates Pre 5 Minute Elevation Phase Figure B Graph #4 Female vs. Male data Graph #4 shows as hypothesized heart rate metrics for males is higher than females for resting conditions including sitting, standing and supine. This graph shows that our hypothesis that males would have higher metrics in all conditions was disproven by the facts of graph #4 that females actually have higher heart rate metrics at elevation from aerobic exercise, and the 3,6, and 10 minute recovery phases post exercise.

11 Female Mean Male Mean Sample Mean Me Ht Rate Rest Sit Ht Rate Rest Ht Rate Rest Stand Sup Ht Rate Elev Ht Rate Rec 3 Ht Rate Rec 6 Ht Rate Rec 10 Graph #5 and #6 show individual female heart rates and respiratory rates from resting to recovery post exercise. Graph #5 shows female subjects 1,2,3 and 4 that range in ages from 24 to 32 and how their individual heart rates very when tested at resting, peak elevation and revovery post excersice. As Hypothesized, metrics for individuals in a controlled group (females) is veried as the chart shows in the slopes of the trend lines which helps to make observations about individual rates of recovery and even rates of incline from resting to peak heart rate. Graph #6 shows how respiratory rates for women of different ages varies within an individual. The rate at which the markers are droping varies from individual to individual, no two females in this subject group have the same rate incline or decline at any points of stress, resting or recovery. Figure C

12 shows heart rates for various excersize zones of body stress and how they correlate to age.

13 Figure C

14 References Observations: Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011, Jonathan L Gelfand, MD, 2010, M. H. Laughlin, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Univ. of Missouri & Columbia, MO, Suzanne Mendjiwa, 2010, Raw Data: American Heart Association, 2010, Skarphedinsson JO, Elam M, Jungersten L & Wallin BG (1997). Sympathetic nerve traffic correlates with the release of nitric oxide in humans: implications for blood pressure control. J Physiol501, Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008, Drawings/ Diagrams/illustrations: Kanavi Roopa Shekharappa et al. / Int J Biol Med Res. 2011; 2(2): , ndex_and_cardiovascular_parameters_in_obese_and_non_obese_in_different_age_groups.pdf

15 Blair M. Rowitz, MD FACS, 2001, Cardiovascular risk factors, and coronary mortality: 15 year follow-up of middle-aged men and women in castern Finland. Circulation. 1996; 93: Nieman, D. C. The Exercise-Health Connection. 2001, Exercise Zones, Minute Ventilation During Moderate Exercise (15-Fold Metabolism), Detailed Analysis: Anna Burkhead, Suzy Borgschulte,