/ 12 (ก (Boesenbergia pandurata), ก (Allium sativum), ก (Musa sapientum), ก (Ocimum tenuiflorum), (Alpinia galanga), (Zingiber officnale), (Cassia
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1 36 3 ก 1. ก ก / 1 (ก (Boesenbergia pandurata), ก (llium sativum), ก (Musa sapientum), ก (Ocimum tenuiflorum), (lpinia galanga), (Zingiber officnale), (Cassia alata), ก (Quercus infectoria), ก (Centella asiatica), (Psidium guajava), (Garcinia mangostana), (Uncaria gambir) ก ก ก 95 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 1.1 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 1 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก - ก ( ) ก ก ก - ก ( ) ก ก - ก ( ) ก ก ก - ก ( ก ) ก ก ก - ก ( ก) ก ก ก - ก ( ) ก ก ก - ( ) ก ก ก - ( ) ก ก ก - ( ) ก ก ก 36
2 37 - ก ( ) ก ก ก - ก ( ) ก ก - ( ) ก ก - ( ) ก ก - ( ) ก ก - ( ก) ก ก - ( ก ก ) ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก 95 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก - ก ( ) ก ก - ก ( ) ก ก - ก ( ) ก ก - ก ( ก ) ก ก - ก ( ก) ก ก - ก ( ) ก ก - ( ) ก ก - ( ) ก ก - ( ) ก ก - ก ( ) ก ก - ก ( ) ก ก - ( ) ก ก
3 38 - ( ) ก ก - ( ) ก ก - ( ก) ก ก - ( ก ก ) ก ก 1 ก Table 1 % yield and % moisture of crude ethanolic extracts of herbal plants Herb Plant parts % Yield of extracts % Moisture of extracts llium sativum Bulbs lpinia galanga Rhizomes Boesenbergia pandurata Rhizomes Cassia alata Leaves Centella asiatica Leaves Garcinia mangostana Leaves Garcinia mangostana Fruit peels Musa sapientum Flowers Musa sapientum Fruit peels Musa sapientum Fruits Ocimum tenuiflorum Leaves Psidium guajava Leaves Psidium guajava Fruit peels Quercus infectoria galls Uncaria gambir Extracts Zingiber officnale Rhizomes
4 39 ก Table % yield and % moisture of crude aqueous extracts of herbal plants Herb Plant parts % Yield of extracts % Moisture of extracts llium sativum Bulbs lpinia galanga Rhizomes Boesenbergia pandurata Rhizomes Cassia alata Leaves Centella asiatica Leaves Garcinia mangostana Leaves Garcinia mangostana Fruit peels Musa sapientum Flowers Musa sapientum Fruit peels Musa sapientum Fruits Ocimum tenuiflorum Leaves Psidium guajava Leaves Psidium guajava Fruit peels Quercus infectoria galls Uncaria gambir Extracts Zingiber officnale Rhizomes ก ก Disc diffusion ก ก ก 4 (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus Vibrio parahaemolyticus) ก ก disc diffusion ก ก disc ก ก ก ก ก ก
5 ก ( 3 4) ก disc ก 10 ก ก ก ก ก ก disc 10 0 disc ก ( ก 1 ) ก ก 4 ก ก L. monocytogenes ก กก ก ก L. monocytogenes, S. typhi S. aureus ก กก S. typhi ก ก ก L. monocytogenes S. aureus ก (Hammer et al., 1999 ; lzoryky and Nakahara, 00) ก ก ก ก ก S. typhimurium S. infantis (Gnan and Demello, 1999 ; Hammer et al., 1999 ; lzoryky and Nakahara, 00) ก ก ก ก L. monocytogenes, S. aureus V. parahaemolyticus V. parahaemolyticus ก ก ก ก ก S. aureus ก (, 53 ; Rabe and Staden, 1997 ; Gnan and Demello, 1999) ก ก ก ก L. monocytogenes S. aureus ก ก ก ก (, 544) ก L. monocytogenes S. aureus ก ก ก ก ก ก L. monocytogenes S. typhi ก ก ก S. aureus ก ก S. typhi ก 4 ก ก ก ก ก 4 ก L. monocytogenes S. aureus ก ก S. aureus S. typhi ก ก ก L. monocytogenes ก ก ก ก L. monocytogenes S. aureus ก (Kumar and Berwal, 1998) ก ก S. aureus ก ก ก ก 40
6 41 ก ก ก ก ก 4 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก S. aureus ก L. monocytogenes ก ก ก ก S. typhi V. parahaemolyticus ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Rabe and Staden, 1997 ; Kabuki et al., 000 ; rias et al., 004) ก ก ก ก ก ก S. aureus TCC 593 ก ก กก E. coli TCC 59 ก (, 53) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Voravuthikunchai (004) ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก phloroglucinal ก ก ก กก ก ก ก (Pistelli et al., 000) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก 4 ก ก ก ก disc 1.00 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก S. aureus TCC 593
