Assessment of bio-efficacy of phto-extract against the major Insect pests of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)

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1 2016 RELS ISSN: Res. Environ. Life Sci. 9(3) (2016) Assessment of bio-efficacy of phto-extract against the major Insect pests of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) Rishikesh Mandloi* 1, Rajesh Pachori 1, Sunil Prajapati 2 and Satyendra Patel 1 1 Department of Entomology, 2 Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture Jabalpur, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur , India * rishikeshmandloi1@gmail.com (Received: June 28, 2015; Revised received: February 05, 2016; Accepted: February 08, 2016) Abstract: On the basis of overall lowest mean percentage of leaf infestation 10.70% of L. trifolii recorded in the plots treated with NSKE (5%) followed by tobacco extract (5%) 11.77% and NSKE (2%) 22.09%. However, treatments, NSKE (5%), tobacco extract (5%) and NSKE (2%) were observed significantly less 2.11, 2.62 and 4.52 flies/10 cm twig B.tabaci population, respectively as compared to rest of the treatments. Treatments, NSKE (5%), tobacco extract (5%) and NSKE (2%) were observed significantly less 1.60, 2.07 and 3.21 A. devastans populations per six leaves, respectively and NSKE (5%) and tobacco extract (5%) were also observed significantly less 2.84 and 3.67 per six leaves A. gossypii population, respectively. The treatments, NSKE (5%) and tobacco extract (5%) were observed significantly less larval population of H. armigera 1.21 and 1.57 larvae/plant, respectively. The average less percentage of fruit damaged (6.71 % and %) and less percentage yield loss (20.38 and %) were recorded in NSKE (5%) and tobacco extract (5%) treatments and considered the most effective treatments against H. armigera. On the basis of above results, NSKE (5%) and tobacco extract (5%) were most effective treatments against L. trifolii, B. tabaci, A. devastans, A. gossypii and H. armigera. NSKE (2%) (16.99 %) and tobacco extract (2%) (17.84%) were found moderately effective than other treatments in respect of less percentage of damaged fruits. Treatment, NSKE (5%) was recorded significantly highest fruit yield q/ha. Followed by tobacco extract (5%) ( q/ha.) than rest of the treatments. On the basis of overall performance and economics of these different phyto extracts, NSKE (5%) and tobacco extract (5%) were most effective treatments against the major insect pests of tomato. NSKE (5%) & tobacco extract (5%) gave highest net return (Rs & 42700/ ha.) with C: B ratio of 1: 3.70 and 1:3.50, respectively. Keywords: Tomato, Bio-efficiency, Phyto-extracts, Sucking pests, Thrips, Fruit borer Introduction Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicon L.) 2n=24, is the second most important vegetable crops of Peru-Ecuador origin (Rick, 1969) after potato. It belongs to the family Solanaceae. Tomatoes are also called as Poor man s apple. The genus Lycopersicon consists of annual or short lived perennial herbaceous plants. It is a warm season crop, reasonably resistant to heat and drought and grows under wide range of soil and climatic conditions. Nutritionally, tomato is a good source of vitamin A and vitamin C (Gould 1983). The pulp and juice of the tomato fruit is digestible, mild appetizer as a promoter of gastric secretion and blood purifier. It has also considered as an intestinal antiseptic and also for the patients of bronchitis. It is an extra ordinary conducive for kidneys and is mild natural stimulant that helps to wash away the toxic substances. In India it occupies an area of thousand hectare with production of thousand (MT) and productivity of metric tonnes hec -1 (NHB data based ). Major tomato growing states in India are Bihar, Karnataka, Orissa, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh, it is grown in thousand hectare with the annual production of thousand metric tonnes and productivity of metric tonnes hec -1 (NHB data based ). Various approaches for