The Body s Transportation System (pages )

Transcription

1 The Body s Transportation System (pages ) Use the diagram to answer the following questions. Name Date Class Circulatory Packet 1. Draw arrows on the diagram to show the path of the blood flow throughout the body. 2. What is the function of the atria? What is the function of the ventricles? 3. Which of the large blood vessels labeled a, b, c, and d are arteries and which are veins? How do you know? From the list below, choose the term that best completes each sentence. Aorta capillaries cardiovascular system Heart pacemaker valve 4. The is a group of cells that adjusts the heart rate. 5. The muscular organ that pumps blood through the body is called the. 6. The is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. 7. A(n) is flap of tissue that prevents blood from flowing backwards. 8. The largest artery is called the. 9. Substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells in the. Circulatory Packet 1 of 7

2 A Closer Look at Vessels (pages ) 1. Label the diagram and names of the three kinds of blood vessels. a. b. c. 2. After the blood leaves the heart, through what kinds of vessels and in what order does blood move? > > 3. In which kind of vessel is blood pressure usually the highest? 4. Which vessel allows diffusion through its walls? 5. What causes blood pressure? 6. What factors help blood move through veins? Match each term with its definition by writing the letter of the correct definition in the right column on the line beside the terms on the left. 7. pressure 8. Pressure 9. Diffusion 10. Coronary artery 11. Sphygmomanometer a. The movement of molecules from an area in which they are highly concentrated to an area in which they have a low concentration. b. The force that something exerts over a given area. c. An instrument that measures blood pressure. d. A Vessel that supplies the heart itself with blood. e. Caused by the force with which the ventricle contracts. Circulatory Packet 2 of 7

3 and Lymph (pages ) Complete the table. Then answer the questions. Component Description Function Plasma Red Cells White Cells Platelets 1. If a person with type B blood needs a transfusion, which types of blood can he/she safely receive? Explain your answer. 2. How does the fluid in the blood become lymph? From the list below, choose the term that best completes each sentence. transfusion Fibrin Hemoglobin Lymph node Lymphatic System 3. A small knob of tissue that filters lymph is called a(n). 4. is a chemical that weaves a net of tiny fibers across a wound. 5. The transference of blood from one person to another is called a(n). 6.. Is an iron-containing protein that binds to oxygen. 7. The is the network of vessels that returns fluid to the bloodstream. Circulatory Packet 3 of 7

4 Heart Murmurs (pages ) Sometimes when a doctor listens to a patient s heartbeat, he/she can hear an abnormal flow of blood through the heart. The sound of this abnormal flow is called a heart murmur. Some heart murmurs are caused by blood leaking inside the heart. One type of leak occurs when there is a hole in the wall of the tissue that separates the right and left sides of the heart. A hole in this wall causes blood to leak from the left side of the heart into the right side because the left side pumps with more force than the right side. The figure shows a heart with a hole between its ventricle and the direction of blood flow from its left ventricle. 1. To what destinations does the blood flow to from the left ventricle of the heart in the figure above? In a normal heart, where does the blood travel to after it leaves the left ventricle? 2. How does the blood flow through the chambers of the heart in this abnormal heart compare to that in a normal heart? 3. Compare the blood in the right ventricle of the heart in the figure with the blood in the right ventricle of a normal heart. (Hint: The wall of tissue normally prevents O 2-rich blood from mixing with O 2-poor blood). 4. In what direction would blood leak in a heart with a hole in the wall of tissue between the atria? Circulatory Packet 4 of 7

5 Pressure (pages ) You learned in Section 2 that blood pressure is caused by the force with which ventricles contract. The graph below shows how blood pressure varies in different parts of the circulatory system. The left side of the graph represents blood pressure in an artery very close to the heart, while the right side represents the blood pressure of blood after it has traveled the farthest, and is coming back to the heart again. The varying blood pressure in arteries is due to the beating of the heart. pressure is highest as the contracting ventricles pump blood into the arteries, then is low as the heart fills in preparation for the next beat. Arteries provide little resistance to blood flow, so there is little loss of pressure in arteries due to friction. In smaller vessels, however, friction is higher, so pressure is lowered. As blood moves into smaller and smaller vessels away from the heart, pressure at one location becomes constant. Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What is the blood pressure in large arteries when the ventricles contract? 2. What is the blood pressure in large arteries when the ventricles relax? 3. What is the average pressure in large arteries? 4. What is the pressure when blood leaves the small arteries and enters the capillaries? 5. Why does blood tend to flow from arteries to veins? 6. When a doctor measures your blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer, he or she is measuring the pressure in one of your large arteries. Why do you think a larger artery is used instead of a vein? Circulatory Packet 5 of 7

6 More About Types (pages ) The four major blood types do not occur equally in humans. Some blood types are more rare than others. The number of people with a certain blood type is one factor that determines how much of the blood supply can be safely transfused to people in need. Some people can safely receive blood from a larger percentage of the population than others. In the same way, some people can safely donate blood to a larger percentage of the U.S. population than others. The table below shows the percent of the general population having each type of blood. type % in Population Can Receive from the Following Types: % of Population Can Donate to the Following Types % of Population O 45% O A 40% A, O B 11% B, O 56% B, AB 15% AB 4% A, B, AB, O 1. Since blood type B can receive flood from O (45%) and B (11%), blood type B can receive blood from 56% of the population (45% + 11% = 56%). Complete the remainder of the table. 2. Which blood type is most rare? Which is most common? 3. People with type O blood are sometimes referred to as universal donors and people with type AB blood are sometimes referred to as universal recipients. Why do you think this is so? 4. What is the total percentage of the population that has A markers on red blood cells? What total percentage has B markers? 5. What is the total percentage of the population that has anti-a clumping proteins on red blood cells? What percentage has anti-b clumping proteins? 6. A patient with type AB blood needs a transfusion, but the hospital has run out of AB blood. Is this a problem? Explain. Circulatory Packet 6 of 7

7 Bypass surgery (pages ) As you learned in Section 4, people with severe atherosclerosis may need to undergo surgery. Patients whose heart muscle is not receiving enough blood because of blocked coronary arteries sometime have an operation call a coronary artery bypass graft. Heart surgeons often refer to this operation as a CABS or a cabbage. In a CABG, doctors remove a blood vessel from another part of the patient s body. For example, they may cut out a piece of a vein in the patient s leg. Then they attach or graft this vessel to the patient s heart. then flows through the grafted blood vessel and around the block in the coronary artery. The figure below shows a heart that has had two blood vessels grafted to it. 1. From what blood vessel does the blood that flows through the grafted blood vessel come? 2. Why do you think the blood vessels are grafted to the artery leading form the left ventricle and not to the artery leading from the right ventricle? 3. Why do you think this type of surgery is called a bypass? 4. Using what you have learned about blood types, can you think of one reason that doctors would want to use a patient s own blood vessel in a CABG? 5. After having bypass surgery, patients are advised to follow a special diet. What types of food should these patients avoid? Circulatory Packet 7 of 7