Zdravljenje pridobljene hemofilije. Irena Preložnik Zupan

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1 Zdravljenje pridobljene hemofilije Irena Preložnik Zupan

2 CILJI 1. Definicija, klinična slika, diagnoza 2. Zdravljenje zdravljenje akutnih krvavitev odstranjevanje inhibitorjev

3 Pridobljeni inhibitorji koagulacije PROTITELESA, KI NEVTRALIZIRAJO FUNKCIJO ALI ODSTRANIJO KOAGULACIJSKE FAKTORJE IZ OBTOKA

4 Vrste inhibitorjev Aloprotitelesa pojavijo se pri bolnikih s podedovano hemofilijo Autoprotitelesa nastanejo de novo pri bolnikih brez znanega pomanjkanja koagulacijskih F Z drugimi autoimunskimi obolenji Z limfoproliferativnimi obolenji - KLL Starost - bifazično

5 Komorbidnostna stanja Nosečnost Avtoimunske bolezni (SLE, RA, MS, SS, AIHA..) Solidni tumorji (prostata, pljuča, kolon ) Hematološke bolezni (KLL, NHL, DP, LPI, MDS) Vnetna črevesna bolezen Dermatološke bolezni Sladkorna bolezen Hepatitis B, C Zdravila (penicilini, interferon, fludarabin)

6 Intrinzična pot XIIa Ekstrinzična pot XIa TF Prothrombin IXa VIII VIIIa VIIa Xa Va V Soft clot Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin XIIIa Hard clot Fibrin

7 Incidenca inhibitorjev VSA AUTOPROTITELESA SO REDKA! Most frequent Factor VIII, VWF, Factor II (APS?) Less common Factor V, IX, XI, XIII Rare but reported Fibrinogen, VII, X

8 Klinična slika pridobljene hemofilije Obsežne krvavitve najpogosteje sluznične, mišični hematomi, GI krvavitve, hematurija Jatrogeno - IV lines, bladder catheterization or post surgical bleeding 80-90% obsežne krvavitve ob ugotovitvi 10-22% smrtnost

9 Klasična hemofilija Klinična slika Krvavitve v kožo, mišice, mehka tkiva, sluznice (epistakse, GIT in urološke krvavitve, retroperitonealne krvavitve, popororne krvavitve)

10 Left-hand hematoma developed 3 days after surgical incision of the right-hand hematoma, which was initially misdiagnosed as cellulitis

11 Diagnoza pridobljene hemofilije Klinična slika Nenaden pojav obsežnih hematomov PČ in PTČ sta presejalna testa Normalen PČ Podaljšan PTČ DD-pomanjk F XI,IX,VIII, vwd, inhibitorji, heparin, AFS

12 Diagnoza pridobljene hemofilije PATIENT BLOOD: NORMAL BLOOD: FACTOR LEVEL 0% aptt 80 sec FACTOR LEVEL 100% aptt 28 sec MIXING STUDY NOTE: ONLY 30-40% FACTOR REQUIRED FOR NORMAL aptt 50% PATIENT : 50% NORMAL RESULT A No correction INHIBITOR FACTOR LEVEL 20% aptt 50 sec RESULT B FACTOR LEVEL 50% aptt 30 sec Correction FACTOR DEFICIENCY

13 Zdravljenje pridobljene hemofilije Zdravljenje aktivne krvavitve Odločitev je odvisna od resnosti krvavitve in titra protiteles Odstranjevanje inhibitorjev Imunosupresivno zdravljenje Imunoglobulini Plazmafereze Imunska toleranca Rituximab

14 Zdravljenje aktivne krvavitve Koncentrat F VIII (če < 5 BE) Visoki odmerki kot hemofilija z inhibitorji Bypassing agents r FVIIa (90 µg/kg q 2-6 h) (94% effective) (običajni odmerki µg/kg na 2-6 hrs-not studied) FEIBA (70 U/kg na 8-12 h) (81% effective)

15 Kako učinkovit je rfviia pri pridobljeni hemofiliji?

16 Compassionate Use: Acquired Inhibitors Učinkovitost rfviia 38 bolnikov, 60 krvavitev Bleeding episodes (%) % Good Partial Poor 75% 17% 8% Salvage 1st Line 92% good/partial response rate with salvage therapy 100% excellent/good response rate with first-line therapy Hay CRM, et al. Thromb Haemost. 1997;79:

17 Stranski učinki zdravljenja krvavitev r FVIIa - Tromboze (< 2%?) FEIBA Tromboze Alergične reakcije Low risk for transmission of infectious agents

18 Arterial and Fatal Thromboembolic SAEs Data from ICH Study Arterial thromboembolic SAEs occurred significantly (P = 0.01) more frequently with rfviia treatment (5%) than with placebo (0%) These events manifested in the form of myocardial ischemic events (7) and cerebral infarction (9) Thromboembolic SAEs that were fatal or disabling occurred in 2% of rfviia-treated patients compared with 2% in the placebo group Mayer SA et al. N Engl J Med. 2005;352: bolnikov-cvi

19 Odstranjevanje inhibitorjev IMUNOSUPRESIVNO ZDRAVLJENJE Prednizolon zdravilo prvega reda 1mg/kg/dan 3-6 tednov Ciklofosfamid 1-2mg/kg/dan dodati prednizolonu takoj ali po 3 tednih Drugi: Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil

20 Odstranjevanje inhibitorjev IMUNOGLOBULINI veliki odmerki 2g/kg 2dni ali 0,4g/kg 5dni Sedanji rezultati kliničnih študij kažejo, da niso uporabni v prvi liniji ali kot samostojno zdravilo Lahko jih dodamo: Steroidom Plazmaferezi Imuski toleranci

21 Odstranjevanje inhibitorjev PLAZMAFEREZE začasna, hitra odstranitev protiteles, še posebej v primeru hudih krvavitev pri visokem titru inhibitorjev

22 Odstranjevanje inhibitorjev IMUNSKA TOLERANCA - študije Podobno kot pri podedovani hemofiliji Za rezistentne bolnike Modificiran Bonn-Malmo protokol Ciklofosfamid 1-2mg/kg/dan Prednizolon 1mg/kg/dan Plazmafereze 2-3V plazme (1-5dan/teden) Imunoglobulini 0.3g/kg (5-7dan/teden) FVIII koncentrat 100IU/kg/dan

23 Kaj pa Rituximab?

24 Odstranjevanje inhibitorjev RITUXIMAB malo izkušenj (29 objav) 375mg/m2 4 tedne zapored + imunosupresiv prednizolon, ciklofosfamid Dovoljeno kot zdravilo drugega reda Nekateri avtorji priporočajo prva linija pri bolnikih z visokim titrom protiteles Če se bolezen ponovi- ponoviti zdravljenje

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