7 ก (Voravuthikunchai et al., 004 ; Nimri et al., 1999) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Lin et al., 1999 ; Nimri et al., 1999 ; Samuelsson, 1999) ก Chloramphenicol 30 ก L. monocytogenes, S. typhi, S. aureus V. parahaemolyticus ก disc Chloramphenicol 30 ก ก S. aureus TCC 593 ก ก E. coli TCC 59 ก (Lorian, 1980) 4
8 43 3 ก ก Disc diffusion Table 3 ntibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts by Disc diffusion method Herb Plant parts Inhibition zone (mm) Lm. St. Sa. Vp. llium sativum Bulbs lpinia galanga Rhizomes Boesenbergia pandurata Rhizomes Cassia alata Leaves Centella asiatica Leaves Garcinia mangostana Leaves Garcinia mangostana Fruit peels Musa sapientum Flowers Musa sapientum Fruit peels Musa sapientum Fruits Ocimum tenuiflorum Leaves Psidium guajava Leaves Psidium guajava Fruit peels Quercus infectoria Galls Uncaria gambir Extracts Zingiber officnale Rhizomes Chloramphenicol Ethanol Lm. : L. monocytogenes, St. : S. typhi, Sa. : S. aureus, Vp. : V. parahaemolyticus - : No inhibition zone
9 44 4 ก ก Disc diffusion Table 4 ntibacterial activity of aqueous extracts by Disc diffusion method Herb Plant parts Inhibition zone (mm) Lm. St. Sa. Vp. llium sativum Bulbs lpinia galangal Rhizomes Boesenbergia pandurata Rhizomes Cassia alata Leaves Centella asiatica Leaves Garcinia mangostana Leaves Garcinia mangostana Fruit peels Musa sapientum Flowers Musa sapientum Fruit peels Musa sapientum Fruits Ocimum tenuiflorum Leaves Psidium guajava Leaves Psidium guajava Fruit peels Quercus infectoria Galls Uncaria gambir Extracts Zingiber officnale Rhizomes Chloramphenicol Water Lm. : L. monocytogenes, St. : S. typhi, Sa. : S. aureus, Vp. : V. parahaemolyticus - : No inhibition zone
10 45 B C C D B E L. monocytogenes C B D S. aureus! 1 Figure 1 S. typhi C B D V. parahaemolyticus $ * * #!/, Disc diffusion ntibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts by Disc diffusion method : Positive control (Chloramphenicol) B : Negative control (Ethanol) C : Quercus infectoria D : Uncaria gambir E : Musa sapientum (Fruits)
11 46 B D E C B C L. monocytogenes S. typhi C B F S. aureus C B F V. parahaemolyticus! $ * * 3!/, Disc diffusion Figure ntibacterial activity of aqueous extracts by Disc diffusion method : Positive control (Chloramphenicol) B : Negative control (Ethanol) C : Quercus infectoria D : Garcinia mangostana (Leaves) E : Psidium guajava (Fruits) F : Uncaria gambir
12 47 3. ก Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) gar dilution ก ก disc diffusion ก ก MIC agar dilution 5 6 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 4 MIC 0.08 ก MIC ก ก (L. monocytogenes S. aureus) ก ก (S. typhi V. parahaemolyticus) MIC ก ก 0.08 ก MIC ก 0.16 กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก L. monocytogenes ก ก MIC 0.08 ก S. aureus ก ก MIC 0.16 ก ก S. typhi V. parahaemolyticus ก ก ก MIC 0.16 ก Voravuthikunchai (005) MIC ก ก ก S. aureus ก กก ก MIC ก ก ก กก ก Nimri (1999) MIC ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Voravuthikunchai et al., 004) MIC ก ก ก ก (Rabe and Staden, 1997) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Voravuthikunchai et al., 004 ; Nimri et al., 1999) ก ก (Nimri et al., 1999) ก
