Blood pressure. Formation of the blood pressure: Blood pressure. Formation of the blood pressure 5/1/12

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Blood pressure. Formation of the blood pressure: Blood pressure. Formation of the blood pressure 5/1/12"

Transcription

1 Blood pressure Blood pressure Dr Badri Paudel Ø Blood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against the vessel wall Ø ( or the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall) Ø Blood Pressure is stored energy (potential energy) Formation of the blood pressure Mean circulatory filing pressure (MCFP): Total peripheral resistance Cardiac pumping Elasticity of Windkessel vessel Formation of the blood pressure: Ø (1) Mean circulatory filing pressure (MCFP): Ø when heart beat is stopped, the pressure in any point of cardiovascular system is equal. This pressure is called MCFP Ø systemic circulation, 7 mmhg; Ø pulmonary circulation, 10 mmhg. Ø (2) Total peripheral resistance. Formation of the blood pressure: Ø (3) Cardiac pumping Ø Energy released from heart contraction is transferred into parts, Ø 1) kinetic energy (1% of the total), Ø 2) potential energy (pressure) (99% of the total). Ø That means most part of energy used to create the blood pressure 1

2 Blood Pressure: Generated by Ventricular Contraction Formation of the blood pressure: Ø (4)Elasticity of Windkessel vessel Ø 1 diastolic blood pressure Ø 2 continuous blood flow in diastole Ø 3 buffering blood pressure Physical Characteristics of the Systemic Circulation Ø (1)The velocity of blood flow in each segment of the circulation is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. Physical Characteristics of the Systemic Circulation Ø (2) Pressure and resistance in the various portion of the systemic circulations. Ø The decrease in pressure in each part of the systemic circulation is directly proportional to the vascular resistance. Concept of Arterial Pressure Ø Blood pressure in the aorta and other big arterials. 2

3 2. Normal Range of Arterial Pressure Mean arterial pressure Ø Systolic pressure (Ps) the maximum of the pressure during systole Ø Diastole pressure (Pd) the minimum pressure during diastole Ø Pulse pressure the difference between Ps and Pd Ø Mean arterial pressure the average pressure throughout each cardiac cycle. Ø Mean arterial pressure (Pm) = Pd + Pulse pressure / 3 Normal range of arterial pressure Ø At rest, the arterial pressure of Chinese adult young people should be Ø Ps mmhg Ø Pd mmhg Ø Pulse pressure mmhg Measurement of the arterial pressure Ø Direct (inserting a cannula into the artery) Measurement of the arterial pressure Ø Indirect (auscultatory) method Ø Stethoscope 3

4 Blood Pressure (BP): Methods of measuring BP 1. Auscultatory method it depends on the recognition of Korotkoff s sounds. In hyper dynamic circulations (such as during exercise) diastolic value is taken when the sound is muffled. In rare conditions auscultatory gap can be present. 2. Palpation method it gives rough idea about systolic pr. value only. It is mmhg less accurate than the auscultatory method. 3. Factors Determining Arterial Pressure Normal values Ø Stroke volume ---- Ps Ø Heart rate ---- Pd Ø Total peripheral resistance (Ps) Ø Action of Windkessel vessel (aorta and other large arteries) Pulse pressure Ø Mean circulatory filling pressure - Systolic BP mmhg - Diastolic BP mmhg - Mean BP = Diastolic BP + ⅓ Pulse pressure 100 mmhg Also Mean BP = CO X TPR - The gravitational effect in standing position causes the mean BP in a large artery in the head to be 62 mmhg, whereas it increases the mean BP in the feet to a value close to 180 mmhg. - The arterial pressure is conventionally written as systolic over diastolic pressure. e.g. 120/80. BP tends to rise with age. 4

5 Integrated regulation of arterial BP Mechanisms responsible for maintaining stable BP can be classified into three groups depending on their time of onset. 1. Immediate control responses they act within seconds, they are; A. Baroreceptor feedback mechanism B. Chemoreceptor mechanism C. CNS ischemic response These mechanisms act through the autonomic nervous control of the circulation (generalized arteriolar constriction, venoconstriction, and direct stimulation of the heart). 2. Intermediate control responses they are; A. Renin-angiotensin vasoconstrictor mechanism B. Stress-relaxation mechanism C. Capillary fluid shift mechanism These three mechanisms become activated within 30 minutes to several hours during which the nervous mechanisms fatigue and become less effective. Their effect can last for days if necessary. 3. Long term mechanism for pr. regulation this mechanism relies on the renal-blood volume (or body fluid) control mechanism. An increase in blood pr. has a direct effect on the glomerulus. It causes the kidney to excrete extracellular fluid (i.e. pressure diuresis), thus reducing the blood volume and causing the pr. to return back to normal. Baroreceptor Feedback Loop for the Regulation of Mean Arterial Blood Pressure stretch mechanoreceptors High pressure baroreceptors respond to stretch in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. Carotid and Aortic Baroreceptors sinus nerve depressor nerve Fig

