Is there a link between niacin and stroke?
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1 CATIE-News CATIE s bite-sized HIV and hepatitis C news bulletins. Is there a link between niacin and stroke? 7 July 2011 A large American-Canadian study called Aim-High was halted 18 months ahead of schedule. Aim-High compared the effects of a cholesterol-lowering medicine called simvastatin (Zocor) against a combination of simvastatin and an extended-release formulation of the B-vitamin niacin (high doses of niacin can help to normalize cholesterol levels). Since the combination of simvastatin and extended-release niacin did not provide any additional benefit compared to simvastatin alone, the trial was stopped. Also, there was a relatively small increase in the number of people who developed stroke among niacin users. So far only limited information about Aim-High has been released. As some HIV-positive people use niacin as part of a strategy to help manage cholesterol levels, in this CATIE News bulletin, we provide background information about niacin and the general implications of the results of Aim-High. About niacin High doses of the B-complex vitamin niacin (vitamin B3, nicotinic acid, niacinamide) have been used for over 50 years to treat people with abnormal levels of lipids cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Emerging research suggests that niacin has modest anti-inflammatory activity and may affect some hormones used by fat cells. Immediate-release formulations of niacin can cause a temporary and harmless flushing effect on the skin, resulting in warmth, itching and redness. Some users of high doses of niacin can experience headache, nausea or diarrhea. In people who have diabetes or pre-diabetes, increased blood sugar levels can sometimes occur when large doses of niacin are used. Due to the potential for immediate-release niacin to cause a flushing reaction, an extended-release formulation (ER) of niacin, available with a prescription under the brand name Niaspan, has been developed and approved in some high-income countries. The ER formulation of niacin has much less potential for a flushing reaction. In clinical trials, at doses of 2,000 mg per day, ER niacin can significantly help to reduce levels of bad cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides and raise good cholesterol (HDL-C). ER niacin has been found to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease when taken with cholesterol-lowering medicines called statins. Examples of statins include the following: atorvastatin (Lipitor) rosuvastatin (Crestor) simvastatin (Zocor) HIV infection Infection with HIV alters lipid levels and so do many treatments for this virus. Some physicians therefore prescribe niacin as part of an overall plan to help normalize lipid levels in their HIV-positive patients. Clinical trials of niacin in HIV-positive people have found that high doses can help improve the ability of blood vessels to move blood and reduce levels of LDL-C and triglycerides and raise HDL-C. Why combinations? Statins are powerful drugs that not only improve abnormal lipid levels but also have anti-inflammatory effects on the cardiovascular system. However, statins do not entirely remove the risk of worsening cardiovascular disease. As
2 there is still a residual risk of cardiovascular disease in some statin users, researchers have been conducting studies that combine statins with high-dose niacin. Study details Researchers in Canada and the U.S. enrolled 3,414 volunteers for Aim-High. Although participants were apparently not screened for HIV infection, it is likely that they were HIV negative. The average profile of participants at the start of the study was as follows: age 64 years 92% had coronary artery disease 81% had the metabolic syndrome (a combination of risk factors for heart disease) 71% had higher-than-normal blood pressure 34% had diabetes Additionally, many participants had a history of heart attack, stroke, heart pain or peripheral artery disease. All participants received simvastatin at whatever dose was necessary to keep their LDL-C within a target range between 1 and 2 mmol/l. Also, 515 participants for whom simvastatin was insufficiently potent received another medicine, ezetimibe (Ezetrol, Zetia), which reduces the absorption of cholesterol. All participants in Aim-High were randomly assigned to one of two groups where they received the following: extended-release niacin (Niaspan), given in increasing doses until the target dose of 2,000 mg per day was achieved placebo (fake niacin) Participants were monitored for about three years. Results Overall Analyses of Aim-High s data found that the combination of ER niacin and simvastatin increased levels of HDL-C in the blood but did not significantly decrease rates of heart attack and other cardiovascular events. Moreover, statistical projections suggested that had the trial continued for two or three years, as originally planned, it was not expected to show any benefit for combination therapy (simvastatin and niacin). Results Death A total of 145 participants (about 4%) died during the study. Importantly, no deaths were attributed to the study medication(s), including niacin. Results Stroke Overall, about 1% of participants developed a stroke during the study. The distribution of stroke was as follows: simvastatin + ER niacin: 28 strokes (1.6%) simvastatin + placebo: 12 strokes (0.7%) This finding of a small but excess number of strokes among niacin users was unexpected and played a role in the decision to halt Aim-High. However, 33% of the strokes in the niacin group occurred in participants who had stopped taking niacin at least two months and up to four years before their stroke, noted the American National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Due to this time lag between the use of niacin and the development of stroke in some Aim-High participants, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stated: It is unclear, what role, if any, niacin contributed to this imbalance in stroke. Niacin in perspective It is important to bear in mind that Aim-High is just one study. Based on the interim data released by the Aim-High researchers, the FDA sees no reason to issue any warning about the use of ER niacin.
