1. Label the Diagram using the following terms: artery, arterioles, vein, venules, capillaries, valve, inner wall, middle wall, outer wall

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1 Bio 20 Ms. Nyboer Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, and the Heart Structure and Function Workbook Use your textbook (Ch. 10) and notes to fill in this workbook Part A: Arteries, Veins, Capillaries 1. Label the Diagram using the following terms: artery, arterioles, vein, venules, capillaries, valve, inner wall, middle wall, outer wall 2. Use blue and red to indicate oxygenated blood (red), deoxygenated blood (blue), or both. 3. Compare the structure and function of the three types of blood vessels Blood Vessel Structure Description Function Artery Thicker walls, stretchy and elastic Brings blood at high pressure away from the heart Vein Thinner walls Valves Use skeletal muscle Brings blood to the heart at lower pressure Capillary One cell thick Diffusion of nutrients, gases, and wastes to nearby tissue 4. Explain what happens to the blood vessels when someone blushes. Why does this happen?

2 Arterioles vasodilate, allowing more blood flow, giving the pink/red colour. Body is in a stressful situation (normally) and increases blood flow to the brain 5. Are all of the capillaries open all the time? Why or why not? What determines whether a capillary is open? No, because not all places in your body need blood at the same time. After eating, your digestive system needs blood, so the dilate (etc) 6. Explain the importance of Harvey s theory on our knowledge of blood today. Quantified amount of blood Calculated that the heart must contain 57mL and pump 14.8L each hour But he asked why there was not that much blood in our bodies at once? The heart must be pumping the same blood over and over again 7. Fluid pressure is very low in the veins. Explain how blood makes its way back to the heart. Valves and contraction of skeletal muscle 8. How is pulse created? Blood at systole (highest pressure) is pumped through our arteries, which are elastic. They expand to let the blood through, creating pulse. 9. Compare and contrast atherosclerosis and an aneurysm. Include what it is, where it is commonly found, and what it does. Atherosclerosis: fat deposits on the inner wall of arteries Aneurysm: buldge that forms in a weakened blood vessel (usually artery) that can burst, resulting in less/no O2 being delivered to tissue, which can then die 10. What are varicose veins? How are they caused? How can they be prevented? Veins in the leg where the valves no longer close properly, resulting in blood moving downward. They tend to collapse on themselves and give a spidery appearance They can be prevented by moving and stretching your legs after long periods of inactivity. 11. Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Where is this found? Vasoconstriction: arterioles become smaller (constrict)

3 Vasodilation: arterioles become larger (dilate) Found in the arterioles 12. Do all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood and all veins carry oxygendeprived blood? Explain your answer. No. Pulmonary Artery carries blood to the lungs (deoxygenated) Pulmonary Vein carries blood back to the heart from the lungs (oxygenated)

4 Part B: The Heart 1. Fill in the chart explaining the function of the structure. Remember, you must be able to label a heart and show the direction of blood flow! Heart Structure Right and left atria (singular: atrium) Function of Heart Structure Right and left ventricles Septum Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Aorta Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valve Semilunar valves 2. Why are the ventricles thicker than the atria? Which ventricle is the thickest right or left? Why? Ventricles pump out of the heart Left pumps to whole body, while right pumps to lungs