6 Carotid nerve fires above and below normal pressures. Aortic nerves are activated above normal pressures. Vagal/glossopharyngeal AFFERENTS NTS Medulla Oblongata Cardio-inhibitory area Vasomotor area Aortic sinus MAP ~ 93.5 mmhg Increased firing of Baroreceptors by stretch Sympathetic and Parasympathetic EFFERENTS The aortic receptors help reinforce the carotid activation above n pressures. MAP TARGET ORGANS -heart -blood vessels -adrenal medulla -glands (skin/sweat) Low Pressure Cardiac Baroreceptors Baroreceptor Bainbridge Cardiac Output Heart rate increases under volume depletion and loading Stroke Volume Heart rate Bainbridge Reflex Unlike activation of the high-pressur baroreceptors, activation of the A an B fibers will INCREASE heart rate. (and also cause renal vasodilation). In volume depletion conditions Baroreceptor response prevails In volume loading conditions Bainbridge response prevails Bainbridge response only HR is affected Respond to fullness or volume Located in Low pressure sites Control the effective circulating volume Indirectly regulate MAP Baroreceptor -Increased stretch on hig pressure decreases stroke volume flattening the Starling respon Sympathetic input - HEART Parasympathetic input - HEART ACTIONS Nerve fibers release NE SA, atria, and ventricles HR and contractility R side SA node L side contractility MECHANISM ß1 receptors pacemaker activity ß1 myocardium contraction ACTIONS Vagus nerve releases ACH SA and myocardium HR and conduction velocity R side SA node (HR) L side contractility MECHANISM Muscarinic receptors (M2) ßγ subunit (HR) Nitric oxide (weak inotropic effect) 6

7 Net result of Chemoreceptor stimulus is an integration of central and peripheral chemoreceptors Venous return Hemorrhage blood volume SV and CO Atrial volume MAP LP Baroreceptors Stretch of pulmonary receptors cancel peripheral stimulus on cardio-inhibitory area causing ta Central Chemoreceptors Peripheral Chemoreceptors Hormonal response -Angiotensin/Renin -ADH release -ANP (decreased) HP Baroreceptors Heart rate Contractility Medullary Cardiovascular Control Center SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE Vasoconstriction (arteriole/venous) 7

Blood Pressure Regulation. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD

Blood Pressure Regulation. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD Blood Pressure Regulation Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD 1 Objectives Outline the short term and long term regulators of BP Know how baroreceptors and chemoreceptors work Know function of the atrial reflex.

More information

Physiology lecture 15 Hemodynamic

Physiology lecture 15 Hemodynamic Physiology lecture 15 Hemodynamic Dispensability (D) : proportional change in volume per unit change in pressure D = V/ P*V It is proportional (divided by the original volume). Compliance (C) : total change

More information

Blood Pressure Regulation. Slides 9-12 Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = 1/3 systolic pressure + 2/3 diastolic pressure

Blood Pressure Regulation. Slides 9-12 Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = 1/3 systolic pressure + 2/3 diastolic pressure Sheet physiology(18) Sunday 24-November Blood Pressure Regulation Slides 9-12 Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = 1/3 systolic pressure + 2/3 diastolic pressure MAP= Diastolic Pressure+1/3 Pulse Pressure CO=MAP/TPR

More information

Therefore MAP=CO x TPR = HR x SV x TPR

Therefore MAP=CO x TPR = HR x SV x TPR Regulation of MAP Flow = pressure gradient resistance CO = MAP TPR Therefore MAP=CO x TPR = HR x SV x TPR TPR is the total peripheral resistance: this is the combined resistance of all blood vessels (remember

More information

Cardiovascular regulation. Neural and hormonal Regulation Dr Badri Paudel GMC. 1-Local factors (autoregulation) Control of Blood Flow

Cardiovascular regulation. Neural and hormonal Regulation Dr Badri Paudel GMC. 1-Local factors (autoregulation) Control of Blood Flow Neural and hormonal Regulation Dr Badri Paudel GMC 1 Cardiovascular regulation Fa c t o r s i nvo l v e d i n t h e regulation of cardiovascular function include: 1- Autoregulation 2- Neural regulation

More information

BIPN100 F15 Human Physiol I (Kristan) Lecture 14 Cardiovascular control mechanisms p. 1

BIPN100 F15 Human Physiol I (Kristan) Lecture 14 Cardiovascular control mechanisms p. 1 BIPN100 F15 Human Physiol I (Kristan) Lecture 14 Cardiovascular control mechanisms p. 1 Terms you should understand: hemorrhage, intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, anoxia, myocardial contractility, residual

More information

3/10/2009 VESSELS PHYSIOLOGY D.HAMMOUDI.MD. Palpated Pulse. Figure 19.11

3/10/2009 VESSELS PHYSIOLOGY D.HAMMOUDI.MD. Palpated Pulse. Figure 19.11 VESSELS PHYSIOLOGY D.HAMMOUDI.MD Palpated Pulse Figure 19.11 1 shows the common sites where the pulse is felt. 1. Temporal artery at the temple above and to the outer side of the eye 2. External maxillary

