Ghaidaa Jihadi Mohammed 1, Imad Hadi Hameed 2

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1 DOI Number: / Pharmacological Activities: Hepatoprotective, Cardio Protective, Anti-cancer and Anti-Microbial Activity of (Raphanus Raphanistrum Subsp. Sativus): A Review Ghaidaa Jihadi Mohammed 1, Imad Hadi Hameed 2 1 Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Hillah city, Iraq; 2 Biomedical Science Department, University of Babylon, College of Nursing, Hillah city, Iraq ABSTRACT The radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus) is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that was domesticated in Europe in pre-roman times. The root is best harvested before the plant flowers. Its use is not recommended if the stomach or intestines are inflamed. The leaves, seeds and old roots are used in the treatment of asthma and other chest complaints. The juice of the fresh leaves is diuretic and laxative. The seed is carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and stomachic. It is taken internally in the treatment of, abdominal bloating, wind, acid regurgitation, diarrhea and bronchitis. The root is antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, and diuretic. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides in plants have most commonly been discovered in seeds where they accumulate to high level and may also function as storage proteins. The crude water extract of seed inhibited moderate antifungal activity while showed highest antibacterial activity against Hafnia alvei and Enterobacter agglomerans exhibited. It has been observed that rude water extract posses highest antibacterial activity. Crude water extract showed significant inhibition against some fungal strain like Spadicoides stoveri and Paecilomyces variotii while some fungal strain having insignificant inhibition. Keyword: Hepatoprotective, Anti-cancer, anti-microbial, Raphanus raphanistrum, Review. INTRODUCTION Radishes are grown and consumed throughout the world, being mostly eaten raw as a crunchy salad vegetable. Radishes have long been grown as a food crop, but they also have various medicinal actions. The plant is used in the treatment of intestinal parasites, though the part of the plant used is not specified 1-8. They have numerous varieties, varying in size, flavor, color, and length of time they take to mature. Radishes owe their sharp flavor to the various chemical compounds produced by the plants, including glucosinolate, myrosinase, and isothiocyanate. They are sometimes grown as companion plants and Corresponding Author: Imad Hadi Hameed Biomedical Science Department, University of Babylon, College of Nursing, Hillah city, Iraq; Phone: imad_dna@yahoo.com suffer from few pests and diseases It is crushed and used as a poultice for burns, bruises and smelly feet. Radishes are also an excellent food remedy for stone, gravel and scorbutic conditions. The plant contains raphanin, which is antibacterial and antifungal It inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus\ aureus, E. coli, streptococci, Pneumococci etc. Radish preparations are useful in liver and gall bladder troubles. Consuming radish generally results in improved digestion, but some people are sensitive to its acridity and robust action The plant also shows anti-tumor activity. Pharmacological activities Hepatoprotective activity: It is reported that the methonolic extract of leaves of Raphanus sativus active against paracetamol induced hepato toxicity. Paracetamol increced the activity of hepatic enzymes like SGOT, SGPT, serum LDH, serum AP. An antioxidant is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation reactions can produce

