ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME WITHOUT ST ELEVATION (NSTEMI)

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1 58 PRIKAZ SLUČAJA/CASE REPORT UDK BROJEVI: COBISS.SR-ID ISSN (2016) br.1 p AKUTNI KORONARNI SINDROM BEZ ST ELEVACIJE (NSTEMI) ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME WITHOUT ST ELEVATION (NSTEMI) Vuk Niković (1), Slavko Savović (1), Milena Radunović (1), Ranka Bulajić (2), Mirko Vujović (3), Dušan Milenković (4) (1)ZAVOD ZA HITNU MEDICINSKU POMOĆ CRNE GORE, PODGORICA, (2)SUNNYBROOK HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE, TORONTO, CANADA, (3)KLINIČKI CENTAR CRNE GORE, KLINIKA ZA KARDIOVASKULARNU HIRURGIJU, PODGORICA, (4)ZAVOD ZA HITNU MEDICINSKU POMOĆ NIŠ Sažetak: Uvod: Naziv akutni koronarni sindrom odnosi se na skup kliničkih sindroma uzrokovanih naglim nastankom poremećaja krvotoka u koronarnim arterijama sa posledičnom ishemijom odgovarajućeg dela miokarda. Obuhvata spektar od nestabilne angine pektoris i infarkta miokarda bez ST elevacije na EKG-u NSTEMI do infarkta miokarda sa ST elevacijom STEMI. Prikaz slučaja: Prikazan je slučaj muškarca starog 58 godina sa akutnim koronarnim sindromom bez ST elevacije (NSTEMI). Pacijent je u toku uobičajene šetnje nakon pola sata osetio jak bol u grudnom košu koji se širio u ruke, praćen gušenjem i preznojavanjem. Nakon 20 minuta od pojavljivanja bola javio se u ambulantu hitne medicinske pomoći. Urađen je EKG na kome se registruje sinusni ritam, srčana frekfencija 79/minuti, negativan T u V3 i V4 odvodu, inverzija T u V1 i V2 odvodu. Izmerene vrednosti krvnog pritiska TA 140/80 mmhg. U ambulanti hitne medicinske pomoći postavljena je kontinuirana intravenska linija i nazalni kateter za aplikovanje kiseonika O2 4L/min. Dat je Nitroglicerin aerosol sprej s.l. (0.4 mg u dozi) i Andol tbl. 300 mg. Pacijent je uz EKG monitoring transportovan u urgentni blok. U urgentnom bloku su urađeni laboratorijski nalazi u kojima su detektovane visoke vredosti kardiomarkera troponina, urađena je ultrasonografija srca. Pacijent je hospitalizovan u Centru za kardiologiju. Posle urađene koronarografije kojom je dijagnostikovana okluzija koronarnih arterija, dvosudovna bolest, odlukom kardiohiruškog konzilijuma pacijentu je urađena revaskularizacija miokarda. Zaključak: Kako proističe iz prikaza bolesnika, dijagnostika akutnog koronarnog sindroma se zasniva na osnovu pažljivo uzete anamneze, fokusiranog fizikalnog pregleda, procene faktora rizika i odgovarajućih dijagnostičkih testova. Ključni dijagnostički postupak u bolesnika sa suspektnim akutnim koronarnim sindromom jeste snimanje EKG-a u mirovanju. Svim bolesnicima sa bolom u grudima mora se snimiti EKG, najduže u roku od 10 minuta po prijemu kod lekara. Ukoliko je EKG normalan, ponoviti snimanje za 6 i 12 sati. Ključne reči: bol u grudima, elektrokardiogram, akutni koronarni sindrom KORESPONDENCIJA/CORRESPONDENCE Vuk Niković Zavod za hitnu medicinsku pomoć Crne Gore, Podgorica Telefon: , E-pošta: nikovicvuk@gmail.com