More information

Blood Pressure Regulation 2. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD

Blood Pressure Regulation 2. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD Blood Pressure Regulation 2 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD 1 Objectives Outline the intermediate term and long term regulators of ABP. Describe the role of Epinephrine, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone

More information

Blood Pressure Regulation 2. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD

Blood Pressure Regulation 2. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD Blood Pressure Regulation 2 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD 1 Objectives Outline the intermediate term and long term regulators of ABP. Describe the role of Epinephrine, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone

More information

Cardiovascular System B L O O D V E S S E L S 2

Cardiovascular System B L O O D V E S S E L S 2 Cardiovascular System B L O O D V E S S E L S 2 Blood Pressure Main factors influencing blood pressure: Cardiac output (CO) Peripheral resistance (PR) Blood volume Peripheral resistance is a major factor

More information

Veins. VENOUS RETURN = PRELOAD = End Diastolic Volume= Blood returning to heart per cardiac cycle (EDV) or per minute (Venous Return)

Veins. VENOUS RETURN = PRELOAD = End Diastolic Volume= Blood returning to heart per cardiac cycle (EDV) or per minute (Venous Return) Veins Venous system transports blood back to heart (VENOUS RETURN) Capillaries drain into venules Venules converge to form small veins that exit organs Smaller veins merge to form larger vessels Veins

More information

(D) (E) (F) 6. The extrasystolic beat would produce (A) increased pulse pressure because contractility. is increased. increased

(D) (E) (F) 6. The extrasystolic beat would produce (A) increased pulse pressure because contractility. is increased. increased Review Test 1. A 53-year-old woman is found, by arteriography, to have 5% narrowing of her left renal artery. What is the expected change in blood flow through the stenotic artery? Decrease to 1 2 Decrease

More information

Heart. Large lymphatic vessels Lymph node. Lymphatic. system Arteriovenous anastomosis. (exchange vessels)

Heart. Large lymphatic vessels Lymph node. Lymphatic. system Arteriovenous anastomosis. (exchange vessels) Venous system Large veins (capacitance vessels) Small veins (capacitance vessels) Postcapillary venule Thoroughfare channel Heart Large lymphatic vessels Lymph node Lymphatic system Arteriovenous anastomosis

More information

Lab Period: Name: Physiology Chapter 14 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure, Plus Fun Review Study Guide

Lab Period: Name: Physiology Chapter 14 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure, Plus Fun Review Study Guide Lab Period: Name: Physiology Chapter 14 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure, Plus Fun Review Study Guide Main Idea: The function of the circulatory system is to maintain adequate blood flow to all tissues. Clinical

More information

Chapters 9 & 10. Cardiorespiratory System. Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise. Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise. Nervous System Components

Chapters 9 & 10. Cardiorespiratory System. Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise. Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise. Nervous System Components Cardiorespiratory System Chapters 9 & 10 Cardiorespiratory Control Pulmonary ventilation Gas exchange Left heart Arterial system Tissues Right heart Lungs Pulmonary ventilation Cardiovascular Regulation-

More information

BIOL 219 Spring Chapters 14&15 Cardiovascular System

BIOL 219 Spring Chapters 14&15 Cardiovascular System 1 BIOL 219 Spring 2013 Chapters 14&15 Cardiovascular System Outline: Components of the CV system Heart anatomy Layers of the heart wall Pericardium Heart chambers, valves, blood vessels, septum Atrioventricular

More information

Circulation. Blood Pressure and Antihypertensive Medications. Venous Return. Arterial flow. Regulation of Cardiac Output.

Circulation. Blood Pressure and Antihypertensive Medications. Venous Return. Arterial flow. Regulation of Cardiac Output. Circulation Blood Pressure and Antihypertensive Medications Two systems Pulmonary (low pressure) Systemic (high pressure) Aorta 120 mmhg Large arteries 110 mmhg Arterioles 40 mmhg Arteriolar capillaries

More information

BIOH122 Session 6 Vascular Regulation

BIOH122 Session 6 Vascular Regulation BIOH122 Session 6 Vascular Regulation To complete this worksheet, select: Module: Distribution Title: Vascular Regulation Introduction 1. a. How do Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MABP) and Systemic Vascular

More information

Chapter 14 Blood Vessels, Blood Flow and Pressure Exam Study Questions

Chapter 14 Blood Vessels, Blood Flow and Pressure Exam Study Questions Chapter 14 Blood Vessels, Blood Flow and Pressure Exam Study Questions 14.1 Physical Law Governing Blood Flow and Blood Pressure 1. How do you calculate flow rate? 2. What is the driving force of blood

More information

Principles of Biomedical Systems & Devices. Lecture 8: Cardiovascular Dynamics Dr. Maria Tahamont