5 3. Explain the difference between the pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circuits. Pulmonary: between the heart and lungs Systemic: between the heart and body Coronary: between the heart and heart muscle 4. What is a coronary bypass? When is it used and what does it do? Coronary artery (gives blood to heart tissue) can get blocked and we must find a new way to supply the heart with blood Another vein is grafted and attached to the coronary artery, bypassing the plugged artery so the heart can get blood (pg. 320) 5. Describe cardiac catheterization and explain its usefulness. Procedure to determine if someone has a problem with their coronary artery Uses dye to trace a path through the vessels and see if there is any blockage Can also take blood samples to determine O2 levels 6. What is a myogenic muscle? Give an example. Myogenic muscle: muscle that contracts without external nerve control Example: the heart 7. Describe the pathway of nerve impulses through the heart. Refer to the terms sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Perkinje fibres. Medulla Oblongata controls heart rate Sinoatrial node (in the R. Atrium) acts as a pacemaker, setting the beat at 70/min. SA node sends an electrical impulse to the atrioventricular node The AV node sends an impulse to Purkinje fibres, down the septum of the heart and up the 2 ventricles This tells the ventricles to contract 8. What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system? Sympathetic: prepares the body for stress (fight or flight) Parasympathetic: returns the body to normal after stress 9. What is tachycardia? Why could it be dangerous? Tachycardia: fast heart beat Could result in heart failure, heart attack, blood clots 10. Explain the terms systole and diastole. Systole: contraction of the heart where blood is pushed out of the ventricles; Highest Pressure Diastole: relaxation of the heart where atria fill with blood; Lowest pressure

6 11. What causes the lubb-dubb sounds of the heart? Lubb: closing of the AV valves Dubb: closing of the semilunar valves 12. What is a cause of heart murmurs? Improper closing of a valve so blood leaks back 13. Explain the differences in the strength of the pulse between the carotid artery (neck) and the brachial artery (wrist). Carotid: higher pressure, closer to the heart Brachial: lower pressure, farther from the heart 14. Explain the change in pulse after exercise. Blood is flowing faster and your heart is beating more per minute to increase rate of O2 through your body 15. Explain the effect of Epinepherine on the heart and how beta blockers work to counter this. Epinephrine increases heart rate and vasoconstricts blood vessels. This leads to increased Blood Pressure Beta blockers can tie up to receptor sites for epinephrine, which will not allow it to work properly and increase blood pressure 16. Predict some advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts/valves over donor hearts. Can be artificial, do not need a fully healthy heart (just the valve), less risk, can be taken from animals more? 17. What is cardiac output? What is stroke volume? Show how the two are related (formula). Cardiac Output: amount of blood pumped/min Stroke Volume: amount of blood pumped/beat Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate 18. What is hypertension? High blood pressure 19. How does exercise affect heart rate? How does exercise affect blood pressure? Explain. Provide another example of something that could affect blood pressure and heart rate and predict HOW it would change them. Exercise increases Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Epinephrine is released (sympathetic nervous system does this = stress) and this increases HR and BP 20. What two factors does blood pressure depend on? Cardiac output AND arteriolar resistance

7 21. How do goosebumps help protect against rapid cooling? Contraction of muscle makes hair stand up straight, causing a bump n the skin (goosebump). This erect hair traps warm air on the surface of your skin to reduce heat loss 22. What behavioural adjustments affect thermoregulation? Putting on clothes, exercising, rubbing your skin, etc 23. What sets the heart beat/rate and where is it located? What other name is it known as? SA node; Pacemaker Part C Capillary Beds and Lymph Nodes 1. What two factors regulate the exchange of fluid between capillaries and ECF? Fluid pressure and osmotic pressure 2. Use the capillary exchange model to explain how the body maintains equilibrium following a hemorrhage. Fluid pressure is diminished, but osmotic pressure never changes. Force drawing water from the tissues and ECF is greater than the force pushing them out of the capillary, so more fluid enters the capillary and fluid volume is restored 3. Why does a low concentration of plasma protein cause edema? Edema = tissue swelling Decreased proteins causes lower osmotic pressure, which then makes water leave the capillary to the tissue 4. What are lymph vessels and how are they related to the circulatory system? Part of the lymphatic system and are intertwined with the circulatory system. They take leakage out of the circulatory system 5. What is lymph? How is lymph transported in the body? Where does lymph eventually go? Lymph: fluid in lymph vessels that has proteins from capillary walls. It eventually goes to lymph nodes 6. Why are the lymphocytes important to the immune system? Produce antibodies (kills bad invaders) 7. What is the importance of the spleen? Filters lymph and stores blood

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