2 PRIKAZ SLUČAJA/CASE REPORT UVOD Akutni koronarni sindrom odnosi se na skup kliničkih sindroma uzrokovanih naglim nastankom poremećaja krvotoka u koronarnim arterijama sa posledičnom ishemijom odgovarajućeg dela miokarda. Obuhvata spektar od nestabilne angine pektoris i infarkta miokarda bez ST elevacije na EKG-u (NSTEMI) do infarkta miokarda sa ST elevacijom (STEMI).( Slika 1) [1] [2] Jedan od najvažnijih patofizioloških mehanizama akutnog koronarnog sindroma je "pucanje" aterosklerotičnog plaka u obliku rupture, fisure ili erozije pokrovne ploče sa stvaranjem neokluzivnog tromba iznad toga. Zbog kontakta kašastog sadržaja aterosklerotičnog plaka sa intravaskularnim sadržajem, pokreću se brojni patofiziološki procesi koji završavaju stvaranjem ugruška koji nepotpuno (nestabilna angina pektoris) potpuno ali prolazno ( NSTEMI) ili potpuno i trajno (STEMI ) okludiraju lumen koronarnog krvnog suda. Ruptura plaka najčešće nastaje u tkzv. nestabilnim vulnerabilnim ili ranjivim plakovima sa dosta kašatog lipidnog sadržaja koji je od lumena krvnog suda odvojen pokrovnom pločom. Takvi plakovi nazivaju se aktivni zbog upalne komponente koja taj plak čini još osetljivijim.[2] 59 kardiologa),"crescendo" angina ili angina u progresiji koja je do tada imala karakter stabilne angine, kao i angina u mirovanju, najčešće produženog trajanja više od 20 minuta. Bol kod akutnog koronarnog sindroma javlja se u prekordijumu i opisuje se kao pritisak, osećaj punoće u grudnom košu. Bol se najčešće širi u ramena, vrat, vilicu ili u ruke. Može biti praćen dispnejom, znojenjem, mučninom i strahom. [3] Ključni dijagnostički postupak u bolesnika sa sumnjom na akutni koronarni sindromom a od koga zavisi i kasniji način lečenja po važećim preporukama jeste snimanje EKG a u mirovanju. Svim bolesnicima sa bolom u grudnom košu mora se snimiti EKG, najduže u roku od 10 minuta po prijemu kod lekara. Ukoliko je EKG normalan, treba ponoviti snimanje za 6 i 12 časova. Karakteristične promene EKG-a u bolesnika sa akutnim koronarnim sindromom su promene ST segmenta i T talasa ( depresija ili tranzitorna ST elevacija segmenta i/ili inverzija T talasa). One se javljaju se u oko 30-50% bolesnika zavisno od težine kliničke slike. Spušten ST segment za više od 1mm u dva ili više susednih odvoda uz odgovarajuću kliničku sliku kao i negativan T talas u odvodima sa dominantnim R zubcem u znatnoj meri govore o nestabilnoj angini pektoris. (Slika 2) [4][5] Važno je napomenuti da potpuno normalan EKG u bolesnika sa suspektnim simptomima ne isključuje mogućnost postojanja akutnog koronarnog sindroma. Cilj prikaza koji sledi jeste da se pokaže značaj pažljivo uzete anamneze, fokusiranog fizikalnog pregleda, elektrokardiograma, procene faktora rizika i odgovarajućih dijagnostičkih testova u dijagnostici akutnog kornonarnog sindroma bez ST elevacije. PRIKAZ BOLESNIKA Slika1. Klinički sindromi koji čine akutni koronarni sindrom Figure1.Clinical syndromes of acute coronary syndrome Klinička slika akutnog koronarnog sindroma obuhvata širok spektar simptoma. U tom posebno mesto zauzima bol u grudima koji se najčešće javlja kao novonastala angina ( "de novo" angina, nastala unutar poslednja dva meseca) pogoršanje stepena angine (III i IV prema klasifikaciji Kanadskog udruženja Muškarac star 58 godina javio se u ambulantu hitne medicinske pomoći zbog bola u grudima Pacijent je nakon pola sata od početka svoje uobičajene šetnje osetio jak bol u grudnom košu koji se širio u ruke i bio praćen gušenjem i preznojavanjem. Nakon 20 minuta od pojavljivanja bola došao je u ambulantu hitne medicinske pomoći. Urađen je EKG na kome se registruje sinusni ritam, srčana frekfencija 79/minuti negativan T u V3 i V4 odvodu i inverzija T V1 i V2 odvodu. (Slika 3)

3 60 PRIKAZ SLUČAJA/CASE REPORT Slika 2. Preporuke za lečenje bolesnika sa akutnim koronarnim sindromom Figure 2. Recommended strategy in acute coronary syndromes Slika3.EKG po prijemu u ambulantu HMP (EKG: sinusni ritam, srčana frekfencija 79/minuti, negativan T V3 i V4 odvodu i inverzija T u V1 i V2 odvodu. Figure3.ECG record on admission of the patients in the ER ( ECG sinus rhytm, heart rate 79 bpm, ST depression in V3 and V4 and T-wave inversion in V1-V2.)

