University, New Delhi, India c Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, India

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This article was downloaded by: [Jamia Hamdard] On: 10 December 2012, At: 05:16 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:

1 This article was downloaded by: [Jamia Hamdard] On: 10 December 2012, At: 05:16 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: Registered office: Mortimer House, Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF GALLIC ACID, ELLAGIC ACID, AND ASCORBIC ACID IN EMBLICA OFFICINALIS AND IN UNANI POLYHERBAL FORMULATIONS BY VALIDATED HPLC METHOD Mhaveer Singh a, Y. T. Kamal a, E. T. Tamboli a, Rabea Parveen b, Khalid M. Siddiqui c, S. M. A. Zaidi d & Sayeed Ahmad a a Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India b Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India c Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, India d Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (Unani), Hamdard University, New Delhi, India Accepted author version posted online: 30 Apr 2012.Version of record first published: 24 Oct To cite this article: Mhaveer Singh, Y. T. Kamal, E. T. Tamboli, Rabea Parveen, Khalid M. Siddiqui, S. M. A. Zaidi & Sayeed Ahmad (2012): SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF GALLIC ACID, ELLAGIC ACID, AND ASCORBIC ACID IN EMBLICA OFFICINALIS AND IN UNANI POLYHERBAL FORMULATIONS BY VALIDATED HPLC METHOD, Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 35:17, To link to this article: PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary

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3 Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 35: , 2012 Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: print/ x online DOI: / SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF GALLIC ACID, ELLAGIC ACID, AND ASCORBIC ACID IN EMBLICA OFFICINALIS AND IN UNANI POLYHERBAL FORMULATIONS BY VALIDATED HPLC METHOD Mhaveer Singh, 1 Y. T. Kamal, 1 E. T. Tamboli, 1 Rabea Parveen, 2 Khalid M. Siddiqui, 3 S. M. A. Zaidi, 4 and Sayeed Ahmad 1 1 Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India 3 Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, India 4 Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine (Unani), Hamdard University, New Delhi, India & A simple, rapid, and economic simultaneous HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantification of Gallic acid (GA), Ellagic acid (EA), and Ascorbic acid (AA), in Emblica officinalis Linn. (aamla) and in two poly herbal Unani formulations, containing aamla as an ingredient. Separation was achieved on a reverse phase C18 ( mm, 5 lm) column with a mobile phase of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile in gradient elution. The flow rate was kept as 1 ml min 1 and detection was carried out at 254 nm. The proposed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, robustness, LOD, and LOQ. The proposed method was linear over a wide range of concentration with a good regression coefficient of more than The LOD of method was lgml 1, 0.31 lgml 1, and 0.38 lgml 1, whereas LOQ was 0.1 lgml 1, 1.0 lgml 1 and 1.3 lgml 1 for ascorbic acid, ellagic acid, and gallic acid, respectively. The results demonstrated that the proposed method is a simple, reproducible, accurate, economic, and suitable method for the quality control of aamla, its formulations, as well as a large population of plants with anti-oxidant property. Keywords ascorbic acid, Emblica officinalis Linn., ellgic acid, gallic acid, simultaneous HPLC, Unani formulation Address correspondence to Dr. Sayeed Ahmad, Assistant Professor, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamadard (Hamdard University), New Delhi , India. Tel.: ; Fax: sahmad_jh@yahoo.co.in

4 2494 M. Singh et al. INTRODUCTION Aamla (Emblica officinalis Linn.) is a nutritiously rich food with various health benefits and commonly used in India. It is well-known to contain high levels of Vitamin C, minerals and amino acids. Literature survey revealed various pharmacological activities of aamla fruits such as antinociceptive, [1] antimicrobial, [2] antioxidant, [3] gastroprotective, [4] hepatoprotective, [5] antiulcergenic, [6] antidiabetic, [7] antitumor, [8] antiinflammatory, [9] antipyretic, and analgesic. [10] Aamla is one of the most popular drugs in Ayurvedic and Unani system of medicines, and is a major ingredient of chyawanprash, triphala, itrifals, and khameeras. The Unani system of medicine is commonly practiced in India and many other countries. Different types of herbal formulations are used in the Unani system such as solid (Qurs, Habbs, Shafoof), semi-solid (Khamira, Itrifal, Majoon), and liquid (Sharbat) preparations. Itrifal-e- Aftmoon (IA) and Itrifal-e-Badiyan (IB) are semi solid multicomponentcompound Unani formulations mentioned in the National Formulary of Unani Medicines (NFUM), and commonly used in Unani as brain tonics. Itrifal-e-Aftimoon is composed of twelve plants, namely, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica, Emblica officinalis, Operculum turpenthum, Cuscuta epithymum, Cassia angustifolia, Plumbago zeylanica, Polypodium vulgare, Lavendula stoechas, Rosa damascena, Pimpinella anisum, and Prunus amygdalus; whereas, FIGURE 1 Chemical structure of Gallic acid (A), Ellagic acid (B), and Ascorbic acid (C).

