UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SCHOOL OF SPORT AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES SPORT PATHWAYS WITH FOUNDATION YEAR SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016

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1 LH8 UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SCHOOL OF SPORT AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES SPORT PATHWAYS WITH FOUNDATION YEAR SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY MODULE NO: SRB3008 Date: Monday 16 May 2016 Time: 2.00 pm 4.00 pm INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: There are 52 questions on this paper. There are 50 questions in section A and 2 questions in section B. Answer all questions in section A and 1 question from section B. Write your answers in the answer book provided NOT on the question paper. The examination carries a total of 75 marks Electronic calculators may be used provided that data and programme storage memory is cleared prior to the examination.

2 Page 2 of 12 Section A: Answer all questions in this section. 1. Before fat can be metabolised by the muscle cells, it must first be broken down into? a. free fatty acids and glycogen b. free fatty acids and glycerol c. triglycerides and glucose d. amino acids and glycerol 2. On a Monark cycle ergometer a pedalling cadence of 60 revolutions per minute against a resistance of 2kg would result in a work rate of? a. 60 watts b. 90 watts c. 120 watts d. none of the above 3. Which of the following is also referred to as voluntary muscle? a. skeletal muscle b. smooth muscle c. visceral muscle d. cardiac muscle 4. The first bioenergetic pathway to become active at the onset of exercise is? a. glycolysis b. the ATP PC system c. the Krebs cycle d. the electron transport chain 5. Stroke volume is defined as? a. the number of heart beats per minute b. the cardiac output in L/min c. the amount of blood ejected on each heart contraction d. the amount of blood that refills the heart.

3 Page 3 of A normal resting cardiac output would be? a. 60 L/min b. 5 L/min c. 1.2 L/min d. 80 L/ min 7. The lactate threshold is defined as the work rate or oxygen uptake where? a. there is a systematic rise in blood levels of lactic acid. b. there is a systematic rise in aerobic metabolism. c. there is a systematic decrease in blood lactic acid concentration. d. all of the above are correct. 8. Which classification of carbohydrate is made up of 3 to thousands of sugar molecules linked together? a. Monosaccharides b. Disaccharides c. Polysaccharides d. All of the above 9. Which of the following about blood pressure response to submaximal exercise is true? a. systolic and diastolic pressure both increase b. systolic and diastolic pressure both decrease c. systolic increases and diastolic stays the same d. systolic stays the same and diastolic increases 10. What is the name of bad cholesterol? a. High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) b. Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) c. Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) d. Chylomicrons

4 Page 4 of Which of these circuits transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs? a. diastolic b. pulmonary c. systolic d. systemic 12. How is most of the oxygen transported in the blood? a. bound to hemoglobin b. bound to carbohydrates c. dissolved in blood plasma d. bound to fats 13. Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin C c. Vitamin D d. Vitamin K 14. The simplest and most rapid method to produce ATP during exercise is through? a. glycolysis. b. the ATP CP system. c. aerobic metabolism. d. glycogenolysis. 15. What is the function of the cardiovascular system? a. delivery b. removal c. transport d. all of the above 16. The precision with which a biological control system maintains homeostasis is termed? a. positive feedback b. negative feedback c. set point d. gain

5 Page 5 of The main contractile proteins of a myofibril are? a. Carbohydrate and fat b. Actin and Leptin c. Myosin and Pectin d. Actin and Myosin 18. Aerobic production of ATP occurs in? a. the mitochondria in a process called glycolysis. b. the mitochondria in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. c. the mitochondria in a process called beta oxidation. d. the cytoplasm. 19. Systole refers to? a. the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle b. the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle c. the entire duration of the cardiac cycle d. the time in between consecutive heart beats 20. What is the main adaptation to anaerobic training? a. increased number of mitochondria b. improved mechanical efficiency c. increased muscular strength d. decreased hydrogen ion concentration 21. Which of the following is not a key principle of good eating? a. Variety b. Balance c. Consistency d. Moderation

6 Page 6 of How long would it take for most individuals to reach a steady state heart rate? a. 2 mins b. 4 mins c. 10 mins d. 40 mins 23. Which of these occurs in response to exercise in the heat? a. sweat rate increases b. blood is directed towards the core of the body c. stroke volume gradually increases d. all of the above 24. Typically blood plasma makes up how much of total blood volume? a. 10% b. 25% c. 55% d. 85% 25. Which of these circuits transports oxygenated blood away from the heart? a. systolic circuit b. venous circuit c. ventricular circuit d. systemic circuit 26. Which of these fuels is preferred during moderate to high intensity exercise? a. fats b. carbohydrates c. proteins d. vitamins