insect pest management in tomato are chemicals, botanicals, use of resistant cultivars. Chemical insecticide leaves a film of persistent poison over the foliage and fruits which is hazardous. Phyto extracts natural eco friendly pesticides are cheap safer and affordable for small farmers compared to synthetic pesticides, another advantage of phyto-extracts is that they are not very persistent; previously some workers have done relevant works on tomato to find out same results as present findings Shukla (2005), Kumar (2008), Man Bihari and Singh (2011) and Shah et al. (2013).Considering in the light of above facts the following objectives of study have been under taken to confirm the Bio- Efficiency of Phyto- extracts against the major insect pest of tomato. Material and Methods A field experiment was conducted at vegetable research farm, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur during Rabi to study Assessment of Bio-Efficiency of Phyto- extracts against the major insect pest of tomato cv. Kashi Vishesh (H-86).The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and each replication consists of 11 treatments. The pre-treatment observation were recorded at 24 hours before spraying, while the post treatment observations were recorded on 1 st, 3 rd and 7 th days after each three spray at 15 days interval. Jabalpur is situated between 22º 49" and 24º 8" North latitude and 78º 21" and 80º 58" East longitude and at an altitude of m above the mean sea level. The climate of the region is typically semihumid and sub-tropical Jabalpur comes under the agro-climatic region of Kymore Plateau and Satpura Hills. The statistically analysed described by Panse and Sukhatme (1963) to find out overall total variability present in the material under study for each character and for all the populations. To calculate the per cent infestation by leaf miner and percentage fruit damaged were worked out by fallowing formula- Research in Environment and Life Sciences 377 March, 2016

2 No. of damage leaf observed % Leaf infestation by leaf minor = x 100 Total No. of leaf observed Damaged fruits (wt.) % Losses of fruit yield (wt.) = x 100 Total fruits (wt.) Symbole Treatments dose hac -1 Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 2% : 10 L NSKE 5% : 25 L. Tobacco extract 2% : 10 L. Tobacco extract 5% : 25 L. Lantana extract 5% : 25 L. Garlic extract 5% : 25 L. Ginger fresh tuber extract 5% : 25 L. Green chilli extract 5% : 25 L. Ipomea leaf extract 5% : 25 L. Custard apple leaf extract 5% : 25 L. 1 Control : Result and Discussion The efficacy of ten phyto extracts NSKE (2%), NSKE (5%), tobacco extract (5%), tobacco extract (5%), lantana leaf extract (5%),garlic bulb extract (5%), ginger fresh tuber extract (5%), green chilli extract (5%), ipomea leaf extract (5%) and custard apple leaf extract (5%) were tested against L. trifolii, B. tabaci, A. devastans, A. gossypii and H. armigera on tomato. On the basis of average per cent leaf infestation due to L. trifolii, B. tabaci, A. devastans, A. gossypii population and per cent fruit infestation, per cent yield loss due to H. armigera in different treatments and their efficacy was assessed. Table-1: Efficacy of phyto extracts on Liriomyza trifolii infestation in tomato Liriomyza trifolii: All the treatments registered significantly overall lowest leaf infestation than untreated control 39.96% (Table 1). The lowest leaf infestation 10.70% was superior and recorded in the plots treated with NSKE (5%) followed by tobacco extract (5%) % and in case of NSKE (2%) 22.09% as compared to rest of the treatments. Thus, neem products were found superior to other phyto extracts. These findings are in agreement with the findings of Viraktamath et al. (1993), Jeyakumar and Uthamasamy (1997), Patanik (1997), Trindade et al. (2000) and Kharpuse et al. (2005). Bemisia tabaci: On the basis of overall mean performance, B. tabaci population in all the phyto extracts treatments were found significantly effective than untreated control (9.77/ flies/10 cm