Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Transcription

1 Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

2 Definitions Anatomy The science of the structure of the body. Physiology That section of the science of biology which deals solely with the operation of the functional processes of the many coordinated physical units of the human body

3 The Planes of the Body Anatomical Position ( all the anatomic terms consider a person facing you, hands at side, palms forward ) Anterior ( front ) Posterior ( back )

4 The Planes of the Body Midline ( the middle; centre ) Midclavicular line ( through the middle of the clavicle ) Midaxillary ( through the middle of the armpit to the ankle )

5 Directional Terms Superior ( higher; towards the head ) Inferior ( lower, away from the head ) Lateral ( away from the body s midline )

6 Directional Terms Medial ( toward the body s midline ) Proximal ( towards the body or point of attachment ) Distal ( away from a point of attachment )

7 Movement Terms

8 Anatomic Positions Prone ( laying face down ) Supine ( laying face up )

9 Anatomic Positions Fowler s Position ( semi-sitting; helps short of breath patients ) Lateral Recumbent Position ( recovery position; good for semiconscious breathing patients ) Trendelenburg Position ( feet elevated higher than the head; good for patients in shock )

10 Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Skeleton

11 The Skeletal System Gives form to the body Protects vital organs Consists of 206 bones Framework for attachment of muscles Permits motion of the body

12 The Skull Frontal bone Maxillae Mandible

13 The Skull ( Medial View ) Parietal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone

14 The Skull ( Posterior View ) Occipital bone Mastoid process

15 The Spinal Column ( 7 Vertebrae ) ( 12 Vertebrae ) ( 5 Vertebrae ) ( 5 Vertebrae Fused to 1 ) ( 4 Vertebrae Fused to 1 )

16 The Thorax ( Anterior View ) Clavicle Sternum 1 1 Xyphoid Process Ribs ( 12 pairs ) Thorax + Skull = Axial Skeleton

17 The Thorax ( Posterior View ) Cervical Spine 7 (C7 can be felt under the skin) Scapula 1 1

18 The Pelvis Inferior Vena Cava iliac crest ilium Descending Aorta Severe internal bleeding in this area if the pelvis is fractured Femoral Aorta Pubis Pubis symphysis

19 Hip The Lower Extremity Femur (if both femurs are fractured, there may be severe internal blood loss) Thigh Patella Fibula Tibia Leg

20 The Upper Extremity Clavicle Humerus Scapula Radius Ulna Wrist Upper + Lower Extremities = Appendicular Skeleton

21 Types of Joints Ball-in-socket Joint Found in the shoulder and hip joints, which allows for rotation and bending Hinge Joint Found in finger, elbow and knee joints, which allows for motion in one plane only

22 Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Musculoskeletal System

23 Functions of the Musculoskeletal System Gives the body shape Protects internal organs Provides for movement Consists of more than 600 muscles and 206 bones

24 Types of Muscle Skeletal (voluntary) Muscle Muscles that attach to the bone of the skeleton Also called voluntary muscle as they are under direct voluntary control of the brain

25 Types of Muscle Cardiac Muscle Found within the heart Specially adapted involuntary muscle, that is rich in blood and has it s own electrical system

26 Types of Muscle Smooth Muscle Carries out the automatic work of body organs Found within the gastrointestinal tract, the urinary system, the blood vessels and the bronchi of the lungs

27 Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Abdominal Cavity

28 The Abdomen The abdomen is a major body cavity. It contains the organs of digestion and excretion. It is separated into 4 quadrants Pain in a particular quadrant provides important clues to certain injuries or diseases Umbilicus Right Upper Quadrant Right Lower Quadrant Left Upper Quadrant Left Lower Quadrant

29 Organs of the Abdomen

30 Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Respiratory System

31 The Respiratory System Anatomy Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Epiglottis Larynx Tongue and soft tissues may obstruct the airway here; use head positioning, jaw thrust, oral or nasal airway to keep open Trachea Right main bronchus Left main bronchus Bronchiole Diaphragm Lungs Alveolus

32 Breathing Process: Inhalation Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. Pressure in the lungs decreases. Air travels to the lungs.

33 Breathing Process: Exhalation Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease. Pressure in the lungs increases. Air flows out of the lungs.

34 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration. Oxygen diffuses into the blood. The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen (so mouth to mouth can still deliver some oxygen). Carbon dioxide is removed from blood and exhaled.

