Basic Categories of Diagnostic Tests

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1 Basic Categories of Diagnostic Tests Those that measure performance heart rate, lung function, visual acuity Those that use hollow tubes and fiber optics to look inside the body directly Endoscopy Those that look at the body through film or sound x-rays, scans, UTZ Those that take something out of the body (specimen) to study Blood test, urinalysis, fecalysis, CSF analysis

2 What will I do before, during & after the test? How is it performed? How long does it take? What are the normal findings? What to expect? What are the risks? What this test will tell me? What is the purpose?

3 Those that TAKE something out of the body 1. Urinalysis 2. Fecalysis 3. Venipuncture 4. Semen Analysis 5. Lumbar Puncture 6. Biopsy 7. Bone Marrow Aspiration

4 1.URINALYSIS

5 Urinalysis - Look for problems with the urine and the urinary system - Possible results: - red, reddish or brown color - orange - hazy/cloudy

6 Urinalysis - Nursing Responsibility: 1. Prep: washing of perineal area 2. Instruction: 50 ml ; clean catch midstream urine

7 2. FECALYSIS

8 Fecalysis - Purpose: suspected enteric infection or infestation Nursing Responsibility: - Instruction: 1 inch of stool

9 3. VENIPUNCTURE

10 Venipuncture - Obtain blood for numerous tests

11 Venipuncture Procedure

12 Sample of Laboratory Result

13 Common Blood Analyses 1. Complete Blood Count (CBC) 2. CBC with differential count 3. Platelet count 4. Coomb s or anticoagulation test 5. Blood culture 6. TSH, T3, T4 7. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

14 Venipuncture Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction: preparation needed by the patient

15 4. SEMEN ANALYSIS/SPERM COUNT

16 SEMEN ANALYSIS/ SPERM COUNT - determine male fertility

17 SEMEN ANALYSIS/ SPERM COUNT Nursing Responsibilities: 1. Instruction: - obtaining specimen - care of specimen - delivery to the lab.

18 5. Lumbar Puncture/Spinal Tap - CSF for lab. analysis

19 Lumbar Puncture Risks: 1. moderate to severe headache 2. infection (rare) 3. leakage of fluid Nursing Responsibility: instruction

20 6. BIOPSY

21 BIOPSY - Obtain tissue sample for detection of malignancy Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction: - rationale/purpose - procedure

22 7. Bone Marrow Aspiration

23 Bone Marrow Aspiration - Diagnose leukemia, anemia and other cancers or infections - Determine metastasis - Evaluate effectiveness of chemotherapy

24 Bone Marrow Aspiration Risks: 1. bleeding 2. infection or air embolism (rare) 3. sharp, brief pain, tenderness Nursing Responsibility: instruction

25 8. Amniocentesis AOG - at least 16 weeks

26 Amniocentesis - Test for birth defects and other potential problems - Determine fetal age, gender, maturity and general health * For mothers over 35 or if with history of genetic problems

27 Amniocentesis Risks: 1. accidental puncturing of placenta 2. spontaneous abortion (slight) 3. infection Nursing Responsibility: instruction

28 Those that LOOK at the body through film or sound 1. X-ray 2. Ultrasound 3. CT Scan 4. MRI 5. PET 6. Mammography 7. IVP 8. Hysterosalphingography 9. Fluoroscopy 10. Angiography D Echo 12. Cardiac Catheterization

29 1. Radiography (X-ray)

30 Radiography (X-ray) - Evaluate respiratory function and chest injury Nursing Responsibility: 1. Patient preparation: clothing, jewelry 2. purpose

31 2. Ultrasonography (UTZ)

32 Ultrasonography (UTZ) -Visualize internal organs, soft tissues - fetal examination, - examination of the heart

33 Ultrasonography (UTZ) Nursing Responsibility: 1. Patient preparation 2. purpose/procedure

34 3. CT Scan

35 CT Scan -Provide detailed cross-sectional view of tissues -Preferred for diagnosing cancers

36 CT Scan Nursing Responsibility: 1. Patient prep: clothing, jewelry, meal 2. Instruction: dye, position, procedure

37 4. MRI

38 MRI -Exam of head, CNS -Identify tumors, strokes, tissue degeneration

39 MRI Individuals at risk: 1. pregnant women 2. those with implanted metallic objects 3. claustrophobic individuals 4. anxious individuals

40 MRI Nursing Responsibility: same as CT scan

41 5. PET Scan

42 PET - non-invasive nuclear medical imaging technique - Depict structures, metabolic changes/functions of tissues

43 6.Mammography

44 Mammography Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction - rationale - procedure 2. Patient prep: no powder, lotion, perfume, deodorant

45 7. IVP

46 Intravenous Pyelography (IVP) - Visualize KUB Risks: 1. burning sensation, metallic taste (contrast medium) 2. allergic reaction to contrast medium 3. radiation risk

47 IVP - Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction: purpose, procedure 2. Patient prep: - laxative/enema - NPO for 8 hrs. PT test

48 8. Hysterosalpingography

49 Hysterosalpingography Risks: Confirm fallopian tube abnormalities or obstructions 1. cramping, pain 2. tingling sensation 3. intravascular injection of contrast medium

50 Hysterosalpingography Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction: purpose/procedure 2. Patient prep: laxative, NPO

51 John Y. Connolly, MD performing fluoroscopy 9. Fluoroscopy

52 10. Echocardiography

53 Echocardiography -Examine size, shape and motion of the heart Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction: purpose/procedure

54 11. Cardiac Catheterization

55 Cardiac Catheterization Right heart c. tricuspid and pulmonary valves, pulmo artery, BP, flow of blood to the heart Arterial or left side c. coronary arteries, mitral and aortic valves, LV

56 Cardiac Catheterization Risks: 1. tiring 2. heart attack or stroke 3. damage to the heart and blood vessel wall 4. swelling, bleeding, infection 5. allergic reaction

57 Cardiac Catheterization Nursing Responsibility: 1. Instruction: purpose/procedure 2. Patient prep: NPO for 6 hrs. PT test

58 12. Angiography Cardiac Angiography Coronary Angiography

59 Angiography -Detect abnormalities (aneurysm) in BV and organs supplied - locate sites of bleeding and clots Nursing Responsibility: same as cardiac catheterization

60 Those that USE hollow tubes & fiber optics to look inside the body directly 1. EGD 2. Gastroscopy 3. Laparoscopy 4. Colonoscopy 5. Sigmoidoscopy 6. Proctosigmoidoscopy 7. Cystoscopy 8. Colposcopy 9. Bronchoscopy

61 EGD

62 Sigmoidoscopy

63 Colonoscopy

64

65 Proctosigmoidoscopy

66 Laparoscopy

67

68

69 Colposcopy

70 Bronchoscopy

71 Bronchoscopy

72 Cystoscopy

73 Those that MEASURE performance 1. EEG 2. ECG 3. EMG 4. Pulmonary Function Test

74 Electrocardiogram (ECG)

75

76 ECG Leads Placement

77 ECG Stress Test Holter Monitoring (Ambulatory ECG)

78 Electroencephlogram (EEG)

79 EEG

80 EMG

81

82 PFT

83

84 Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)

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