13 48 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 5 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ก Table 5 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethanolic extracts Herb Plant parts Bacterial tested MIC values (mg/ml) * Cassia alata Garcinia mangostana Musa sapientum Musa sapientum Musa sapientum Quercus infectoria Uncaria gambir Zingiber officnale Leaves Fruit peels Flowers Fruit peels Fruits Galls Extracs Rhizomes Listeria monocytogenes Staphylococcus aureus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Listeria monocytogenes Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhi Listeria monocytogenes Salmonella typhi Staphylococcus aureus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Listeria monocytogenes Staphylococcus aureus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Salmonella typhi * : by agar dilution method
14 49 6 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ก Table 6 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous extracts Herb Plant parts Bacterial tested MIC values (mg/ml) * llium sativum Garcinia mangostana Musa sapientum Psidium guajava Quercus infectoria Uncaria gambir * : by agar dilution method Bulbs Leaves Flowers Leaves Fruit peels Galls Extracs Listeria monocytogenes Listeria monocytogenes Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Listeria monocytogenes Salmonella typhi Staphylococcus aureus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Salmonella typhi Vibrio parahaemolyticus 4. ก ก ก ก > ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก L. monocytogenes ก ก ก ก ก S. typhi ก ก ก ก S. aureus ก ก ก ก V. parahaemolyticus ก ก ก ก ก ก
15 4.1 ก ก 3-6 ก ก 4 ก ก ก ก ก 500 ก ก L. monocytogenes 10 3 CFU/ml CFU/ml 10 7 CFU/ml ก ก ก ก ก ก L. monocytogenes 10 5 CFU/ml 10 7 CFU/ml 36 ( 3) ก ก ก ก S. typhi 10 3 CFU/ml CFU/ml 10 7 CFU/ml ก ก S. typhi 48 ( 4) S. aureus ก ก ก S. aureus 10 3 CFU/ml 10 5 CFU/ml CFU/ml ก ก ก S. aureus 48 ( 5) V. parahaemolyticus ( 6) ก ก ก V. parahaemolyticus 10 3 CFU/ml 4 48 ก ก V. parahaemolyticus 10 5 CFU/ml ก V. parahaemolyticus 10 7 CFU/ml Lorian (1980) ก ก ก ก Psuedomonas carbenicillin Mueller Hinton MIC ก 5 40 ก 10 3 / 10 7 / ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 50
16 51 1 a a Listeria monocytogenes ก ก ก ก (1) ก () Figure 3 Effect of inoculum level of Listeria monocytogenes on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Q. infectoria (1) and flowers of M. sapientum () control (10 5 cfu/ml) 10 3 cfu/ml 10 5 cfu/ml 10 7 cfu/ml
17 5 1 b b Salmonella typhi ก ก ก ก (1) ก () Figure 4 Effect of inoculum level of Salmonella typhi on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Q. infectoria (1) and fruits of M. sapientum () control (10 5 cfu/ml) 10 3 cfu/ml 10 5 cfu/ml 10 7 cfu/ml
18 c c Staphylococcus aureus ก ก ก (1) () ก Figure 5 Effect of inoculum level of Staphylococcus aureus on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts (1) and aqueous extracts () of Q. infectoria control (10 5 cfu/ml) 10 3 cfu/ml 10 5 cfu/ml 10 7 cfu/ml
19 d d Vibrio parahaemolyticus ก ก ก ก (1) () Figure 6 Effect of inoculum level of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Q. infectoria (1) and U. gambir () control (10 5 cfu/ml) 10 3 cfu/ml 10 5 cfu/ml 10 7 cfu/ml
20 55 4. ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 7-10 ก ก ก 6.5, ก ก (7.) 6.5, ก 10 5 CFU/ml ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Stonsaovapak (000) ก ก ก ก ก ก Kabuki (000) ก ก ก ก ก ก (Stonsaovapak et al., 000 ; Hsieh, 001) 4.3 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 60, ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Hsieh (001) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 60, 80, ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก
21 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Kabuki (000) ก ก ก ก Hsieh (001) ก ก 11 0 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Hsieh et al., 001) 56
22 a a ก ก Listeria monocytogenes ก ก (1) ก () Figure 7 Effect of ph on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Q. infectoria (1) and flowers of M. sapientum () against Listeria monocytogenes control (7.) ph 6.5 ph 7.5 ph 8.5