Principles of Biomedical Systems & Devices. Lecture 8: Cardiovascular Dynamics Dr. Maria Tahamont Principles of Biomedical Systems & Devices Lecture 8: Cardiovascular Dynamics Dr. Maria Tahamont Review of Cardiac Anatomy Four chambers Two atria-receive blood from the vena cave and pulmonary veins Two

More information

Blood Pressure Regulation -1

Blood Pressure Regulation -1 CVS Physiology Lecture 18 Blood Pressure Regulation -1 Please study the previous sheet before studying this one, even if the first part in this sheet is revision. In the previous lecture we were talking

More information

REGULATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

REGULATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM REGULATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Jonas Addae Medical Sciences, UWI REGULATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Intrinsic Coupling of cardiac and vascular functions - Autoregulation of vessel diameter Extrinsic

More information

Blood pressure control Contin. Reflex Mechanisms. Dr. Hiwa Shafiq

Blood pressure control Contin. Reflex Mechanisms. Dr. Hiwa Shafiq Blood pressure control Contin. Reflex Mechanisms Dr. Hiwa Shafiq 17-12-2018 A. Baroreceptor reflexes Baroreceptors (stretch receptors) located in the walls of several large systemic arteries( specially

More information

During exercise the heart rate is 190 bpm and the stroke volume is 115 ml/beat. What is the cardiac output?

During exercise the heart rate is 190 bpm and the stroke volume is 115 ml/beat. What is the cardiac output? The Cardiovascular System Part III: Heart Outline of class lecture After studying part I of this chapter you should be able to: 1. Be able to calculate cardiac output (CO) be able to define heart rate

More information

Arterial Blood Pressure

Arterial Blood Pressure Arterial Blood Pressure (BP) Arterial Blood Pressure Dr Badri Paudel GMC The lateral pressure force generated by the pumping action of the heart on the wall of aorta & arterial blood vessels per unit area.

More information

1. Distinguish among the types of blood vessels on the basis of their structure and function.

1. Distinguish among the types of blood vessels on the basis of their structure and function. Blood Vessels and Circulation Objectives This chapter describes the structure and functions of the blood vessels Additional subjects contained in Chapter 13 include cardiovascular physiology, regulation,

More information

Blood Pressure and its Regulation

Blood Pressure and its Regulation Blood Pressure and its Regulation Blood pressure in your blood vessels is closely monitored by baroreceptors; they send messages to the cardio regulatory center of your medulla oblongata to regulate your

More information

Collage of medicine Cardiovascular Physiology 3- Arterial and venous blood Pressure.

Collage of medicine Cardiovascular Physiology 3- Arterial and venous blood Pressure. University of Babylon Collage of medicine Dr. Ghafil Seyhood Hassan Al-Shujiari Cardiovascular Physiology 3- Arterial and venous blood Pressure. UArterial blood pressureu: Arterial pressure = COP X Peripheral

More information

Cardiovascular System. Heart

Cardiovascular System. Heart Cardiovascular System Heart Electrocardiogram A device that records the electrical activity of the heart. Measuring the relative electrical activity of one heart cycle. A complete contraction and relaxation.

More information

Blood Pressure Fox Chapter 14 part 2

Blood Pressure Fox Chapter 14 part 2 Vert Phys PCB3743 Blood Pressure Fox Chapter 14 part 2 T. Houpt, Ph.D. 1 Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure How to Measure Blood Pressure Contribution of vascular resistance to blood pressure Cardiovascular

More information

Chapter 9, Part 2. Cardiocirculatory Adjustments to Exercise

Chapter 9, Part 2. Cardiocirculatory Adjustments to Exercise Chapter 9, Part 2 Cardiocirculatory Adjustments to Exercise Electrical Activity of the Heart Contraction of the heart depends on electrical stimulation of the myocardium Impulse is initiated in the right

More information

Blood Pressure. a change in any of these could cause a corresponding change in blood pressure

Blood Pressure. a change in any of these could cause a corresponding change in blood pressure Blood Pressure measured as mmhg Main factors affecting blood pressure: 1. cardiac output 2. peripheral resistance 3. blood volume a change in any of these could cause a corresponding change in blood pressure

More information

Properties of Pressure

Properties of Pressure OBJECTIVES Overview Relationship between pressure and flow Understand the differences between series and parallel circuits Cardiac output and its distribution Cardiac function Control of blood pressure

More information

Blood Pressure Regulation 2. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD

Blood Pressure Regulation 2. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD Blood Pressure Regulation 2 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD,PhD 1 Objectives Outline the intermediate term and long term regulators of ABP. Describe the role of Epinephrine, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone

More information

Heart Pump and Cardiac Cycle. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD, PhD

Heart Pump and Cardiac Cycle. Faisal I. Mohammed, MD, PhD Heart Pump and Cardiac Cycle Faisal I. Mohammed, MD, PhD 1 Objectives To understand the volume, mechanical, pressure and electrical changes during the cardiac cycle To understand the inter-relationship