4 PRIKAZ SLUČAJA/CASE REPORT Izmerene vrednosti krvnog pritiska TA 140/80 mmhg. Anamnestički podatak dobijen u ambulanti je da je bivši pušač i da se leči od visokog krvnog pritiska. Postavljena je kontinuirana intravenska linija i nazalni kateter za aplikovanje kiseonika O2 4L/min. Dat je Nitroglicerin aerosol sprej s.l. (0.4 mg u dozi) i Andol tbl. 300 mg. Pacijent je uz EKG monitoring, stabilnih vitalnih parametara, transportovan u urgentni blok [8] Akutni koronarni sindrom u urgentnom bloku dijagnostikovan je neinvazivnim dijagnostičkim procedurama, laboratorijski nalazi ( kardiomarkeri, ultrasonografija srca), a kasnije, po prijemu na intezivnu koronarnu jedinicu dijagnoza potvrđena koronarografijom. ( Slika 4,6,) [7][8] Laboratorijski nalazi su pokazali sledeće : TnI 0.056, 0.050, 0.050, 0.076, Se 12,Leu 6.85, Er 5.21, Hgb 165, Hct.475, Tr 256, Glu 5.7, Chol 4.65, Trig 3.90, Fibrinogen 3.6. RTG pluća: U plićnom parenhimu se ne izdvajaju zone konsolidacije. Vidljiva mreža plućnog intersticijuma. Nema pleuralnog izliva 61 Ultrasonografija srca: Aorta u korenu normalne širine, u ascedentnom delu 37-38mm, valvula deluje triverarna, očuvane sistolne separacije veluma, urednog protoka. Mitralni kuspisi očuvane pokretljivosti u MR do 1+ i proširenu levu pretkomoru. Leva komora lako šira, uredne debljine zidova, granične globalne sistolne funkcije, hipokontraktilnog bazalnog i medijalnog segmenta inferiornog i posteriornog zida uz dijastolnu disfunkciju prvog stepena. Desna komora uredne širine, TR trag. Perikard uobičajenih EHO karakteristika. EF 48-50%. Dimenzije AO 30/20, (Slika 4.) U toku dijagnostičke obrade u urgentnom bloku pacijent je imao manji bol u grudnom košu sa stabilnim vitalnih parametrima. Pacijent preveden u salu za koronarografiju gde je urađena PCI na RCI indikacija NAP. (Slika 6) Intervencija je bila prekinuta zbog bola u grudnom košu kada je registrovan visok krvni pritisak TA 200/80 mmhg i depresijom ST u dijafragmalnim odvodima pa je pacijent preveden na odeljenje Kornarne jedinice. Slika 4.Ultrasonografija srca Figure 4. Ultrasound of the hearth

5 62 PRIKAZ SLUČAJA/CASE REPORT Slika 6. Invazivna stretegija za NAP/ NSTEMI ( NAP Nestabilna angina pektoris, NSTEMI Akutni infarkt miokarda bez ST elevacije ) Figure 6. Invasive strategy for NAP/ NSTEMI ( NAP Unstabile angina pectoris,nstemi Acute coronary syndrome without st elevation U koronarnoj jedinici pacijent bio na terapiji (Plavix 75 mg) selektivnog B blokatora (Presolol), blokatora protonske pumpe (Controloc 40 mg) ACE inhibitora, Statina. Posle urađene koronarogarfije i pokušaja PCI na RCA nakon dva dana u koronarnoj jedinici pacijent je primljen u Centar za kardiohirurgiju nakon odluke kardiološkog konzilijuma radi izvođenja operativnog zahvata. Pacijentu je urađena revaskularizacija miokarda dvostrukim By pass-om.(slika 7)

6 PRIKAZ SLUČAJA/CASE REPORT 63 Slika 7. Aorto koronarni By-pass Figure 7. Aorto coronary By-pass Slika 8. EKG nakon revaskularizacije miokarda Figure 8. ECG after revascularisation of myocardium Nakon urađene hirurške intervencije postoperativni tok je protekao bez komplikacija. EKG nakon revaskularizacije miokarda (Slika 8) Pacijent je otpušten kući hemodinamski stabilan, adekvatno po protokolu je bio sproveden rani fizikalni tretman, data je preporuka za higijensko dijetetski režim života i preporuka za redovnu terapiju antiagregacijskog leka (Cardiopirin), selektivnog beta blokatora (Presolol), diuretika (Lasi x), blokatora protonske pumpe (Controloc 40 mg) i antilipemika (Hollesta 20 mg). DISKUSIJA I ZAKLJUČAK Akutni koronarni sindrom najčešći je razlog prijema bolesnika u koronarne jedinice u vec ini razvijenih zemalja. Akutni koronarni sindrom je najc es c i uzrok smrti u Sjedinjenim Drz avama (SAD) i Evropi.[4] Širom sveta svake godine se hospitalizuje oko 2.5 miliona sa AKS. U SAD u

