Update on Airborne Pollution and Blood Pressure

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1 Update on Airborne Pollution and Blood Pressure Philippe van de Borne Hôpital Erasme Department of cardiology Brussels - Belgium 10h30-11h00 Friday 4 th March 2016

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4 Health effects of pollution" by Mikael Häggström

5 Health effects of pollution" by Mikael Häggström

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11 BMC Public Health 2014, 14:1137

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13 (1) Responses of aortas isolated from normotensive Wistar rats exposed in vitro to Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) (DEP suspension and aqueous DEP extract). In vivo experiments were performed on Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) exposed for 4 weeks via intratracheal instillation to either DEP or saline vehicle.

14 (2) In vitro: Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) Acetylcholine (ACh) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a potent and specific inhibitor of superoxide anion, completely abolished the vascular toxicity of DEP

15 In vivo:

16 L-NAME iontophoresis: a tool to assess NO-mediated vasoreactivity during thermal hyperemic vasodilation in humans. Dreyfuss C, Wauters A, Adamopoulos D, Pochet S, Azarkan M, Berkenboom G, van de Borne P, Argacha JF. HEATING AMBIENT AIR SALINE LNAME J Cardiovasc Pharmacol May;61(5):361-8.

17 Acute exposure to diesel exhaust impairs nitric oxide-mediated endothelial vasomotor function by increasing endothelial oxidative stress. PanelA/C: Effect on skin local AMBIENT AIR SALINE vasodilation upon heating of L-NAME (dotted line) compared saline solution (continuous line) iontophoresis (n=12) after ambient (Panel A) and polluted air exposure (Panel C). LNAME POLLUTED AIR Wauters A, Dreyfuss C, Pochet S, Hendrick P, Berkenboom G, van de Borne P, Argacha JF. Hypertension Aug;62(2):352-8 Panel B/D: Late phase AUC s of heating-induced skin vasodilation after L-NAME (dotted line) compared saline solution (continuous line) iontophoresis (n=12) in ambient (Panel B) and polluted air sessions (Panel D).

18 Wauters A, Dreyfuss C, Pochet S, Hendrick P, Berkenboom G, van de Borne P, Argacha JF. Panel A: Superoxide anion production by HUVEC incubated with sera from subjects exposed to ambient air at rest, polluted air at rest and polluted air during exercise. Hypertension Aug;62(2): Panel B: Correlation analysis between superoxide anion production by HUVEC incubated with sera from subjects exposed to ambient air at rest, polluted air at rest and polluted air during exercise and total PM2.5 inhaled during exercise.

19 (A) Long-term particulate matter <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) concentrations estimated for the year 2000 annual average. Long-term PM 2.5 concentrations were estimated for the year 2000 at each participant s residence (n = 3,040). (B) Short-term PM 2.5 concentrations for 2 days before the brachial examination. For every 3μg/m3 increase in annual average of PM2.5, FMD decreased by 0.3% (p = 0.03) adjusting for demographic characteristics, traditional risk factors, sonographers, and 1/baseline arterial diameter. Women, nonsmokers, younger participants, and those with hypertension seemed to show a greater association of PM2.5 with FMD. FMD was not significantly associated with short-term variation in PM2.5 on the day before examination.

20 Exposition to lower temperatures and, in man, to PM10 pollution: Early pulse wave reflection and increased central pulse pressure 1222 consecutive patients, Athens

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24 Odds ratios (and 95% CIs) associated with a 10-µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 for ACS events for persons with coronary artery disease compared across various models. Filled squares: all ACS events, Filled circles represent STEMI events, Open circles represent non-stemi events, Open triangles represent unstable angina events, Filled diamonds represent non ST-segment elevation ACS events.

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26 The shaded area is the exposure period. A: Mean change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from baseline. Mean difference between SBP at each time point and SBP pre-exposure for diesel exhaust (DE ) and filtered air (FA ). 45 nonsmoking subjects, 18 to 49 years of age in double-blinded, crossover exposure studies, randomized to order. B: Mean diesel exhaust effect on SBP. Each subject was exposed to diesel exhaust, maintained at 200 µg/m3 of fine particulate matter, and filtered air for 120 minutes on days separated by 2 weeks. There was no significant effect on heart rate or diastolic pressure.

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28 Children 6 12 years of age were recruited at two primary schools in Antwerp, Belgium; The first sampling period fell within the spring season 2011, whereas the second period fell within fall After the children had rested for 5 min in a sitting position, a study nurse measured blood pressure by making five to seven consecutive readings using an automated blood pressure instrument (Stabil-O-Graph, Stolberg, Germany) with a pediatric cuff. The first blood pressure measurement was excluded. The mean of the remaining blood pressure measurements was used for analysis. UFP fraction size: nm

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