More information

Cardiovascular System. Blood Vessel anatomy Physiology & regulation

Cardiovascular System. Blood Vessel anatomy Physiology & regulation Cardiovascular System Blood Vessel anatomy Physiology & regulation Path of blood flow Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Vena cava Vessel anatomy: 3 layers Tunica externa (adventitia):

More information

Physiology of Circulation

Physiology of Circulation Physiology of Circulation Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Blood vessels Arteries: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the lungs and tissues. Arterioles are small arteries that deliver blood to the

More information

Structure and organization of blood vessels

Structure and organization of blood vessels The cardiovascular system Structure of the heart The cardiac cycle Structure and organization of blood vessels What is the cardiovascular system? The heart is a double pump heart arteries arterioles veins

More information

Physiology Chapter 14 Key Blood Flow and Blood Pressure, Plus Fun Review Study Guide

Physiology Chapter 14 Key Blood Flow and Blood Pressure, Plus Fun Review Study Guide Physiology Chapter 14 Key Blood Flow and Blood Pressure, Plus Fun Review Study Guide 1 Main Idea: The function of the circulatory system is to maintain adequate blood flow to all tissues. Clinical Application

More information

Cardiac Output 1 Fox Chapter 14 part 1

Cardiac Output 1 Fox Chapter 14 part 1 Vert Phys PCB3743 Cardiac Output 1 Fox Chapter 14 part 1 T. Houpt, Ph.D. Regulation of Heart & Blood Pressure Keep Blood Pressure constant if too low, not enough blood (oxygen, glucose) reaches tissues

More information

Cardiovascular Physiology

Cardiovascular Physiology Cardiovascular Physiology Introduction The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and two vascular systems, the systemic and pulmonary circulations. The heart pumps blood through two vascular systems

More information

Blood Pressure Regulation Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.

Blood Pressure Regulation Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc. Blood Pressure Regulation Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Introduction There are two basic mechanisms for regulating

More information

Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure 2 George D. Ford, Ph.D.

Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure 2 George D. Ford, Ph.D. Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure 2 George D. Ford, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES: 1. Describe the Central Nervous System Ischemic Response. 2. Describe chemical sensitivities of arterial and cardiopulmonary chemoreceptors,

More information

AS Level OCR Cardiovascular System

AS Level OCR Cardiovascular System AS Level OCR Cardiovascular System Learning Objectives The link between the Cardiac Cycle and the Conduction system of the heart. The relationship between Stroke volume, Heart rate and Cardiac Output.

More information

Cardiac Output (C.O.) Regulation of Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output (C.O.) Regulation of Cardiac Output Cardiac Output (C.O.) Is the volume of the blood pumped by each ventricle per minute (5 Litre) Stroke volume: Is the volume of the blood pumped by each ventricle per beat. Stroke volume = End diastolic

More information

CASE 13. What neural and humoral pathways regulate arterial pressure? What are two effects of angiotensin II?

CASE 13. What neural and humoral pathways regulate arterial pressure? What are two effects of angiotensin II? CASE 13 A 57-year-old man with long-standing diabetes mellitus and newly diagnosed hypertension presents to his primary care physician for follow-up. The patient has been trying to alter his dietary habits

More information

Physiology Unit 3 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY: THE VASCULAR SYSTEM

Physiology Unit 3 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY: THE VASCULAR SYSTEM Physiology Unit 3 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY: THE VASCULAR SYSTEM In Physiology Today Hemodynamics F = ΔP/R Blood flow (F) High to low pressure Rate = L/min Pressure (P) Hydrostatic pressure Pressure exerted

More information

Special Lecture 11/08/2013. Hypertension Dr. HN Mayrovitz

Special Lecture 11/08/2013. Hypertension Dr. HN Mayrovitz Special Lecture 11/08/2013 Hypertension Dr. HN Mayrovitz Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP) Major Factors Summarized Sympathetic Hormones Arteriole MAP ~ Q x TPR + f (V / C) SV x HR Renal SBP Hypertension =

More information

Cardiovascular system: Blood vessels, blood flow. Latha Rajendra Kumar, MD

Cardiovascular system: Blood vessels, blood flow. Latha Rajendra Kumar, MD Cardiovascular system: Blood vessels, blood flow Latha Rajendra Kumar, MD Outline 1- Physical laws governing blood flow and blood pressure 2- Overview of vasculature 3- Arteries 4. Capillaries and venules

More information

Chapter 21 Peripheral circulation and Regulation

Chapter 21 Peripheral circulation and Regulation Chapter 21 Peripheral circulation and Regulation I. Blood vessel structure A. Blood flows from large arteries to small capillaries 1. Large arteries contain large amounts of elastic tissue and little smooth

More information

P215 SPRING 2019: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Chaps 13, 14 & 15: pp , , , I. Major Functions of the Circulatory System

