Levels of Organization. Chapter 19 6/11/2012. Homeostasis & Organization of the animal body. 4 Primary Tissues

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1 Levels of Organization Chapter 19 Homeostasis & Organization of the animal body Chemical Cellular Tissue Organs System Level Organismic Primary Tissues 1. Epithelial Tissue: covers surfaces lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts forms glands (beneath surface) 1. Exocrine glands 2. Endocrine Glands 2. Connective Tissue: Living cells surrounded by a non-living matrix can be liquid, gel-like, hard supports - binds structures together stores energy as fat provides immunity to disease transports things Includes: bone, cartilage, blood, tendons, ligaments, fat 4 Primary Tissues 3. Muscle Tissue: cells shorten in length producing movement produce kinetic energy 3 types: 1. Skeletal: long, striated, muli-nuclei, voluntary 2. Cardiac: single nuclei, striated, branched, involuntary 3. Smooth muscle: no striations, tapered ends, involuntary, single nuclei 4. Nerve Tissue: cells that conduct electrical signals detect stimuli inside and outside the body Communication 2 types of nervous tissue cells: glial cells & neurons - Neuron anatomy! Organ Systems: Two or more organs working together to do a job Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Lymphatic system A-6 Skin is an organ that contains 3-5 all 4 tissue types 1

2 Organ Systems Organ Systems Respiratory system Urinary system Nervous system Endocrine system Circulatory system Digestive system Male reproductive system Female reproductive system A-7 Figure A.11 A-8 Figure A.11 Homeostasis Homeostasis the body s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions Negative Feedback Control of Blood Pressure 75 Negative Feedback, Set Point Blood pressure rises to normal; homeostasis is restored Person rises from bed Blood drains from upper body, creating homeostatic imbalance 70 Set point 65 Cardiac center accelerates heartbeat Baroreceptors above heart respond to drop in blood pressure 60 Time Baroreceptors send signals to cardiac center of brainstem Positive Feedback Amplifes the change leads to greater change in the same direction feedback loop is repeated change produces more change Circulatory Systems Functions of circulatory system Transportation of stuff Oxygen from lungs or gills to the tissues Carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs or gills Nutrients from the digestive system to the tissues Hormones Waste products and toxic substances to the liver and the kidney for excretion Regulate body temperature Protect from viruses & bacteria

3 Circulatory Systems Circulatory systems have three main components: Blood Blood vessels Heart Animals have two types of circulatory systems: Open circulatory system Closed circulatory system Open circulatory system heart blood bathes internal organs blood opening tubular vessels with s hearts hemocoel (a) Open circulatory system Fig. 20-1a Closed circulatory system Fish heart gill capillaries heart extracellular fluid vessels branch in each organ ventricle atrium hearts vessel small vessels (b) Closed circulatory system Fig. 20-1b body capillaries (a) Fish Fig. 20-2a Amphibian, and most reptiles heart Mammals and birds heart lung capillaries lung capillaries atria atria ventricle ventricle body capillaries (b) Amphibians, most reptiles Fig. 20-2b body capillaries (c) Mammals, birds Fig. 20-2c 3

4 The human heart and its s and vessels The cardiac cycle aorta superior vena cava pulmonary artery (to left lung) Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs left atrium pulmonary artery (to right lung) pulmonary veins (from left lung) pulmonary veins (from right lung) atrioventricular right atrium semilunar s left ventricle Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right ventricle Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left ventricle Blood fills the atria and begins to flow passively into the ventricles atrioventricular thicker muscle of left ventricle Atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles Then the ventricles contract, forcing blood The cycle ends as the heart relaxes through the arteries to the inferior vena cava right ventricle descending aorta (to lower body) lungs and the rest of the body Fig Fig The heart s pacemaker and its connections The sinoatrial node electrical signal starts Unexcitable tissue the atrial contraction separates the atria and ventricles AV node The signal spreads, causing the atria to contract excitable The atrioventricular fibers node transmits the signal to the ventricles with a slight delay What Is Blood? Blood transports dissolved nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes through the body. It has two major components: Fluid, called plasma Cellular components including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets which are suspended in the plasma The cellular components are produced in bone marrow and later move into the blood. The signal travels to the base of the ventricles Excitable fibers transmit the signals to ventricular cardiac muscle, causing contraction from the base upwards Fig Blood cells red blood cells neutrophil basophil neutrophil monocyte eosinophil Plasma is primarily water and dissolved substances. Plasma is 90% water. Dissolved in the plasma are proteins, hormones, nutrients, salts, and wastes, such as urea. lymphocyte (a) Erythrocytes (b) White blood cells platelets megakaryocyte (c) Megakaryocyte forming platelets Fig

5 Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The most abundant cells in the blood are red blood cells. Red blood cells get their red color from hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein that can bind up to four oxygen molecules. Hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs, where oxygen is at high concentration, and releases it in other tissues of the body, where the oxygen concentration is low. White blood cells (Leukocytes) help defend the body against disease. Less than 1% of blood cells Play a key role in the body s resistance to disease. There are five types of white blood cells: Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Lymphocytes are responsible for the immune response against disease. Neutrophils and monocytes engulf foreign particles. Platelets are cell fragments that aid in blood clotting. Platelets play a key role in blood clotting. Blood clotting starts when platelets contact an irregular surface, such as a damaged blood vessel, where they partially block the opening. Fig The platelets and injured tissue initiate a complex sequence of reactions among plasma proteins, which results in a fibrous network, called fibrin, that traps red blood cells and closes the wound What Are The Types And Functions Of Blood Vessels? platelets white blood cell fibrin strands red blood cell Fig

6 As it leaves the heart, blood travels from 1) arteries to 2) arterioles to 3) capillaries to 4) venules to 5) veins, and finally, it returns to the heart. jugular vein aorta superior vena cava inferior vena cava liver intestine carotid artery pulmonary artery lung capillaries heart kidney 20.4 What Are The Types And Functions Of Blood Vessels? Structures and interconnections of blood vessels smooth muscle arteriole precapillary sphincters capillary network venule femoral artery femoral vein cross section capillary smooth muscle connective tissue artery vein Fig Fig Capillaries are microscopic vessels through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged. Diffusion of nutrients and wastes occurs in capillaries Walls are only one cell thick, substances can cross a capillary cell s plasma membrane and easily move into or out of capillaries (diffusion). Red blood cells flow through a capillary. Red blood cells must pass through capillaries in single file Capillary walls are thin and permeable to gases, nutrients, and cellular wastes Fig Valves direct the flow of blood in veins. open closed muscle contraction compresses vein relaxed muscle closed Fig

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