2 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2018, Vol.9, No free radicals, which start chain reactions that damage cells Antioxidant defenses fall in to two main categories, those whose role is to prevent the generation of free radicals and those that intercept any radicals that are generated. Cardio protective activity: The chronic cardio toxicity may result from summation of multiple biochemical pathways of cellular damage, which ultimately yields distruption of myocardiocyte integrity and loss of cardiac function. Nitricoxide (NO) is a key molecule involved in the pathophysiology of heart; disregulation of activity of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) and of NO metabolism seems to be a common feature in cardiac diseases Hence uric acid may serves as an additional marker of free radical reactions in patients with acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary insufficiency. Anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity: Anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity of methonolic extract of leaves of Raphanus sativus was reported. Insoluble ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extract was the most active against A. salina. On the other hand, the soluble ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extract exhibited strong inhibitory activity against S. aureus. Anti-microbial activity: The plant contains raphanin, which is antibacterial and antifungal15. It also has been found to be strongly active Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas pyocyaneus, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtilisetc It inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, Pneumococci. It is also active against many food born pathogenic and food spoilage bacteria such as Listeria, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Pedicoccusspps. Inhibitory response on lipid peroxidation: Free radicals are continuously produced in body of all living organisms mainly due to oxidation processes. Antioxidant system of the body is generally able to combat the oxidative stress produced after normal physiological processes. Modern civilization is facing a variety of mental and physical stress, pollutant stress, stress caused by consuming fast food, etc These stresses culminate into generation of free radicals and the antioxidant system of body fails to combat this situation. Oxidation of lipid molecules of membrane causes its damage resulting into the development of several physiological and pathological disorders. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by any means is the best way to avoid these disorders in the body. It was reported that the plant inhibits lipid peroxidation by increasing the activity of enzymatic antioxidants like catalase and also by increasing or maintaining the levels of glutathione. Antiurolithiatic activity: The aqueous extract of the bark of Raphanus sativus was tested for its antiurolithiatic and diuretic activity. The urolithiasis was experimentally induced by implantation of zinc disc in the urinary bladder of rats. Significant decrease in the weight of stones was observed after treatment in animals which received aqueous extract in comparison with control groups. Anti tyrosinase and anti-oxidant activity: Two different types of R. sativus L. root extracts, i.e., the freezedried juice and the methanolic extract were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase and their scavenging activity on DPPH, superoxide anion and singlet oxygen. The methanolic extract of the radish sprout exhibited hydroxyl radical scavenging potency 1.8-fold higher than that of L-ascorbic acid. It is suggested that flavonoids, together with sinapinic acid esters, may significantly contribute to the antioxidant activity of radish roots andsprouts. Also, black radish, which is a variety of R. sativus, possesses antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties It is very likely that the Thai radish roots may possess significant antityrosinase and antioxidant activities which will have beneficial effects on the skin. Gastro protective activity: The radish juice possesses an antigastric ulcer effect, being presumably attributed to its phenolic, terpenoidal and sulphurated constituents through preventing the accumulation of excessive free radicals and protecting the gastric tissue against noxious chemical challenges. This may be related to its PG generating, antioxidant and/or preserving mucus secreting properties and by strengthening the mucosal barrier integrity, which is the first line of defense against endogenous and exogenous ulcerogenic agents. CONCLUSION Plant medicinal properties of Raphanus raphanistrum is due to presence of bioactive chemical products. Raphanus raphanistrum, is widely used in the treatment of antiurolithiatic, diuretic activity, anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity.

3 214 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2018, Vol.9, No. 3 Financial Disclosure: There is no financial disclosure. Conflict of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Clearance: In our review, all these major pharmacological activity were complete analysis under the biological department of College of Science for Women in Hillah city. REFERENCES 1. Hussein JH, Hameed IH, Hadi MY. Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Technique for Analysis of Bioactive Compounds of Methanolic Leaves extract of Lepidium sativum. 2017; 10 (11): Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Uses of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Technique for Analysis of Bioactive Chemical Compounds of Lepidium sativum: A Review. 2017; 10 (11): Ubaid JM, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Bioactive Chemical Compounds Identified in Methanolic Extract of Trogoderma granarium. Research (11): Hameed IH, Calixto MR, Hadi MY. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Hemolytic, Anti-anxiety, and Antihypertensive activity of Passiflora species. 2017; 10 (11): Hameed IH, Calixto MR, Hadi MY. A Review: Solanum nigrum L. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant properties, Hepatoprotective effects and Analysis of Bioactive Natural Compounds. Research (11): Hussein JH, Hameed IH, Hadi MY. A Review: Anti-microbial, Anti-inflammatory effect and Cardiovascular effects of Garlic: Allium sativum. 2017; 10 (11): Flayyih SS, Hameed IH, Fakhir FD. Road Traffic Accident Coming to Hillah Teaching Hospital: Prospective and Retrospective Study. Research (11): Fakhir DF, Hameed IH, Flayyih SS. Retrospective Study: Burn Injury from 2010 to 2015 in a Burn Unit-Hillah Teaching Hospital-Iraq. Research (11): Khudhair ME, Hameed IH, Mekhlef AK. A Prospective and Retrospective Study of Acute Bronchitis in Hillah City-Iraq. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10 (11): Kamal SA, Hamza LF, Ibraheam IA. Characterization of Antifungal Metabolites Produced by Aeromonas hydrophila and Analysis of its Chemical Compounds Using GC-MS. 2017; 10 (11): Mohammed GJ, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. Proteus species: Characterization and herbal antibacterial: A review. International Journal of 2016; 8(11): Shireen SK, Hameed IH, Hamza LF. Acorus calamus: Parts used, insecticidal, anti-fungal, antitumour and anti-inflammatory activity: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(3): Huda JA, Hameed IH, Hamza LF. Anethum graveolens: Physicochemical properties, medicinal uses, antimicrobial effects, antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(3): Altaee N, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. Detection of volatile compounds produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from UTI patients by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research. 2016; 8(6): Hussein HM, Hameed IH, Ubaid JM. Analysis of the secondary metabolite products of Ammi majus and evaluation anti-insect activity. International journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research. 2016; 8(8):

