Cardiovascular System Blood Vessels

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1 Cardiovascular System Blood Vessels

2 Structure of Blood Vessels The three layers (tunics) Tunica intima composed of simple squamous epithelium Tunica media sheets of smooth muscle Contraction vasoconstriction Relaxation vasodilation Tunica externa (adventitia) composed of connective tissue Lumen Large vessels contain a vasa vasorum central blood filled space of a vessel

3 Structure of Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

4 Types of Blood Vessels Arteries carry blood away from the heart Types: elastic (conducting), muscular (distributing), and arterioles Capillaries smallest blood vessels The site of exchange of molecules between blood and tissue fluid Veins carry blood toward the heart

5 Types of Arteries Elastic arteries the largest arteries Diameters range from 2.5 cm to 1 cm Includes the aorta and its major branches Sometimes called conducting arteries High elastin content dampens surge of blood pressure Thicker tunica intima Due to thicker subendothelial layer

6 Types of Arteries Muscular (distributing) arteries Lie distal to elastic arteries Diameters range from 1 cm to 0.3 mm Includes most of the named arteries Tunica media is thick Unique features Internal and external elastic laminae

7 Types of Arteries Arterioles Smallest arteries Diameters range from 0.3 mm to 10 µm Larger arterioles possess all three tunics Diameter of arterioles controlled by: Local factors in the tissues Sympathetic tone

8 Capillaries Smallest blood vessels Diameter from 8 10 µm Red blood cells pass through single file Site specific functions of capillaries In the lungs oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves In the small intestines receive digested nutrients In endocrine glands pick up hormones In the kidneys removal of nitrogenous wastes In the liver removal of toxins, nutrients for metabolic events

9 Capillary Beds Network of capillaries running through tissues Control of blood in capillary beds Precapillary sphincters regulate the flow of blood to tissues Tissues & Structures with little or no blood flow Tendons and ligaments poorly vascularized Epithelia and cartilage avascular Receive nutrients from nearby connective tissues

10 Capillary Beds

11 Capillary Permeabillity Endothelial cells held together by tight junctions and desmosomes Intercellular clefts gaps of unjoined membrane Small molecules can enter and exit Three types of capillaries Continuous most common Fenestrated have pores Sinusoids wide porous capillary found in some organs

12 Cross Section of Continuous Capillaries

13 Cross Section of Fenestrated Capillaries

14 Sinusoids Wide, leaky capillaries found in some organs Usually fenestrated Intercellular clefts are wide open Occur in bone marrow and spleen Sinusoids have a large diameter and twisted course

15 Routes of Capillary Permeability Four routes into and out of capillaries Direct diffusion Through intercellular clefts Through cytoplasmic vesicles Through fenestrations

16 Low Permeability Capillaries Blood brain barrier Capillaries have complete tight junctions No intercellular clefts are present Vital molecules pass through Highly selective transport mechanisms Not a barrier against Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some anesthetics Other blood barrier?

17 Veins Conduct blood from capillaries toward the heart Blood pressure is much lower than in arteries Smallest veins called venules Diameters from µm Smallest venules called postcapillary venules Venules join to form veins Tunica externa is the thickest tunic in veins

18 Mechanisms to Counteract Low Venous Pressure Valves in some veins Particularly in limbs Skeletal muscle pump Muscles press against thin walled veins Respiratory pump Causes changes in thoracic vs. abdominal pressure

19 Vascular Anastomoses Vessels interconnect to form vascular anastomoses Organs receive blood from more than one arterial source Neighboring arteries form arterial anastomoses Provide collateral channels Veins anastomose more frequently than arteries

20 Circulation Routes Pulmonary Systemic Arteries Capillaries Veins Special Venous Routes

21 Pulmonary Circulation

22 Systemic Circulation Systemic Arteries Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart Aorta largest artery in the body Capillaries point of exchange Systemic Veins Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart Venae Cavae the largest of the arteries that enter into the right atrium

23 Flow Chart Main Systemic Arteries

24 Flow Chart Main Veins of Systemic Circulation Figure 19.25

25 The Basic Scheme of the Hepatic Portal System Figure 19.22

26 Veins of the Hepatic Portal System Figure 19.23

27 Blood Vessels Throughout Life Fetal Circulation All major vessels in place by month 3 of development Differences between fetal and postnatal circulation Fetus must supply blood to the placenta Very little blood is sent through the pulmonary circuit

28 Vessels to and from the Placenta Umbilical vessels run in the umbilical cord Paired umbilical arteries Unpaired umbilical vein Ductus venosus Ligamentum teres Ligamentum venosum Medial umbilical ligaments

29 Shunts Away from the Pulmonary Circuit Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus

30 Fetal and Newborn Circulation Compared Figure 19.26b

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