P215 SPRING 2019: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Chaps 13, 14 & 15: pp , , , I. Major Functions of the Circulatory System P215 SPRING 2019: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Chaps 13, 14 & 15: pp 360-390, 395-404, 410-428 433-438, 441-445 I. Major Functions of the Circulatory System 1. 2. 3. 4. II. Structure of the Heart 1. atria 2. ventricles

More information

The circulatory system

The circulatory system Introduction to Physiology (Course # 72336) 1 הלב עקרונות בסיסיים (הכנה למעבדת לב) Adi Mizrahi mizrahia@cc.huji.ac.il Textbook Chapter 12 2 The circulatory system To the heart Away from the heart 3 L 2.5

More information

10. Thick deposits of lipids on the walls of blood vessels, called, can lead to serious circulatory issues. A. aneurysm B. atherosclerosis C.

10. Thick deposits of lipids on the walls of blood vessels, called, can lead to serious circulatory issues. A. aneurysm B. atherosclerosis C. Heart Student: 1. carry blood away from the heart. A. Arteries B. Veins C. Capillaries 2. What is the leading cause of heart attack and stroke in North America? A. alcohol B. smoking C. arteriosclerosis

More information

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY 69 Case 13 Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise Cassandra Farias is a 34-year-old dietician at an academic medical center. She believes in the importance of a healthy lifestyle

More information

Introduction to Physiology (Course # 72336) 1. Adi Mizrahi Textbook Chapter 12

Introduction to Physiology (Course # 72336) 1. Adi Mizrahi Textbook Chapter 12 Introduction to Physiology (Course # 72336) 1 עקרונות בסיסיים (הכנה למעבדת לב) הלב Adi Mizrahi mizrahia@cc.huji.ac.il Textbook Chapter 12 2 The circulatory system To the heart Away from the heart 3 L 2.5

More information

4. The two inferior chambers of the heart are known as the atria. the superior and inferior vena cava, which empty into the left atrium.

4. The two inferior chambers of the heart are known as the atria. the superior and inferior vena cava, which empty into the left atrium. Answer each statement true or false. If the statement is false, change the underlined word to make it true. 1. The heart is located approximately between the second and fifth ribs and posterior to the

More information

Presenter: Tom Mulvey

Presenter: Tom Mulvey Slides are from Level 3 Biology Course Content Day, 7 th November 2012 Presenter: Tom Mulvey Teachers are free to use these for teaching purposes with appropriate acknowledgement Blood Pressure Ways of

More information

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1. Resting membrane potential of the ventricular myocardium is: A. -55 to-65mv B. --65 to-75mv C. -75 to-85mv D. -85 to-95 mv E. -95 to-105mv 2. Regarding myocardial contraction:

More information

Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System The Heart Cardiovascular System The Heart Overview What does the heart do? By timed muscular contractions creates pressure gradients blood moves then from high pressure to low pressure

More information

I. Cardiac Output Chapter 14

I. Cardiac Output Chapter 14 10/24/11 I. Cardiac Output Chapter 14 Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure Lecture PowerPoint Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cardiac

More information

Chapter 24 Vital Signs. Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chapter 24 Vital Signs. Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 24 Vital Signs Vital Signs Temperature Pulse Respiration Blood pressure When to Assess Vital Signs Upon admission to any healthcare agency Based on agency institutional policy and procedures Anytime

More information

The Cardiovascular System

The Cardiovascular System The Cardiovascular System The Cardiovascular System A closed system of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps blood Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body The function of

More information

IP: Regulation of Cardiac Output

IP: Regulation of Cardiac Output ANP 1105D Winter 2013 Assignment 9: The Heart, part 2: Chap... Assignment 9: The Heart, part 2: Chapter 18 Signed in as Alex Sokolowski Help Close Resources Due: 11:59pm on Monday, March 25, 2013 Note:

More information

Physiology of Circulation. Dr. Hiwa Shafiq 16/12/2018

Physiology of Circulation. Dr. Hiwa Shafiq 16/12/2018 Physiology of Circulation Dr. Hiwa Shafiq 16/12/2018 Overview of the circulation The function of the circulation is to: 1. transport nutrients to the body tissues 2. transport waste products away 3. conduct

More information

Cardiovascular Physiology IV.