twig) (Table-2). Among the different treatments, NSKE (5%), tobacco extract (5%) and NSKE (2 %) were observed significantly less 2.11, 2.62 and 4.52 flies/10 cm twig B. tabaci population, respectively and were superior to rest of the treatments. The findings were in agreement to the findings of Sabillon and Bastamante (1995), Dimetry et al. (1996), Cubillo et al. (1999), Kharpuse (2005), Shukla (2005) and Prabhat Kumar (2008). Amrasca devastans: On the basis of overall mean performance, A. devastans population in all the phyto extracts treatments were found significantly effective than untreated control (9.40/6 leaves) (Table-3). Among the different treatments, NSKE (5%), tobacco extract (5%) and NSKE (2%) were observed significantly less 1.60, 2.07 and 3.21 A. devastans population per six leaves, respectively and were superior to rest of the treatments. The findings were in agreement to the findings of Singh et al. (1999) and Nasreen et al. (2004). Aphis gossypii: Among the different treatments, NSKE (5%) and tobacco extract (5%) were observed significantly less 2.84 and Treat- Dose Pre Percentage infestation of leaf miner Overall of ment 3 spray L (34.77) (25.64) (29.2) (31.09) (28.52) (28.48) (30.1) (27.77) (26.48) (24.5) (28.02) 25 L (34.79) (18.47) (19.99) (21.29) (19.5) (19.6) (20.87) (17.97) (16.89) (16.72) (19.09) 10 L (34.11) (28.12) (30.06) (32.03) (29.35) (31.29) (31.8) (29.65) (27.97) (26.75) (29.7) 25 L (34.04) (19.36) (20.41) (21.72) (20.16) (21.19) (21.63) (19.52) (18.46) (17.73) (20.05) 25 L (34.64) (25.88) (28.24) (32.56) (32.23) (34.59) (36.07) (33.31) (33.17) (31.94) (32.08) 25 L (34.15) (24.64) (26.74) (30.57) (30.27) (31.51) (34.51) (31.95) (30.59) (29.13) (30.07) 25 L (34.64) (25.99) (27.53) (31.49) (31.09) (31.99) (35.08) (33.2) (31.4) (30.2) (30.95) 25 L (34.04) (25.35) (27.22) (29.88) (29.05) (30.84) (33.32) (31.98) (30.89) (29.61) (29.85) 25 L (34.49) (27.62) (30.17) (32.23) (34.5) (35.71) (37.37) (34.9) (34.02) (33.09 (33.35) 25 L (34.35) (26.91) (29.17) (32.11) (29.81) (33.99) (35.73) (33.35) (32.85) (32.3) (31.86) (34.66) (34.6) (34.05) (35.4) (39.59) (42.16) (43.42) (42.31) (41.28) (39.49) (39.19) S.Em± (0.28) (0.1) (0.12) (0.15) (0.12) (0.15) (0.13) (0.13) (0.11) (0.06) (0.05) C.D.at 5% N.S (N.S.) (0.31) (0.36) (0.44) (0.35) (0.44) (0.38) (0.4) (0.32) (0.19) (0.15) Research in Environment and Life Sciences 378 March, 2016

3 Table-2: Efficacy of phyto extracts on Bemisia tabaci infesting tomato Treat- Dose Pre Whitefly population/ 10 cm twig Overall 10 L L L L L L L L L L S.Em± C.D.at 5% N.S Table-3: Efficacy of phyto extracts on Amrasca devastans infesting tomato Treat- Dose Pre Jassid /6 leaves Overall 10 L L L L L L L L L L S.Em± C.D.at 5% N.S Table-4: Efficacy of phyto extracts on Aphis gossypii infesting tomato Treat- Dose Pre Aphid /6 leaves Overall 10 L L L L L L L L L L S.Em± C.D.at 5% /6 leaves A. gossypii population, respectively (Table-4) and were superior to rest of the treatments. The findings were in agreement to the findings of Nzanza and Mashela (2012) assessed the effects of fermented plant extracts of neem (A. indica A. Juss.) leaf and wild garlic (Tulbaghia violacea) on B. tabaci and A. gossypii population. The mixture of neem and wild garlic was more effective in reducing population densities of B. tabaci and A. gossypii than either plant extract applied alone. Helicoverpa armigera: H.armigera, all the phyto extracts treatments were found significantly effective than untreated control (5.51 larvae/plant) (Table 5). Among the different treatments NSKE (5%) and tobacco extract (5%) were observed significantly less larvae population 1.21 and 1.57 larvae/ plant, respectively. The findings were in agreement to the findings of Morale (1997), Das (1998), Mahadevan (1998),Jayakumar and Gupta (1999), Vyas et al. (1999), Bajpai and Sehgal (2003), Kharpuse (2005). Effect of phyto extracts on % of fruit damaged: Among the different treatments, NSKE (5%) (6.71%) and Tobacco extract (5%) (10.97 %) were superior to rest of the treatments in per cent of