7 64 PRIKAZ SLUČAJA/CASE REPORT zbog akutog koronarnog sindroma svake godine se hospitalizuje oko 1.4 miliona ljudi i oko sa STEMI. Veliki broj bolesnika hospitalizovanih zbog akutnog koronarnog sindroma znači i velike materijalne troškove za njihovo lečenje što značajno opterećuje fondove zdravstva i bogatih zemalja.procenjuje se da se infarkt miokarda ( MI) u SAD javlja svakih 34 sekunde, i da svake 83 sekunde jedna osoba umre od posledica akutnog koronarnog sindorma.[6] Pravovremena dijagnostika u prehospitalnim uslovima, detaljna anamneza zbog atipije u kliničkoj slici za akutni koronarni sindrom kod mladih (od godine ), starih osoba ( iznad 75 godine), dijabetičara, žena, snimanje EKG-a najduže u roku od 10 minuta po prijemu kod lekara stepen preživljavanja i mogućnost komplikacija u hospitalnim uslovima svode na minimum. Elektrokardiogram nije 100% specifičan ni 100% senzitivan za akutni koronarni sindrom. Samo jedan urađen EKG u AKS ima 60% senzitivnosti i 90 % specifičnosti. Normalni EKG ne isključuje AKS, jer je utvrđeno da 1-6% osoba sa normalnim nalazom na EKG-u zapravo ima infarkt miokarda. a 4% nestabilnu anginu pektoris. Uvođenje laboratorijske dijagnostike u prehospitalnim uslovima kao i urgentna ultrasonografija upotpunjuje prehospitalnu dijagnostiku akutnog koronarnog sindroma. LITERATURA 1. Overbaugh KJ. Acute coronary syndrome. Am J Nurs 2009;109: Mackman N. Triggers, targets and treatments for thrombosis. Nature 2008;451: Grech ED, Ramsdale DR. Acute coronary syndrome: unstable angina and non-st segment elevation myocardial infarction. BMJ 2003;326: Nichols M, Townsend N, Luengo-Fernandez R et al. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics: 2012 edition. Brussels: European Heart Network; Available at: [accessed 21 January 2015]. 5. Eugene Braunwald, MD, FACC, Chair; Elliott M. Antman, MD et al. ACC/AHA Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina and Non ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction 2002: 106:1893, Summary Article A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina) 6. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014;129:e28 e Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011;32: Task Force Members: M. E. Bertrand et al. Management of acute coronary syndromes: acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST segment elevation;recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology Eur Heart J, Vol. 21, issue 17, September 2000.

8 PRIKAZ SLUČAJA/CASE REPORT 65 ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME WITHOUT ST ELEVATION (NSTEMI) Summary: INTRODUCTION: Term acute coronary sindrome refers to aggregate of clinical syndrome which are caused by abrupt(acute) circulatory disorder in coronary arteries with subsuquent ischaemia of corresponding parts of myocard. It covers spectrum from nonstable angina pectoris and myocardial infarction without ST elevation(nstemi) to myocardial infarction with ST elevation (STEMI) CASE REPORT: We have shown the case of 58y/o man with acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation (N STEMI). During his usuall everyday stroll, patient felt intense chest pain which radiated to arms, accompanied with shortness of breath and diaphoresis. Twenty minutes after the onset of pain, he checked into the ambulance. ECG has been recorded, which has shown the following: sinus rhytm, heart rate 79 bpm, ST depression in V4 and V4 and T-wave inversion in V1-V2. Blood pressure was 140/80 mmhg. Peripheral venous line was inserted along with nasal catheter for oxygen administration with flow rate of 4 litre per minute. Nitroglycerine spray with single dose of 0.4 mg was administered and andol pill (300 mg) was given per os. Patient was rushed to ER. In ER blood sample was taken and it has detected eleveted cardiac troponin levels; heart ultrasonography was performed and patient was admitted to Center for cardiology. Coronarography was performed, oclusion of coronary arteries was detected(twovessel disease), which was treated with myocardial revascularisation. CONCLUSION: As it resulted from this case study, diagnosis of acute coronary sindrome is based on thoroughly taken medical history, focused physical examination, evaluation of risk factors and adequate diagnostic tests. The key diagnostic procedure in patient with suspected acute coronary syndrome was recording of rest-ecg. In all patients with chest pain, ECG must be recorded, not longer than 10 minutes upon arrival to the ambulance. If ECG is normal, recording should be repeated in 6 and 12 hours. Key words: chest pain, electrocardiogram, acute coronary syndrome

AKUTNI KORONARNI SINDROM SA ST ELEVACIJOM (STEMI) PREHOSPITALNA TROMBOLITIČKA TERAPIJA

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