Efficiency of mycotoxins of some plant extracts against Alternaria alternata (Fries ) Keissler causing leaf spot of Gerbera

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1 Efficiency of mycotoxins of some plant extracts against Alternaria alternata (Fries ) Keissler causing leaf spot of Gerbera M.B.Waghmare Department of Advanced Research in Botany, The New College, Kolhapur Maharashtra, India waghmaremahendra@ymail.com Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolux ex J. D. Hook) is an important commercial floriculture crop grown throughout the world. Gerbera is small herbaceous plant belonging to family asteraceae. It is the 5th most used cut flower in the world. It is ideal for beds, borders, pots and rock gardens. The cut blooms when placed in water remain fresh for longer time. Flowers used in festivals, party and wedding ceremony. Hence, the economic value of cultivars is increased. It is affected by several fungal diseases, among which leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternate (Fries) Keissler belonging to division deuteromycotina is most common and dangerous. Leaf spot diseases generally managed by carbendazim and other fungicides. Number of workers reported fungicide resistance in fungal pathogens (Dekker, 1982; Gangawane, 1990; and Waghmare et al. 2010a). Continuous and wide use of fungicides created serious threats to human health and environment. Due to increased awareness about the risk involved in the fungicides, use of other alternative bio approaches in management of plant diseases is gaining importance, Waghmare et al. (2011) studied bioefficacy of plant extracts on the pathogenic fungi of rose. According to Swaminathan, (19780), green plants appear to be a reservoir of biotoxicants. Number of other workers reported the antifungal properties of the various plants (Datar, 1999; Khan and Kumar, 1990; and Kamala khan et al., 2001). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the bio efficacy of certain aqueous and alcoholic plant extracts against the growth of Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot of gerbera. Isolation of pathogens: Infected samples of gerbera were collected from different districts of Maharashtra (Sangali, Satara, Solhapur, Shindhudurg, Ratnagiri, Pune, Nagpur, Aurangabad, Kolhapur,and Latur). Isolated 10 isolates of Alternaria alternata on CDA (Capek dox agar medium) (Rangaswami and Mahadevan, 2001) during the period of The pathogen was identified as per Barnet and Hunter (1972) and Subramanian (1971). Isolates were maintained on CDA medium at 40ºC in BOD incubator for further study. Efficiency of plant extracts: Fresh and healthy leaves of Hyptis suaveolens L., Tridax procumbens L., Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw., Swietenia macrophylla King, Parthenium hysterophorus Poit, and Vitex negundo L., were collected from Shivaji University campus which was washed thoroughly and oven dried. The shade dried leaves were pulverized to powder. Leaf extracts of each plant species were prepared with 95% ethanol (1:5 w/v) in a beaker and boiled in hot water bath for 30 minutes. The material was homogenized and filtered through 240

2 double layered muslin cloth. 100% stock solution was prepared and diluted further at 25, 50, 75 and 100 % with sterile distilled water for further study. The toxicity of the plant extract was determined by food poisoning technique (Mishra and Tiwari, 1992) at four different concentrations. Test fungus was multiplied on CDA Medium. Petri plates containing CDA, supplemented with plant extracts at four concentrations with three replicates were inoculated with 8 mm disc of fungal culture taken from actively growing mycelium of Alternaria alternata and the plates were kept upside down. The plates were incubated in BOD incubator at 28 C, plates without plant extracts was served as control. The growth was determined at regular intervals by measuring radial growth of pathogen. Similar experiment was also undertaken using aqueous extracts. Alcoholic leaf extract of all tested six plant species used against Alternaria alternata showed 100% percentage control efficacy (PCE) at 25% concentration. Aqueous of leaf extracts of all tested plants were reduced the growth of pathogen as concentration of extracts increased (Table 1). Results are in agreement with the findings of Waghmare et al. (2010b), who stated that alcoholic leaf extracts of Melia azedarach L. Clerodendrum inerme L, and Tagetes erecta L. inhibited growth of Alternaria alternata causing leaf blight of rose. Similarly Krishna kishore (2001) reported 25% (w/v) concentration aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Datura metel, Lawsonia inermis and Sphaeranthus indicus completely inhibited the conidial germination of P. personata causing leaf spot of ground nut. Rajani et al (2012) showed aqueous leaf extract of Polyanthia longofolia significantly inhibited the growth of Aspergillus. Shivpuri et al., (1997) found ethanol plant extract were more toxic to Alternaria brassicola. Dubey (1998) observed that root extracts of Moringa oelifera inhibited the growth of Thanatopous cucumeris. Alcoholic leaf extracts of Tridax procumbens, Lantana camara, Ocimum sanctum shown 100% PCE against Alternaria spinaceae (Bhale et al., 2009). Bhowmick and Choudhary (1982) reported antifungal activity of leaf extracts on Alternaria alternata. Similarly Waghmare et al. (2010c) reported the biopesticides effects on seed borne pathogen. CONCLUSION Alcoholic leaf extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poi, Tridax procumbens L, Polyalthia longifolia (sonn.) Thw. Swietenia macrophylla king, Parthnium hysterophorus L., and vitex negunda L actively inhibited the growth of Alternaria alternate causing leaf spot in gerbera as compared to aqueous leaf extracts. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Author is very much thankful to U.G.C., WRO, Pune for financial assistance

3 Table 1: Effect of plant leaf extracts on linear growth (mm) of Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot of Gerbera Sr. no. Name of the Plant Concentration in Percentage Days Aqueous Aqueous Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit, 2 3 Polyalthia longifolia (sonn.) Thw. Tridex procumbens L. 75 Aqueous Aqueous Aqueous Aqueous Aqueous , Aqueous Aqueous Aqueous Aqueous Aqueous

4 25 Aqueous Parthenium hysterophorus poit, 50 Aqueous Aqueous Aqueous Aqueous Aqueous Swietenia macrophylla. King 75 Aqueous Aqueous Aqueous Vitex negundo L., 50 Aqueous Aqueous Aqueous * Note Numbers in table show the radial growth of the pathogen 243

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