damage fruit was (16.99%) and (17.84%) with NSKE (2 %) and Tobacco extract (2%) respectively (Table-6). The findings of quite similar to that of the present findings Das (1998) who reported that the four insecticides and NSKE alone or in combinations in half doses were tested against H. armigera on pigeon pea. The lowest damage was obtained by using NSKE (5%). Mahadevan (1998) revealed that the neem based insecticide content against H. armigera on tomato, during summer and winter. Spraying 2 rounds of neem products was the best means of controlling the pest and produced high yield of summer and winter season. Bajpai and Sehgal (2000) reported that the botanicals, pod damage at maturity was lowest with karanj oil, followed by the neem products Green Mark or nicotine sulfate. Effect of phyto extracts on yield loss and economics: Among the phyto extracts treatments (Table-8) NSKE (5%) was recorded significantly highest fruit yield ( q/ha) followed by Tobacco extract (5%) ( q/ha) than rest of the treatments. However, untreated control was recorded lowest (25.77 q/ha) fruit yield. The findings are comparable harmony with the results of Das (1998), Mahadevan (1998), Shukla, (2005), Man Bihari and Singh (2011) and Shah et al. (2013). Among different phyto extracts (Table-9), NSKE (5%) and tobacco extract (5%) were most effective treatments against the major insect pests of tomato. NSKE (5%) and tobacco extract (5%) gave highest net return (Rs. 47,915 and Rs. 42,700/ ha) with cost benefit ratio of 1: 3.70 and 1:3.50, respectively. NSKE (2%) also registered higher net return (Rs. 2077/ha) and 1: 3.35 cost benefit ratio lantana extract (5%), ipomea leaf extract (5%) and custard apple leaf extract (5%) were less effective against major pests of tomato in comparison to NSKE (5%) and NSKE (2%), but their market cost was less in comparison to NSKE (2%). The remaining treatments were uneconomical Research in Environment and Life Sciences 379 March, 2016

4 Table-5: Efficacy of phyto extracts on Helicoverpa armigera infesting tomato Treat- Dose Pre Fruit borer larval population / plant Overall of ment 3 spray L L L L L L L L L L S.Em± C.D.at 5% NS Table-6: Evaluation of phyto extracts against Helicoverpa armigera (%) on tomato Treat- Dose Percentage of damaged fruits each picking Overall ment L./ha I st II nd III rd IV th V th VI th mean 10 L 19.88(26.39) 17.35(24.53) 16.75(24.06) 16.36(23.78) 15.95(23.45) 15.65(23.20) 16.99(24.30) 25 L 8.12(16.55) 7.20(15.47) 6.46(14.66) 6.25(14.44) 5.65(13.69) 6.55(14.76) 6.71(14.96) 10 L 22.90(28.57) 19.60(26.20) 17.23(24.48) 16.70(24.11) 15.40(22.99) 15.23(22.86) 17.84(24.96) 25 L 14.00(21.90) 12.46(20.62) 10.50(18.76) 9.75(18.12) 8.95(17.24) 10.15(18.37) 10.97(19.33) 25 L 25.20(29.98) 25.10(29.90) 24.65(29.54) 25.10(30.05) 23.98(29.09) 24.36(29.35) 24.73(29.78) 25 L 24.36(29.35) 24.30(29.31) 23.85(29.00) 23.36(28.70) 27.40(31.42) 22.85(28.41) 24.35(29.41) 25 L 25.80(30.40) 25.20(29.98) 25.85(30.44) 24.25(29.28) 24.68(29.56) 25.10(29.90) 25.15(30.05) 25 L 26.27(30.82) 26.30(30.84) 26.36(30.84) 25.17(29.95) 25.10(29.90) 25.25(30.01) 25.74(30.43) 25 L 26.85(31.17) 26.90(31.23) 25.75(30.37) 25.45(30.16) 25.55(30.23) 24.85(29.74) 25.89(30.56) 25 L 34.57(35.99) 34.19(35.77) 36.10(36.91) 35.85(36.72) 36.05(36.88) 35.68(36.62) 35.41(36.50) (40.75) 42.25(40.52) 45.15(42.20) 48.80(44.29) 50.30(45.16) 52.65(46.88) 46.97(43.24) S.Em (1.67) 2.51(1.71) 2.82(1.92) 3.36(2.18) 3.25(2.13) 5.22(3.30) 2.02(1.27) C.D. at 5% (4.93) 7.39(5.04) 8.30(5.68) 9.89(6.44) 9.27(6.29) 15.37(9.75) 5.96(3.75) Table-7: Percentage yield loss due to Helicoverpa armigera on tomato Treat- Dose Percentage of yield loss each picking Overall ment L./ha I st II nd III rd IV th V th VI th mean 10 L 27.89(31.77) 26.75(31.13) 25.10(29.90) 23.22(28.62) 22.46(28.16) 21.85(27.82) 24.55(29.65) 25 L 23.16(28.58) 21.95(27.92) 20.25(26.73) 19.35(26.03) 18.60(25.37) 18.95(25.64) 20.38(26.80) 10 L 29.05(32.6) 28.49(32.24) 27.00(31.28) 25.25(30.01) 23.90(29.03) 24.15(29.22) 26.31(30.82) 25 L 26.10(30.71) 24.95(29.79) 