4 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2018, Vol.9, No Hussein HM, Ubaid JM, Hameed IH. Inscticidal activity of methanolic seeds extract of Ricinus communis on adult of callosobruchus maculatus (coleopteran:brauchidae) and analysis of its phytochemical composition. International journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research. 2016; 8(8): Ubaid JM, Hussein HM, Hameed IH. Determination of bioactive chemical composition of Callosobruchus maculutus and investigation of its anti-fungal activity. International journal of pharmcognosy and phytochemical research. 2016; 8(8): Ibraheam IA, Hussein HM, Hameed IH. Cyclamen persicum: Methanolic Extract Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Technique. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(4); Ibraheam IA, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Analysis of Bioactive Compounds of Methanolic Leaves extract of Mentha pulegium Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Technique. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(4); Hadi MY, Hameed IH, Ibraheam IA. Ceratonia siliqua: Characterization, Pharmaceutical Products and Analysis of Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): Hadi MY, Hameed IH, Ibraheam IA. Mentha pulegium: Medicinal uses, Anti-Hepatic, Antibacterial, Antioxidant effect and Analysis of Bioactive Natural Compounds: A Review. 2017; 10(10): Kadhim MJ, Sosa AA, Hameed IH. Evaluation of anti-bacterial activity and bioactive chemical analysis of Ocimum basilicum using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) techniques. International Journal of 2016; 8(6): Mohammed GJ, Kadhim MJ, Hussein HM. Characterization of bioactive chemical compounds from Aspergillus terreus and evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activity. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2016; 8(6): Sosa AA, Bagi SH, Hameed IH. Analysis of bioactive chemical compounds of Euphorbia lathyrus using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. International Journal of 2016; 8(5): Mohammed GJ, Omran AM, Hussein HM. Antibacterial and Phytochemical Analysis of Piper nigrum using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrum and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. International Journal of 2016; 8(6): Shareef HK, Muhammed HJ, Hussein HM, Hameed IH. Antibacterial effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) roscoe and bioactive chemical analysis using gas chromatography mass spectrum. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2016; 32(2): Al-Jassaci MJ, Mohammed GJ, Hameed IH. Secondary Metabolites Analysis of Saccharomyces cerievisiae and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016; 8(5): Mohammed GJ, Al-Jassani MJ, Hameed IH. Anti-bacterial, Antifungal Activity and Chemical analysis of Punica grantanum (Pomegranate peel) using GC-MS and FTIR spectroscopy. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2016; 8(3): Dhahir BM, Hameed IH, Jaber AR. Prospective and Retrospective Study of Fractures According to Trauma Mechanism and Type of Bone Fracture. 2017; 10(10):