35 Control of Breathing Brain stem controls breathing Brain stem detects carbon dioxide Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high Hypoxic drive is a backup system. Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing This backup system is active in some patients with chronic lung diseases like emphysema

36 Normal Breathing Characteristics Normal rate and depth Adults 12 to 20 breaths/min. Children 15 to 30 breaths/min. Infants 25 to 50 breaths/min Regular rhythm Good breath sounds (these are quite soft, quiet sounds detectable with a stethoscope) in both lungs Regular rise and fall movements in the chest Easy, not labored

37 Recognizing Inadequate Breathing Irregular rhythm Labored breathing Use of neck or belly muscles to help breathing Pursed lips Pale or blue skin Cool, clammy skin Faster respiratory rate

38 Infant and Child Anatomy Airway structures in infants & small children are smaller & more easily obstructed than those of adults! Cricoid cartilage softer, not as well developed Trachea narrower Tongue occupies more of pharynx Nose & mouth smaller Trachea Cricoid Tongue cartilage Nose

39 Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Circulatory System

40 The Circulatory System

41 Right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs The Heart Left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to body Aorta Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Coronary Artery Left Coronary Artery Right Ventricle Left Ventricle

42 Blood Flow Through the Heart

43 Circulation of Blood Blood from the body is brought to the heart via the LARGE VEINS (inferior and superior vena cava) Right atrium right ventricle Pulmonary Artery LUNGS Pulmonary Vein Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Vena cava back to Right Atrium

44 Electrical Conduction System Sinoatrial (SA) Node Known as a pacemaker Generates contractions 60 to 100 times per minute Atrioventricular (AV) Node Transmits signal from pacemaker down to lower part of heart If no signal is received, will automatically become a backup pacemaker and generate contractions at a rate of 40 to 60 times per minute Purkinje fibers Fibers that convey the impulses to the ventricular muscle

45 Normal Heart Rates Age Pulse Rate ( beats per minute ) Adult Adolescent ( yr ) School Aged Child ( 6 10 yr ) Pre-school Aged Child ( 1 5 yr ) Infant ( 1 month 1 yr ) Newborn ( 0 1 month )

46 Components of Blood Blood is made of three main parts: Plasma A sticky, yellow fluid that carries blood cells, nutrients and cellular waste material

47 Components of Blood White Blood Cells & Platelets White Blood Cells are responsible for the bodies immunity Platelets are essential in blood clotting

48 Components of Blood Red Blood Cells Give colour to the blood are oxygen carriers

49 Physiology of the Circulatory System Pulse The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the heart contracts Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone Carotid ( neck ) Brachial ( medial arm ) Radial ( thumb side of wrist ) Femoral ( groin ) Posterior Tibial ( medial side of ankle ) Dorsalis Pedis ( top of foot )

50 Physiology of the Circulatory System Blood pressure Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries Systole: Heart contracts Diastole: Heart relaxes Perfusion Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue If inadequate, the patient goes into shock (as evidenced by cool, pale, sweaty skin, loss of consciousness or restlessness, shortness of breath)

51 Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Nervous System

52 The Nervous System The nervous system controls the body s voluntary and involuntary actions. Somatic nervous system Regulates voluntary actions Autonomic nervous system Controls involuntary body functions

53 Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System

54 Peripheral Nervous System Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system. Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system. Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

55 Sensory and Connecting Nerves The connecting nerves in the spinal cord form a reflex arc. If a sensory nerve in this arc detects an irritating stimulus, it will bypass the brain and send a direct message to a motor nerve.

56 How the Nervous System Works The nervous system controls virtually all of our body activities including reflex, voluntary and involuntary activities Voluntary activities are action that we consciously perform (ie, passing a dish) Involuntary activities are actions that are not under our control such as digestion, sweating and blood vessel constriction. These functions are controlled by the autonomic nervous system

57 Autonomic Nervous System Broken down into two components Sympathetic nervous system Reacts to stress with a flight or fright response. Some common responses are dilated pupils, increased pulse rate, or rising BP. Parasympathetic nervous system Causes the opposite effect of the sympathetic nervous system

58 Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Integumentary & Endocrine System

59 The Skin ( Integumentary System ) The skin s primary responsibilities include: Protects the body from the environment Regulates body temperature Transmits information from environment to the brain

60 Anatomy of the Skin

61 Endocrine System Complex message and control system Made up of seven glands Glands produce and release hormones.

62 Endocrine System Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Glands Pancreas Ovary ( female ) Testis ( male )

63 Endocrine Glands Gland Adrenal Ovary Location Kidneys Female pelvis ( 2 glands ) Function Regulate salt, sugar and sexual function Regulate sexual function, characteristics and reproduction Hormones Produced Adrenaline Estrogen Pancreas Retroperitoneal Space Regulates glucose metabolism Insulin Parathyroid Pituitary Neck ( beside & behind thyroid ) Base of skull Regulate serum calcium Regulates all other endocrine glands Parathyroid Hormone Multiple, very important hormones Testes Male Scrotum ( 2 glands ) Regulate sexual function, characteristics and reproduction Testosterone Thyroid Neck ( over larynx ) Regulates metabolism Thyroxine

64 Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Urinary System and Genital System

65 Anatomy of the Genitourinary System Kidney Adrenal Gland Inferior Vena Cava Rectum ( cut view ) Aorta Bladder Urethra

66 Anatomy of the Genitourinary System Kidneys located in the posterior muscular wall of the abdomen (the back near the lower ribs) rid the blood of toxins and control the balance of water and salt via urine 20% of the output of blood from the heart passes through the kidneys every minute

67 Anatomy of the Genitourinary System Anterior Posterior

68 Male Reproductive System

69 Female Reproductive System

70 For All Questions Pertaining to this Module, Contact Your E.M.S. Command Coordinator. North / West ( 416 ) South / East ( 416 )