12.1 The Function of Circulation
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1 12.1 The Function of Circulation
2 The Circulatory System Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) Heart pump beats times a day Deliver oxygen and nutrients
3 Function of Circulation Multicellular organisms requires a transport system transport gases, nutrient molecules, wastes Regulate internal temperature, chemical substances Protect against blood loss from injury, against diseases and toxic substances
4 Major Components of the Circulatory System 3 main components: 1. Heart Muscular organ Pumps blood through body 2. Blood vessels Hollow tubes for blood movement 3. Blood Fluid transporting nutrients, oxygen, CO2, etc. Click play arrow to watch video
5 2 types of Circulatory Systems 1. Open circulatory system Blood flows freely within body cavity Blood has direct contact with organs and tissues Eg. Insects, crustaceans 2. Closed circulatory system blood kept contained within vessels Blood follows a continuous fixed path of circulation Eg. Earthworms, birds, humans
6 The Human Heart Slightly to the left of the middle of the chest cardiac muscle: contract and relax rhythmically and involuntarily without becoming fatigued Oxygen-rich blood separated from oxygenpoor blood 4 chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles Left and right sides separated by septum Click play arrow to watch video
7 The human heart has four chambers. The arrows show the directions in which blood moves into, through, and out of the heart.
8 The 4 Chambers of the Heart Deoxygenated blood: Vena cavae right atrium right ventricle pulmonary arteries lungs Oxygenated blood: lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aoarta rest of body
9 Valves Control the flow of blood through the heart 1. Atrioventricular valves a. Right side: Tricuspid valve b. Left side: Bicuspid valve / mitral valve 2. Semilunar valves a. To the pulmonary arteries (lungs): pulmonary semilunar valves b. To the aorta (rest of body): aortic semilunar valves
10
11 Blood Vessels 1. Arteries (and arterioles) Carry blood away from the heart elastic and muscular A capillary is so small that red blood cells must pass through one at a time. 2. Veins (and venules) Carry blood to the heart Has One-way valve 3. Capillaries Exchange of materials between blood and cells Single layer of cells
12 The Mammalian circulatory system Double circulatory system 1. Pulmonary circulation Heart and lungs 2. Systemic circulation Heart and body Cardiac circulation Within the heart Click play arrow to watch video
13 Blood 2 elements: 1. Fluid portion: Plasma Water, dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, waste 2. Solid portion: Formed Portion Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Formed in bone marrow The three main components of blood can be separated using a device called a blood centrifuge. When the blood is separated, it briefly settles into layers, as shown here.
14 Blood Plasma 92% 7% 1% other substances: Glucose, fatty acids, vitamins, salts, gases
15 Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes 44% of total blood volume Contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport 280 million hemoglobin in each red blood cell Also carry small amount of CO2 for removal Mature erythrocytes: no nucleus bi-concave disks more surface area for gas exchange Every second, 2 million new RBC RBC : 1 WBC
16 White Blood Cells - Leukocytes 1% of total volume of blood Most abundant In mucus Attract phagocyte Produce antibodies Circulate and destroy bacteria
17 Platelets - Thrombocytes Membrane-bound fragments of cells (no nuclei) Blood clotting Injury Rupture release chemicals form thromboplastin + Calcium produce fibrin (insoluble protein) = clot
18 Cellular Components of Blood
19 Functions of Blood - Transport Absorbs end products of digestion (capillaries of small intestine) Absorbs glucose and amino acids made in other parts of body and sends them to the liver Transports chemicals and gases from and for the respiratory system Transports and removes waste products of cellular processes
20 Functions of Blood Temperature Regulation By changing volume of blood near the skin Vasodilation: blood vessels expand release heat Vasoconstriction: blood vessels contract conserve heat
21 Counter-Current Heat Exchange To maintain a steady temperature in the core of the body Deep arteries (warmer blood ) and deep veins (cooler blood) lie adjacent to one another
22 Homework P.488 #1-2, 4-14
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