23 b b ก ก Salmonella typhi ก ก (1) ก () Figure 8 Effect of ph on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Q. infectoria (1) and fruits of M. sapientum () against Salmonella typhi control (7.) ph 6.5 ph 7.5 ph 8.5
24 c c ก ก Staphylococcus aureus ก (1) () ก Figure 9 Effect of ph on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts (1) and aqueous extracts () of Q. infectoria against Staphylococcus aureus control (7.) ph 6.5 ph 7.5 ph 8.5
25 d d ก ก Vibrio parahaemolyticus ก ก (1) () Figure 10 Effect of ph on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Q. infectoria (1) and U. gambir () against Vibrio parahaemolyticus control (7.) ph 6.5 ph 7.5 ph 8.5
26 a a ก ก Listeria monocytogenes ก ก (1) ก () Figure 11 Effect of temperature on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Q. infectoria (1) and flowers of M. sapientum () against Listeria monocytogenes control 60 O C 80 O C 100 O C 11 O C
27 b b ก ก Salmonella typhi ก ก (1) ก () Figure 1 Effect of temperature on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Q. infectoria (1) and fruits of M. sapientum () against Salmonella typhi control 60 O C 80 O C 100 O C 11 O C
28 c c ก ก Staphylococcus aureus ก (1) () ก Figure 13 Effect of temperature on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts (1) and aqueous extracts () of Q. infectoria against Staphylococcus aureus control 60 O C 80 O C 100 O C 11 O C
29 d d ก ก Vibrio parahaemolyticus ก ก (1) () Figure 14 Effect of temperature on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts Q. infectoria (1) and U. gambir () against Vibrio parahaemolyticus control 60 O C 80 O C 100 O C 11 O C
30 65 5. ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Q. infectoria) ก S. aureus ก ก V. parahaemolyticus ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 5 MIC (0.78 ก / ) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 4 ก 7 ก ก ก / 100 ก 3.84 log CFU/ml S. aureus V. parahaemolyticus ก ก ก ก log CFU/ml ก ก ก ก 14 ก ก ก ก ก ก / 100 ก 4.49 log CFU/ml ก ก ก ก ก ก ก S. aureus V. parahaemolyticus ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก S. aureus V. parahaemolyticus 0 ก ก ก S. aureus ก ก ก / 100 ก 4.10 log CFU/ml S. aureus 3.1 log CFU/ml ก ก ก ก ก ก / 100 ก 4.09 log CFU/ml S. aureus 3.45 log CFU/ml ก ก ก ก 4 14 ก ก ก ก ก ก / 100 ก
31 4.88 log CFU/ml S. aureus 3.93 log CFU/ml ก ก ก ก ก ก / 100 ก 7 S. aureus 3 ( 7) ก ก ก V. parahaemolyticus 0 ก ก ก ก ก ก / 100 ก 5.41 log CFU/ml V. parahaemolyticus 4.15 log CFU/ml ก ก ก ก ก ก / 100 ก 4.54 log CFU/ml V. parahaemolyticus 3.77 log CFU/ml ก ก ก ก 14 ก ก ก ก ก / 100 ก V. parahaemolyticus 10 ก ก ก ก ก ก / 100 ก V. parahaemolyticus 3 ( 7) ก V. parahaemolyticus 7 S. aureus 3 ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Kim (001) ก ก ก ก กก ก 3 ก lag Salmonella typhimurium E. coli O157 : H7 ก ก ก L. monocytogenes S. aureus ก ก lag 1 ก ก ก 4 ก 7 Hao (1998) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก eromonas hydrophila L. monocytogenes ก ก
32 67 7 ก ก ก Table 7 Physical chemical and microbial quality of black tiger shrimp during chilling storage Sample Treatment Storage time (day) Control a ph TVB (mg/100 g) TVC (log CFU/ml) S. aureus (log CFU/ml) V. parahaemolyticus (log CFU/ml) Control b ph TVB (mg/100 g) TVC (log CFU/ml) S. aureus (log CFU/ml) V. parahaemolyticus (log CFU/ml) S. aureus a ph TVB (mg/100 g) TVC (log CFU/ml) S. aureus (log CFU/ml) S. aureus b ph TVB (mg/100 g) TVC (log CFU/ml) S. aureus (log CFU/ml) V. parahaemolyticus a ph TVB (mg/100 g) TVC (log CFU/ml) V. parahaemolyticus (log CFU/ml) V. parahaemolyticus b ph TVB (mg/100 g) TVC (log CFU/ml) V. parahaemolyticus (log CFU/ml) a : with out herbal extract b : with herbal extract
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