Cardiovascular Physiology IV. Cardiovascular Physiology IV. 48. Short-term control mechanisms of arterial blood pressure. 49. Long-term control of arterial blood pressure. Ferenc Domoki, November 14 2017. Challenges/expectations Blood

More information

The Cardiovascular System. The Structure of Blood Vessels. The Structure of Blood Vessels. The Blood Vessels. Blood Vessel Review

The Cardiovascular System. The Structure of Blood Vessels. The Structure of Blood Vessels. The Blood Vessels. Blood Vessel Review The Cardiovascular System The Blood Vessels The Structure of Blood Vessels Blood Vessel Review Arteries carry blood away from the heart Pulmonary trunk to lungs Aorta to everything else Microcirculation

More information

PHYSIOLOGY WEEK 9. vascular physiology - ED Primary Exam Teaching

PHYSIOLOGY WEEK 9. vascular physiology - ED Primary Exam Teaching PHYSIOLOGY WEEK 9 vascular physiology - ED Primary Exam Teaching CONCEPTS OF BLOOD FLOW Vascular distensibility - when pressure in the arterioles is increased, this dilates the arterioles and therefore

More information

Cardiovascular Physiology. Heart Physiology. Introduction. The heart. Electrophysiology of the heart

Cardiovascular Physiology. Heart Physiology. Introduction. The heart. Electrophysiology of the heart Cardiovascular Physiology Heart Physiology Introduction The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and two vascular systems, the systemic and pulmonary circulations. The heart pumps blood through

More information

*Generating blood pressure *Routing blood: separates. *Ensuring one-way blood. *Regulating blood supply *Changes in contraction

*Generating blood pressure *Routing blood: separates. *Ensuring one-way blood. *Regulating blood supply *Changes in contraction *Generating blood pressure *Routing blood: separates pulmonary and systemic circulations *Ensuring one-way blood flow: valves *Regulating blood supply *Changes in contraction rate and force match blood

More information

CHAPTER 14 CARDIAC OUTPUT, BLOOD FLOW, AND BLOOD PRESSURE

CHAPTER 14 CARDIAC OUTPUT, BLOOD FLOW, AND BLOOD PRESSURE CHAPTER 14 CARDIAC OUTPUT, BLOOD FLOW, AND BLOOD PRESSURE CHAPTER SCOPE The last chapter introduced the blood, the structure and function of the heart and the blood vessels. Logically, this chapter follows

More information

d) Cardiovascular System Higher Human Biology

d) Cardiovascular System Higher Human Biology d) Cardiovascular System Higher Human Biology What can your remember about the heart and blood vessels? What is the Cardiovascular System? The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system,

More information

Chapter 13 The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Function

Chapter 13 The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Function Chapter 13 The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Function Overview of the Cardiovascular System The Path of Blood Flow through the Heart and Vasculature Anatomy of the Heart Electrical Activity of the Heart

More information

Chapter 16: Cardiovascular Regulation and Integration

Chapter 16: Cardiovascular Regulation and Integration Chapter 16: Cardiovascular Regulation and Integration McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., & Katch, V.L. (2010). Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance (7 ed.). Baltimore, MD.: Lippincott

More information

Mechanism: 1- waterretention from the last part of the nephron which increases blood volume, venous return EDV, stroke volume and cardiac output.

Mechanism: 1- waterretention from the last part of the nephron which increases blood volume, venous return EDV, stroke volume and cardiac output. Blood pressure regulators: 1- Short term regulation:nervous system Occurs Within secondsof the change in BP (they are short term because after a while (2-3 days) they adapt/reset the new blood pressure

More information

The Cardiovascular System

The Cardiovascular System Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb Seventh Edition Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System Slides 11.1 11.19 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook The Cardiovascular System

More information

Major Function of the Cardiovascular System. Transportation. Structures of the Cardiovascular System. Heart - muscular pump

Major Function of the Cardiovascular System. Transportation. Structures of the Cardiovascular System. Heart - muscular pump Structures of the Cardiovascular System Heart - muscular pump Blood vessels - network of tubes Blood - liquid transport vehicle brachiocephalic trunk superior vena cava right pulmonary arteries right pulmonary

More information

Anaesthesia. Update in. An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology. James Rogers Correspondence

Anaesthesia. Update in. An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology. James Rogers Correspondence Update in Anaesthesia Originally published in Update in Anaesthesia, edition 10 (1999) An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology Correspondence Email: James.Rogers@nbt.nhs.uk INTRODUCTION The cardiovascular

More information

Responses to Changes in Posture QUESTIONS. Case PHYSIOLOGY CASES AND PROBLEMS

Responses to Changes in Posture QUESTIONS. Case PHYSIOLOGY CASES AND PROBLEMS 64 PHYSIOLOGY CASES AND PROBLEMS Case 12 Responses to Changes in Posture Joslin Chambers is a 27-year-old assistant manager at a discount department store. One morning, she awakened from a deep sleep and

More information

The Cardiovascular system: physiology of circulation

The Cardiovascular system: physiology of circulation Chapter 21 The Cardiovascular system: physiology of circulation blood vessel structure and function physiology of circulation: blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance blood flow the amount of blood

More information

Cardiovascular System: The Heart

Cardiovascular System: The Heart Cardiovascular System: The Heart I. Anatomy of the Heart (See lab handout for terms list) A. Describe the size, shape and location of the heart B. Describe the structure and function of the pericardium

More information

The Circulatory System. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview The Circulatory System

The Circulatory System. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview The Circulatory System 33.1 THINK ABOUT IT More than one-third of the 1.2 million Americans who suffer a heart attack each year die. This grim evidence shows that the heart and the circulatory system it powers are vital to life.