7 Page 7 of In a 30 second Wingate sprint test, the fatigue ratio is defined as? a. the lowest power achieved during the test b. the time taken to drop below 500 watts on the test c. the pedal speed during the last 5 seconds of the test d. the percentage drop off from peak power to the end of the test 28. Which of these is an adaptation to aerobic training? a. change to muscle blood supply b. increased efficiency of energy production c. increase in the number of mitochondria d. all of the above 29. The physiological factors that influence maximum oxygen uptake are? a. the delivery of oxygen to the muscle b. the uptake of oxygen by the muscle c. genetics and exercise training d. all of the above 30. What is the primary method of carbon dioxide transportation in the blood? a. bound to hemoglobin b. bound to red blood cells c. as bicarbonate ions d. dissolved in blood plasma 31. How is cardiac output calculated? a. stroke volume divided by heart rate b. stroke volume multiplied by heart rate c. heart rate divided by stroke volume d. none of the above

8 Page 8 of Which is the primary mode of heat transfer during exercise? a. radiation b. convection c. conduction. d. evaporation 33. The amount of carbon dioxide in expired air would be? a. the same as the inspired air b. less than the inspired air c. greater than the inspired air d. impossible to measure 34. The calculation used to work out blood pressure is? a. Mean arterial pressure x End diastolic pressure b. Cardiac output x Total peripheral resistance c. Cardiac output x Systolic pressure d. Cardiac output x diastolic pressure 35. On a Monark cycle ergometer a work rate of 150 watts may be achieved by? a. a pedalling cadence of 50 revolutions per minute against a resistance of 3 kg b. a pedalling cadence of 60 revolutions per minute against a resistance of 2.5 kg c. a pedalling cadence of 75 revolutions per minute against a resistance of 2 kg d. all of the above 36. Which of the following statements is true? a. blood passes from the right atrium to the left atrium b. blood passes from the right atrium to the right ventricle c. blood passes from the left atrium to the right ventricle d. blood passes from the left ventricle to the right ventricle

9 Page 9 of Which of these carries blood away from the heart? a. Veins b. Venules c. Capillaries d. Arteries 38. As exercise intensity increases there is a shift in metabolism of fuel from? a. fat to carbohydrate b. carbohydrate to fat c. glucose to glycogen d. protein to amino acids 39. The progressive gradual rise in heart rate during steady state prolonged exercise is known as? a. cardiovascular drift b. super compensation c. venous return d. ventilator breakpoint 40. Which of these tests would be used to assess aerobic capacity? a. Hagerman protocol b. Wingate cycle test c. Hydrostatic weighing d. Bruce protocol 41. Slow-twitch muscle fibres are also sometimes referred to as? a. type I fibres b. type IIa fibres c. type IIx fibres d. type III fibres

10 Page 10 of The relationship between oxygen consumption, cardiac output and arteriovenous difference is described by? a. the Frank- Starling law b. the first law of thermodynamics c. the Fick equation d. the Haldane transformation 43. Which of the following causes fatigue? a. the build-up of calcium ions b. the accumulation of hydrogen ions c. the breakdown of ATP d. the conversion of fat to carbohydrate 44. A 200 metre race would predominantly use which energy system? a. the ATP-PC system b. the lactic acid system c. the oxidative system d. all 3 systems would be used equally 45. Normal adult resting blood pressure would be? a. 90/ 60 mmhg b. 180/ 100 mmhg c. 140 /90 mmhg d. 120/ 80 mmhg 46. An estimation of maximal heart rate can be calculated using the formula? a age b age c age d age

11 Page 11 of Which of the following tests assesses muscular strength? a. standing vertical jump b. sit and reach test c. Balke protocol d. 1- rep max test 48. VO2 max can be defined as? a. the amount of oxygen needed to maintain performance b. the amount of oxygen at exhaustive exercise c. the resting oxygen consumption over a 24 hour period d. the amount of oxygen contained within arterial blood 49. Stores of ATP and PCr are sufficient to support maximum muscular effort for approximately? a. 1 to 4 seconds b. 3 to 15 seconds c. 30 seconds to 2 minutes d. More than 10 minutes 50. Improvements in aerobic capacity can be achieved by? a. increasing training volume alone b. increasing training intensity alone c. increasing both training volume and intensity d. all of the above

12 Page 12 of 12 Section B: Answer 1 question from this section. 1. Detail the route of oxygen from atmospheric air to its use in cellular respiration, and describe and detail the by-products of oxidative phosphorylation. (25 marks) 2. Explain the adaptations that occur in the human body due to aerobic/endurance training. (25 marks) END OF QUESTIONS