Unit 6.1 Test Review - Teacher THE NERVOUS, INTEGUMENTARY, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

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1 Name: Period: Due Date: Unit 6.1 Test Review - Teacher THE NERVOUS, INTEGUMENTARY, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS The Nervous System: 1. What are the 3 parts of a neuron and what do they do? Dendrites: delivers impulse to cell body Cell body : contains nucleus & organelles Axon: carries impulse away from cell body 2. What is the space between nerve cells called? synapse 3. What is the function of the nervous system? The nervous system is made of the structures that control the actions and reactions of the body in response to stimuli 4. What does CNS stand for? Then explain CNS main parts and functions: Central nervous system is made of - Brain: control center of the body Spinal cord: links brain with body nerves, controls reflexes. Protected by vertebrae 5. What does PNS mean and what does it include? Peripheral nervous system includes all of nerves that branch to the rest of the body 6. Why is the front of the brain so wrinkled? The front of the brain is more wrinkled than the back. This is because the front of the cortex handles much of the abstract thinking. The wrinkles allow for neurons to communicate over shorter distances, enabling humans to think fast! 6. What does the left hemisphere control? Left Hemisphere Function: Controls the right side of the body. Considered the academic and logical side of the brain - language, reasoning, science, math, writing, and number skills. 7. What does the right hemisphere control? Right Hemisphere Function: Controls the left side of the body. Considered the artistic and creative side of the brain - intuition, insight, art and music awareness, imagination, creativity, and 3-d form understanding. 8. What is the difference between the rods and cones in your eye? Rods are most sensitive to light and dark changes, shape and movement. Rods are not good for color vision. Cones are not as sensitive to light as the rods. Cones are most sensitive to one of three different colors (green, red or blue). Cones, work only in bright light.

2 The Integumentary System 1. What are the functions of the Integumentary System? 1. Forms a protective covering over the body that prevents infections and water loss. 2. Maintains homeostasis by helping to regulate body temperature o Blood vessels in skin help release/hold heat o Perspiration (sweating) to keep cool and shivering to keep warm 3. Excretes wastes such as sodium chloride (salt) and, water in your sweat, and urea, which is also in your urine 4. Sensory receptors Our sense of touch 5. Produces vitamin D in the epidermis using sunlight 2. Label the layers or part of the skin cross section: A: Edipermis C: Dermis E: Subcutaneous or Hypodermis 3. What layer of the skin has the blood vessels? dermis 4. What is the name of the pigment that gives skin its color? melanin The Circulatory System 1. In pulmonary circulation, blood flows through two organs: lungs and heart 2. What are valves responsible for? Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards

3 3. What factors help blood moves through the veins? Smooth muscle - Veins have smooth muscle tissue in their walls that gently contracts to push blood through the circulatory system Creation of blood pressure caused by the contraction of skeletal muscle. The squeezing and flexing of these muscles puts pressure on the blood vessels and locally raises blood pressure enough to push the blood along its path. Valves - series of valves that close in response to back pressure prevents the blood in the veins from flowing backwards 4. What are the three types of blood vessels? What are their functions and oxygen levels? Blood Vessel Function Artery Carry Blood Away from the Heart, rich in oxygen Veins Capillaries Carry Blood to the Heart, low in oxygen (except pulmonary veins) Exchange Gas, where gas exchange (CO 2 and O 2) occur Note: The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart where it is then pumped throughout the rest of the body 5. Why does our heart rate change? To correspond to the body s need for oxygen, higher rates allow for more oxygen to be absorbed 6. Label the types of blood cells: Part Function A Red Blood Cells carry needed materials like oxygen and glucose, CO 2 B White Blood Cells fight disease C Platelets involved in blood clotting 7. What is the main function of the circulatory system? To carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells and to carry away wastes, including carbon dioxide from the cells More specifically, see below: Respiration - delivers oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide from them Nutrition - carries digested food substances to the cells of the body Waste Removal - disposes of waste products and poisons that would harm the body if they accumulated Immunity - helps protect the body from disease Cellular Communication - the circulatory system provides a mode of transport for hormones Thermoregulation - the circulatory system transports heat (can both warm and cool body)

4 8. Label the Heart: Part Blood Flow (rich or poor O 2)or Function A Aorta Oxygen rich blood flows into this artery from the left ventricle. It then flows out to the body. B Left Atrium Oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs. It then flows into this chamber C Valve Prevent blood from flowing backwards. D Left ventricle Oxygen rich blood flows from here into the aorta. E Septum Separates the oxygen poor blood from the oxygen rich blood. F Right Ventricle Oxygen poor blood flows from here to the lungs. G Right Atrium Oxygen poor blood returns from the body. It then flows into here 9. Use arrows to show the flow of blood and indicate oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood: 10. Explain the order the blood flows through the heart: (see above too)

5 The Respiratory System 1. What is the path that air takes when it enters the body? List the order: Mouth larynx trachea bronchi bronchiole alveoli 2. Label the Respiratory System: Part Function A Pharynx/Epiglottis Air moves from the nose downward into this tube. Also known as your throat. B Larynx Plays a role in producing your voice. Also known as your voice box. C Trachea Leads from the pharynx to the lungs D Lung Air moves through smaller and smaller bronchi until it reaches the alveoli E Diaphragm Dome shaped muscle that helps expand and contract the chest cavity F Bronchi Air moves from the trachea into the right and left bronchus. G Alveoli This is the site of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide 3. Give a brief explanation of the process of breathing. Then explain what happens when you inhale and then exhale. Process of Breathing: The physical process of moving air into and out of the lungs What happens when you Inhale: When you breathe in the rib muscles contract, lifting the chest wall upward and outward. At the same time, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward. The pressure in the chest cavity decreases so air rushes in and fills the lungs.

6 What happens when you Exhale: When you breathe out, or exhale, your diaphragm relaxes and moves upward into the chest cavity, squeezing air out of the lungs 4. What is respiration? Respiration is the chemical process by which organic compounds release energy, usually oxygen and glucose. 5. There are two types of respiration, list and explain them: aerobic, which requires oxygen and releases lots of energy anaerobic, which does not require oxygen but releases much less energy per mole of starting material 6. How do the circulatory and respiratory systems work together in gas exchange to help the body maintain homeostasis? The circulatory system supplies oxygen from the lungs (through the process of inhalation) to the body cells when the demand for oxygen increases. At the same time the circulatory system takes away the waste, carbon dioxide, from the body cells to the lungs for removal (through the process of exhalation). 7. Use the graph to answer the questions: a. What is the approximate heart rate for the office worker at 4 minutes? (150) b. What is the approximate heart rate for the athlete at 4 minutes? (120) c. Why does the heart rate increase after exercise? The heart rate speeds up to accommodate the body s need for more oxygen d. What are the variables in the graph? Pulse rate in beats/min. and Time (min.)