Basic Categories of Diagnostic Tests
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1 Basic Categories of Diagnostic Tests Those that measure performance heart rate, lung function, visual acuity Those that use hollow tubes and fiber optics to look inside the body directly Endoscopy Those that look at the body through film or sound x-rays, scans, UTZ Those that take something out of the body (specimen) to study Blood test, urinalysis, fecalysis, CSF analysis
2 What will I do before, during & after the test? How is it performed? How long does it take? What are the normal findings? What to expect? What are the risks? What this test will tell me? What is the purpose?
3 Those that TAKE something out of the body 1. Urinalysis 2. Fecalysis 3. Venipuncture 4. Semen Analysis 5. Lumbar Puncture 6. Biopsy 7. Bone Marrow Aspiration
4 1.URINALYSIS
5 Urinalysis - Look for problems with the urine and the urinary system - Possible results: - red, reddish or brown color - orange - hazy/cloudy
6 Urinalysis - Nursing Responsibility: 1. Prep: washing of perineal area 2. Instruction: 50 ml ; clean catch midstream urine
7 2. FECALYSIS
8 Fecalysis - Purpose: suspected enteric infection or infestation Nursing Responsibility: - Instruction: 1 inch of stool
9 3. VENIPUNCTURE
10 Venipuncture - Obtain blood for numerous tests
11 Venipuncture Procedure
12 Sample of Laboratory Result
13 Common Blood Analyses 1. Complete Blood Count (CBC) 2. CBC with differential count 3. Platelet count 4. Coomb s or anticoagulation test 5. Blood culture 6. TSH, T3, T4 7. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
14 Venipuncture Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction: preparation needed by the patient
15 4. SEMEN ANALYSIS/SPERM COUNT
16 SEMEN ANALYSIS/ SPERM COUNT - determine male fertility
17 SEMEN ANALYSIS/ SPERM COUNT Nursing Responsibilities: 1. Instruction: - obtaining specimen - care of specimen - delivery to the lab.
18 5. Lumbar Puncture/Spinal Tap - CSF for lab. analysis
19 Lumbar Puncture Risks: 1. moderate to severe headache 2. infection (rare) 3. leakage of fluid Nursing Responsibility: instruction
20 6. BIOPSY
21 BIOPSY - Obtain tissue sample for detection of malignancy Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction: - rationale/purpose - procedure
22 7. Bone Marrow Aspiration
23 Bone Marrow Aspiration - Diagnose leukemia, anemia and other cancers or infections - Determine metastasis - Evaluate effectiveness of chemotherapy
24 Bone Marrow Aspiration Risks: 1. bleeding 2. infection or air embolism (rare) 3. sharp, brief pain, tenderness Nursing Responsibility: instruction
25 8. Amniocentesis AOG - at least 16 weeks
26 Amniocentesis - Test for birth defects and other potential problems - Determine fetal age, gender, maturity and general health * For mothers over 35 or if with history of genetic problems
27 Amniocentesis Risks: 1. accidental puncturing of placenta 2. spontaneous abortion (slight) 3. infection Nursing Responsibility: instruction
28 Those that LOOK at the body through film or sound 1. X-ray 2. Ultrasound 3. CT Scan 4. MRI 5. PET 6. Mammography 7. IVP 8. Hysterosalphingography 9. Fluoroscopy 10. Angiography D Echo 12. Cardiac Catheterization
29 1. Radiography (X-ray)
30 Radiography (X-ray) - Evaluate respiratory function and chest injury Nursing Responsibility: 1. Patient preparation: clothing, jewelry 2. purpose
31 2. Ultrasonography (UTZ)
32 Ultrasonography (UTZ) -Visualize internal organs, soft tissues - fetal examination, - examination of the heart
33 Ultrasonography (UTZ) Nursing Responsibility: 1. Patient preparation 2. purpose/procedure
34 3. CT Scan
35 CT Scan -Provide detailed cross-sectional view of tissues -Preferred for diagnosing cancers
36 CT Scan Nursing Responsibility: 1. Patient prep: clothing, jewelry, meal 2. Instruction: dye, position, procedure
37 4. MRI
38 MRI -Exam of head, CNS -Identify tumors, strokes, tissue degeneration
39 MRI Individuals at risk: 1. pregnant women 2. those with implanted metallic objects 3. claustrophobic individuals 4. anxious individuals
40 MRI Nursing Responsibility: same as CT scan
41 5. PET Scan
42 PET - non-invasive nuclear medical imaging technique - Depict structures, metabolic changes/functions of tissues
43 6.Mammography
44 Mammography Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction - rationale - procedure 2. Patient prep: no powder, lotion, perfume, deodorant
45 7. IVP
46 Intravenous Pyelography (IVP) - Visualize KUB Risks: 1. burning sensation, metallic taste (contrast medium) 2. allergic reaction to contrast medium 3. radiation risk
47 IVP - Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction: purpose, procedure 2. Patient prep: - laxative/enema - NPO for 8 hrs. PT test
48 8. Hysterosalpingography
49 Hysterosalpingography Risks: Confirm fallopian tube abnormalities or obstructions 1. cramping, pain 2. tingling sensation 3. intravascular injection of contrast medium
50 Hysterosalpingography Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction: purpose/procedure 2. Patient prep: laxative, NPO
51 John Y. Connolly, MD performing fluoroscopy 9. Fluoroscopy
52 10. Echocardiography
53 Echocardiography -Examine size, shape and motion of the heart Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction: purpose/procedure
54 11. Cardiac Catheterization
55 Cardiac Catheterization Right heart c. tricuspid and pulmonary valves, pulmo artery, BP, flow of blood to the heart Arterial or left side c. coronary arteries, mitral and aortic valves, LV
56 Cardiac Catheterization Risks: 1. tiring 2. heart attack or stroke 3. damage to the heart and blood vessel wall 4. swelling, bleeding, infection 5. allergic reaction
57 Cardiac Catheterization Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction: purpose/procedure 2. Patient prep: NPO for 6 hrs. PT test
58 12. Angiography Cardiac Angiography Coronary Angiography
59 Angiography -Detect abnormalities (aneurysm) in BV and organs supplied - locate sites of bleeding and clots Nursing Responsibility: same as cardiac catheterization
60 Those that USE hollow tubes & fiber optics to look inside the body directly 1. EGD 2. Gastroscopy 3. Laparoscopy 4. Colonoscopy 5. Sigmoidoscopy 6. Proctosigmoidoscopy 7. Cystoscopy 8. Colposcopy 9. Bronchoscopy
61 EGD
62 Sigmoidoscopy
63 Colonoscopy
64
65 Proctosigmoidoscopy
66 Laparoscopy
67
68
69 Colposcopy
70 Bronchoscopy
71 Bronchoscopy
72 Cystoscopy
73 Those that MEASURE performance 1. EEG 2. ECG 3. EMG 4. Pulmonary Function Test
74 Electrocardiogram (ECG)
75
76 ECG Leads Placement
77 ECG Stress Test Holter Monitoring (Ambulatory ECG)
78 Electroencephlogram (EEG)
79 EEG
80 EMG
81
82 PFT
83
84 Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)
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