24.10(29.19) 22.36(28.21) 20.85(27.16) 21.10(27.32) 23.25(28.79) 25 L 35.10(36.32) 33.71(35.47) 32.28(34.60) 29.43(32.83) 26.91(31.23) 28.35(32.16) 30.96(33.79) 25 L 32.99(35.04) 31.20(33.94) 29.95(33.16) 28.38(32.18) 26.45(30.90) 26.75(31.09) 29.29(32.74) 25 L 36.85(37.36) 35.65(36.64) 34.00(35.65) 32.40(34.67) 29.75(33.03) 30.05(33.21) 33.12(35.11) 25 L 31.35(34.02) 30.05(33.21) 28.55(32.29) 26.15(30.71) 24.95(29.80) 25.15(29.93) 27.70(31.71) 25 L 39.07(38.66) 36.90(37.39) 34.97(36.24) 34.26(35.81) 32.30(34.62) 32.80(34.92) 35.05(36.28) 25 L 38.22(38.17) 36.12(36.92) 34.78(36.12) 32.86(34.96) 30.95(33.78) 30.20(33.31) 33.86(35.56) (43.95) 49.24(44.75) 52.80(46.60) 55.90(48.38) 56.90(48.95) 57.35(49.21) 53.40(46.95) S.Em (1.31) 4.43(2.68) 2.26(1.45) 1.94(1.29) 2.19(1.48) 2.19(1.48) C.D. at 5% (3.87) 13.03(7.9) 6.65(4.28) 5.72(3.82) 6.44(4.39) 6.45(4.39) and ineffective against major insect pests in tomato. These finding are in agreement with the findings of Man Bihari (2010) reported that the NSKE resulted in the highest fruit yield (36.98 t/ha) and net return ( rupees/ha), and the lowest incidence of H. armigera infestation (5.84%) and fruit damage (7.37%). The highest cost: benefit ratios were obtained with neem leaf extract (NLE), onion-garlic bulb extract (OGBE) and chilli fruit extract (CFE) (1:51, 1:50 and 1:47). And similar results have been also reported by Man Bihari and Singh (2011). On the basis of present investigation, it is concluded that the different phyto extracts viz., NSKE (5%) and tobacco extract (5%) were most effective treatments against the major insect pests of tomato variety H - 86 (Kashi Vishesh). The average less percentage of fruit damage and less percentage yield loss (Table-7) were recorded in NSKE 5% and tobacco extract treatments and considered the most effective treatments against H. armigera. On the basis of above results, NSKE and tobacco extract were most effective treatments against L. trifolii, B. tabaci, A. devastans, A. gossypii and H. armigera. Treatment, Research in Environment and Life Sciences 380 March, 2016

5 NSKE was recorded significantly highest fruit yield followed by tobacco extract than rest of the treatments.on the basis of overall performance and economics of these different phyto extracts, NSKE and tobacco extract were most effective treatments against the major insect pests of tomato. NSKE (5%) & tobacco extract gave highest net return with cost benefit ratio of 1:3.70 and 1:3.50, respectively. Acknowledgment Thanks to most esteemed guide and my advisory committee Dr. Rajesh Pachori (Professor), Dr.A.S.Thakur (Scientist), Dr. Moni Thomas (Senior Scientist), Mr. R.K Panse (Technical assistant), Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur for his most valuable and inspiring guidance, close supervision, constant encouragement and constructive criticism coupled with valuable suggestions during the course of this investigation and in preparation of this manuscript. Table-9: Economics of phyto extracts against major insect pests of tomato Table-8: Tomato fruit yield in different treatments Treatment Dose /ha Kg/plot Q/ha 10 L L L L L L L L L L S.Em C.D. at 5% Treat- Dose Average yield Increase in Value of Quantity of Cost of Labor Total cost of Net Cost ment L./ha of healthy yield over increased phyto extract/ha insecticides charge/ha treatment return benefit fruit (q/ha) control (q/ha) yield (Rs.) for 3 sprays for 3 sprays/ha for 3 sprays /ha (Rs/ha) /ha (Rs.) ratio 10 L Lit : L Lit : L Lit : L Lit : L Lit : L lit : L Lit : L Lit : L Lit : L Lit :1.90 T Botanical insecticides cost : Neem seed Rs. 150/kg; Tobacco Rs. 140/kg; Garlic 100/kg; Ginger fresh Rs. 100/kg Green Rs. 70/kg; Lantana, Ipomea and Custard apple Rs.200 for one labor cost; Labor Rs. 200/ labor/day; Selling price of Rs. 500/q. Decoction preparation cost 500 Rs. References Bajpai, N.K. and Sehgal, V.K.: Effect of botanicals on oviposition behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera. 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