5 216 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2018, Vol.9, No Hapeep MA, Hameed IH, Jasim AA. Risk Factors, Cause and Site of Firearm Injuries: A Prospective and Retrospective Study. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): Jasim AA, Hameed IH, Hapeep MA. Traumatic Events in an Urban and Rural Population of Children, Adolescents and Adults in Babylon Governorate - Iraq. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): Altameme HJ, Hameed IH, Abu-Serag NA. Analysis of bioactive phytochemical compounds of two medicinal plants, Equisetum arvense and Alchemila valgaris seed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy. Malays. Appl. Biol. 2015; 44(4): Hussein HM, Hameed IH, Ibraheem OA. Antimicrobial Activity and spectral chemical analysis of methanolic leaves extract of Adiantum Capillus-Veneris using GC-MS and FT-IR spectroscopy. International Journal of 2016; 8(3): Hussein HJ, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Study of chemical composition of Foeniculum vulgare using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2016; 8(3): Kadhim MJ, Mohammed GJ, Hameed IH. In vitro antibacterial, antifungal and phytochemical analysis of methanolic fruit extract of Cassia fistula. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2016; 32(2): Altameme HJ, Hameed IH, Idan SA, Hadi MY. Biochemical analysis of Origanum vulgare seeds by fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2015; 7(9): Jaddoa HH, Hameed IH, Mohammed GJ. Analysis of volatile metabolites released by Staphylococcus aureus using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and determination of its antifungal activity. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2016; 32(4): Hameed IH, Salman HD, Mohammed GJ. Evaluation of antifungal and antibacterial activity and analysis of bioactive phytochemical compounds of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon bark) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2016; 32(4): Kadhim MJ, Mohammed GJ, Hussein HM. Analysis of bioactive metabolites from Candida albicans using (GC-MS) and evaluation of antibacterial activity. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016; 8(7): Ubaid JM, Hussein HM, Hameed IH. Analysis of bioactive compounds of Tribolium castaneum and evaluation of anti-bacterial activity. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016; 8(7): Hameed, I.H., Al-Rubaye A.F. and Kadhim, M.J. Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants and Urinary Tract Infections. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2017; 8(11): Kadhim WA, Kadhim, M.J., Hameed, I.H. Antibacterial Activity of Several Plant Extracts Against Proteus Species. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2017; 8(11): Ahmed MD, Hameed IH, Abd-Ali MQ. Prospective and Retrospective Study of the Acute Heart Attack Cases in Marjan Hospital-Hillah City-Iraq. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): Fakhir DF, Hameed IH, Flayyih SS. Burns Injuries: A Prospective Statistical Study of 112 patients. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): Mekhlef AK, Hameed IH, Khudhair ME. Prevalence of Physical Injuries on the Head, Neck and Entire Body in, Hilla, Iraq. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): Hameed IH, Al-Rubaye AF, Kadhim MJ. Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants and Urinary Tract Infections. International Journal

6 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2018, Vol.9, No of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2017; 9(1): Kadhim MJ, Kaizal AF, Hameed IH. Medicinal Plants Used for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016; 8(12): Hussein HM, Hameed IH, Ubaid JM. Analysis of the secondary metabolite products of Ammi majus and evaluation anti-insect activity. International journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research. 2016; 8(8): Ubaid JM, Hussein HM, Hameed IH. Determination of bioactive chemical composition of Callosobruchus maculutus and investigation of its anti-fungal activity. International journal of pharmcognosy and phytochemical research. 2016; 8(8): Price J, Jason K. Cover Crops for Weed Management in Southern Reduced-Tillage Vegetable Cropping Systems. Weed Technology. 2013; 27 (1): Popovic MV, Lukic V, Jakovljevic M. The effect of the radish (Raphanus sativus SSP Niger) juice on liver function. Fitoterapia. 1993; 64; Fogli S, Nieri P, Breschi MC. The role of nitric oxide in anthrecycline toxicity and prospects for pharmacologic prevention of cardiac damage. FASEB J. 2004; 18: Yu BP. Cellular defence against damage from reactive oxygen species. Physiol Rev. 1994; 74: Rainsford KD. Gastric ulcerogenicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in mice with mucosa sensitized by cholinomimetic treatment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1978; 39:

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