3 Previous clinical trials have found that high doses of niacin are generally safe and effective when used under medical supervision as part of a larger strategy to reduce abnormal lipid levels in the blood. None of these other trials have found any link between the use of niacin and an increased risk of stroke. Moreover, some researchers have considered that niacin is sufficiently beneficial that it be considered for use in clinical trials to assess its ability to prevent strokes. The NHLBI has stated that it is not clear if the association between exposure to niacin and a small increase in the risk of stroke was caused by chance or some other issue. Dr. William Boden, co-principal investigator for Aim-High, warned that the results from the present study should not be presumed to be relevant to other people who are at even greater risk for serious cardiovascular events and who were not in Aim-High. In other words, other patients may benefit from medically supervised use of niacin. An even larger study, similar in design to Aim-High, was not stopped because of concern about any association between niacin and stroke. Supplements The amount of niacin normally found in multivitamins or B-complex formulations is usually between 5 mg and 100 mg. At such doses there is no evidence that niacin is unsafe for adults. People who have concerns about the use of niacin arising from the preliminary results from the Aim-High study should speak to their doctor. High-dose niacin study continues Oxford University is coordinating a study called HPS2-Thrive (commonly called Thrive by researchers), which is similar in design to Aim-High. However, Thrive is much larger and as of July 2010 enrolled more than 25,000 men and women from China, Scandinavia and the U.K. Regardless of the results of Aim-High, the researchers who run Thrive plan to continue their study, which will hopefully yield valuable information about ER niacin and cardiovascular health in the years ahead. REFERENCES: Sean R. Hosein 1. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. NIH stops clinical trial on combination cholesterol treatment: lack of efficacy in reducing cardiovascular events prompts decision. Press release. 26 May, Available at: 2. Food and Drug Administration. FDA statement on the Aim-High trial. Press release. 26 May, Available at: 3. The Aim-High investigators. The role of niacin in raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and optimally treated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: baseline characteristics of study participants. The Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic syndrome with low HDL/high triglycerides: Impact on Global Health outcomes (AIM-HIGH) trial. American Heart Journal Mar;161(3): Ruparelia N, Digby JE, Choudhury RP. Effects of niacin on atherosclerosis and vascular function. Current Opinion in Cardiology Jan; 26(1): Villines TC, Stanek EJ, Devine PJ, et al. The ARBITER 6-HALTS Trial (Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol 6-HDL and LDL Treatment Strategies in Atherosclerosis): final results and the impact of medication adherence, dose, and treatment duration. Journal of the American College of Cardiology Jun 15;55(24): Taylor AJ, Villines TC, Stanek EJ, et al. Extended-release niacin or ezetimibe and carotid intima-media thickness. New England Journal of Medicine Nov 26;361(22): Canner PL, Furberg CD, McGovern ME. Benefits of niacin in patients with versus without the metabolic syndrome and healed myocardial infarction (from the Coronary Drug Project). American Journal of Cardiology Feb 15;97(4): Keener A, Sanossian N. Niacin for stroke prevention: evidence and rationale. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics Winter;14(4): Karas RH, Kashyap ML, Knopp RH, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of a combination of niacin extended release and simvastatin in patients with dyslipidemia: the OCEANS study. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs. 2008;8(2): Digby JE, Lee JM, Choudhury RP. Nicotinic acid and the prevention of coronary artery disease. Current Opinion
4 in Lipidology Aug;20(4): Lee JM, Robson MD, Yu LM, et al. Effects of high-dose modified-release nicotinic acid on atherosclerosis and vascular function: a randomized, placebo-controlled, magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology Nov 3;54(19): Chow DC, Stein JH, Seto TB, et al. Short-term effects of extended-release niacin on endothelial function in HIVinfected patients on stable antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Apr 24;24(7): Dubé MP, Wu JW, Aberg JA, et al. Safety and efficacy of extended-release niacin for the treatment of dyslipidaemia in patients with HIV infection: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5148. Antiviral Therapy. 2006;11(8):
5 Produced By: 555 Richmond Street West, Suite 505, Box 1104 Toronto, Ontario M5V 3B1 Canada Phone: Toll-free: Fax: Charitable registration number: RR Disclaimer Decisions about particular medical treatments should always be made in consultation with a qualified medical practitioner knowledgeable about HIV- and hepatitis C-related illness and the treatments in question. CATIE provides information resources to help people living with HIV and/or hepatitis C who wish to manage their own health care in partnership with their care providers. Information accessed through or published or provided by CATIE, however, is not to be considered medical advice. We do not recommend or advocate particular treatments and we urge users to consult as broad a range of sources as possible. We strongly urge users to consult with a qualified medical practitioner prior to undertaking any decision, use or action of a medical nature. CATIE endeavours to provide the most up-to-date and accurate information at the time of publication. However, information changes and users are encouraged to ensure they have the most current information. Users relying solely on this information do so entirely at their own risk. Neither CATIE nor any of its partners or funders, nor any of their employees, directors, officers or volunteers may be held liable for damages of any kind that may result from the use or misuse of any such information. Any opinions expressed herein or in any article or publication accessed or published or provided by CATIE may not reflect the policies or opinions of CATIE or any partners or funders. Information on safer drug use is presented as a public health service to help people make healthier choices to reduce the spread of HIV, viral hepatitis and other infections. It is not intended to encourage or promote the use or possession of illegal drugs. Permission to Reproduce This document is copyrighted. It may be reprinted and distributed in its entirety for non-commercial purposes without prior permission, but permission must be obtained to edit its content. The following credit must appear on any reprint: This information was provided by CATIE (the Canadian AIDS Treatment Information Exchange). For more information, contact CATIE at CATIE Production of this content has been made possible through a financial contribution from the Public Health Agency of Canada. Available online at:
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