More information

Regulation of fluid and electrolytes balance

Regulation of fluid and electrolytes balance Regulation of fluid and electrolytes balance Three Compartment Fluid Compartments Intracellular = Cytoplasmic (inside cells) Extracellular compartment is subdivided into Interstitial = Intercellular +

More information

Anatomy Review: The Heart Graphics are used with permission of A.D.A.M. Software, Inc. and Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.

Anatomy Review: The Heart Graphics are used with permission of A.D.A.M. Software, Inc. and Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. Anatomy Review: The Heart Graphics are used with permission of A.D.A.M. Software, Inc. and Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. Anatomy Views Label the diagrams of the heart below: Interactive Physiology Study

More information

TEACH Lesson Plan Manual for Herlihy s The Human Body in Health and Illness 5 th edition

TEACH Lesson Plan Manual for Herlihy s The Human Body in Health and Illness 5 th edition TEACH Lesson Plan Manual for Herlihy s The Human Body in Health and Illness 5 th edition Chapter 17 Function of the Heart Lesson 17.1 Function of the Heart 1. Define cardiac cycle with respect to systole

More information

Circulatory System Review

Circulatory System Review Circulatory System Review 1. Know the diagrams of the heart, internal and external. a) What is the pericardium? What is myocardium? What is the septum? b) Explain the 4 valves of the heart. What is their

More information

Fig Glossopharyngeal nerve transmits signals to medulla oblongata. Integrating center. Receptor. Baroreceptors sense increased blood pressure

Fig Glossopharyngeal nerve transmits signals to medulla oblongata. Integrating center. Receptor. Baroreceptors sense increased blood pressure Fig. 5. Integrating center Glossopharyngeal nerve transmits signals to medulla oblongata Receptor 3 Vagus nerve transmits inhibitory signals to cardiac pacemaker Baroreceptors sense increased blood pressure

More information

SPECIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HYPERTENSION

SPECIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HYPERTENSION SPECIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HYPERTENSION 1. Systolic blood pressure is elevated when it is over: 1. 120mmHg. 2. 130mmHg. 3. 160mmHg. 4. 140mmHg. 5. 150mmHg. 2. Diastolic blood pressure is elevated when it

More information

Chapter 20: Cardiovascular System: The Heart

Chapter 20: Cardiovascular System: The Heart Chapter 20: Cardiovascular System: The Heart I. Functions of the Heart A. List and describe the four functions of the heart: 1. 2. 3. 4. II. Size, Shape, and Location of the Heart A. Size and Shape 1.

More information

Cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular system BIO 301 Human Physiology Cardiovascular system The Cardiovascular System: consists of the heart plus all the blood vessels transports blood to all parts of the body in two 'circulations': pulmonary (lungs)

More information

What would be the response of the sympathetic system to this patient s decrease in arterial pressure?

What would be the response of the sympathetic system to this patient s decrease in arterial pressure? CASE 51 A 62-year-old man undergoes surgery to correct a herniated disc in his spine. The patient is thought to have an uncomplicated surgery until he complains of extreme abdominal distention and pain

More information

Glomerular Capillary Blood Pressure

Glomerular Capillary Blood Pressure Glomerular Capillary Blood Pressure Fluid pressure exerted by blood within glomerular capillaries Depends on Contraction of the heart Resistance to blood flow offered by afferent and efferent arterioles

More information

Types of Blood Vessels

Types of Blood Vessels Chapter 21 Peripheral Circulation and Regulation 21-1 Types of Blood Vessels Capillaries: site of exchange with tissue Arteries in dif. Types & sizes Elastic Muscular Arterioles Veins: thinner walls than

More information

THE HEART Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi

THE HEART Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi THE HEART Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Functions is of the heart & blood vessels 1. The heart is an essential pumping organ in the cardiovascular system where the right heart pumps deoxygenated blood (returned

More information

Otto Loewi (88) German pharmacologist. Page 1. Sir Henry Hallett Dale

Otto Loewi (88) German pharmacologist. Page 1. Sir Henry Hallett Dale Regulation of Cardiovascular functions Goals: Maintain normal blood pressure (heart pump + vascular resistance + blood volume) Adaptation of blood pressure to special circumstances (redistribution) Maintains

More information

Warm Up- Monday -AND- Setup Cornell Notes.

Warm Up- Monday -AND- Setup Cornell Notes. Warm Up- Monday Brainstorm in your notebook: If the heart sends blood to all organs, how and where does the heart get blood to provide oxygen for its muscles? -AND- Setup Cornell Notes. Announcements Unit

More information

Cardiovascular Physiology

Cardiovascular Physiology chapter 3 Cardiovascular Physiology I. CIRCUITRY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (FIGURE 3-1) A. Cardiac output of the left heart equals cardiac output of the right heart. Cardiac output from the left side

More information