5 Estimation of Gallic, Ellagic, and Ascorbic Acid 2495 Itrifal-e-Badiyan is composed of eight plants, namely, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica, Emblica officinalis, Vitis vinifera, Rosa damascena, Zataria multiflora, Foeniculum vulgare, and Prunus amygdalus. [11] A literature survey revealed that several of HPLC and HPTLC methods have been reported for the determination of gallic, ellagic, [12,13] and ascorbic acids [14,15] in E. officinalis and in some Ayurvedic formulations such as Triphala. It was found that no attempt has been made to develop a simultaneous method for quantification of these components in aamla as well as in Ayurvedic and Unani formulations. Hence, it was thought worthwhile to develop an analytical method for simultaneous estimation of these three components to manage the manpower, time, and consumption of solvents. The proposed method for simultaneous estimation of gallic acid, ellagic acid, and ascorbic acid (Figure 1) in aamla and polyherbal formulations was validated as per the ICH guidelines [16] similar to the other methods reported by laboratory research, [17 20] which are in use for the quality control of herbal drugs. EXPERIMENTAL Reagents and Chemicals Samples and reagents gallic acid (98%) and ellagic acid (97%) standards were obtained as gift samples from Sami Labs Ltd., Bangalore, (India), and ascorbic acid (99%) reference standard was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (USA). The E. officinalis fruits and formulation were purchased from the local market of Delhi. Methanol, acetonitrile, orthophosphoric acid, and water were of HPLC grade. The solvents used for HPLC were freshly prepared and degassed before use. Chromatographic Instrumentation Chromatographic experiments were conducted on YL9100 HPLC system (South Korea) HPLC instrument comprising quaternary YL9110 pumps, a variable wavelength programmable YL9120 UV detector, YL9130 column oven, and a system controller. The instrument was controlled by use of YL-Clarity software installed with equipment. Samples were injected by using a Rheodyne injector fitted with a 20-mL fixed loop. Standard and sample solutions were filtered through 0.22-mm syringe filter before injection. The separation was achieved by using a reverse phase column Symmetry C18 Column, 5 mm, mm, part no. WAT054275, (Waters, USA). The mobile phase used consisted of acetonitrile and 0.1% orthophosphoric (H 3 PO 4 ) acid in a gradient elution method starting with acetonitrile percentages 10 to 100 in 20 min. The flow rate was kept at 1.0 ml min 1. Individual peaks were identified from retention time and

6 2496 M. Singh et al. concentrations were determined from the peak area for appropriate sample solutions using the regression equation obtained from calibration plot. All the analyses were performed at room temperature in triplicate and detection was carried out at a wave length of 254 nm using UV detector. Calibration Curve and Validation of Analytical Method The stock solution of gallic, ellagic and ascorbic acids were prepared in methanol: water (1:1, v=v) by dissolving 25 mg of each drug in 50 ml of diluent to get a known concentration of 500 mgml 1. This stock solution was used for the preparation of different aliquots to obtain mgml 1 for ascorbic acid, mgml 1 for gallic acid, and mgml 1 for ellagic acid. The calibration graphs were plotted using peak areas versus drug concentrations. For assessing the linearity, the least square regression equation and correlation of coefficient were determined. The proposed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines [16] for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, LOD, and LOQ. Quantification of Gallic Acid, Ellagic Acid, and Ascorbic Acid in Samples Fresh fruits of E. officinalis were collected from a local market, which was identified and authenticated by a botanist followed by a pharmacognosist, and voucher specimens were deposited in the Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory. It was dried under sunlight to remove the moisture present in the fruits. The dried fruits were cut into small pieces to remove seeds, which was powdered and passed through sieve # 60. Powdered E. Officinalis (250 mg), Itrifal-e-Aftimoon (700 mg), and Itrifal-e-Badiyan (1.5 g) were taken in round bottom flasks (50 ml), separately, and kept overnight on a mechanical shaker with 25 ml extraction solvent (methanol 50% in water). The aliquots were filtered through Whatman filter paper no. 1, and the filtrate was dried using rotavapor below 40 C. The dried residue was redissolved in 25 ml of extraction solvent and filtered through a 0.22-mm syringe filter before injection. Similarly, all the samples were prepared in triplicate using different batches of formulations and used for analyses. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Selection of Mobile Phase and Chromatographic Conditions Optimization of mobile phase was done after many trials using different combinations of solvents that included acetonitrile, water, methanol, orthophosphoric acid, and phosphate buffer in different ratios. The acetonitrile

7 Estimation of Gallic, Ellagic, and Ascorbic Acid 2497 and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid used in the ratio of 60:40, v=v was found to give sharp peaks with poor resolutions between the peaks. As the gradient elution has been reported as the best separation method for the quality control of polyherbal formulations containing complex mixtures with a wide retention range as well as variable and unknown compounds, [21,22] it was adopted in the present investigation using acetonitrile and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid to increase the resolutions between the peaks. The wavelength 254 nm was found best for detection of all the components simultaneously. The mobile phase with gradient elution resulted in sharp peaks with good resolution between the peaks (Figure 2). System suitability parameters were found good enough for the proposed method, which included theoretical plates 3861, 4539, and 18317; and tailing factors 2.0, 1.14, and 2.1 for ascorbic acid, gallic acid, and ellagic acid, respectively with satisfactory resolution between ascorbic and gallic acid (8.8) and gallic and ellagic acid (17.03). Validation Parameters Linearity Linearity was assessed with the aid of serially diluted calibration solutions as previously mentioned. Calibration graphs were plotted on the basis FIGURE 2 Typical HPLC chromatograms of ascorbic acid (1), gallic acid (2), and ellagic acid (3) at 254 nm, showing mix standards (MIX STD); Emblica officinale (EO); Itrifal-e-Aftimoon (IA); and Itrifal-e- Badiyan (IB) using 0.05% H 3 PO 4 and Acetonitrile in gradient flow.

8 2498 M. Singh et al. of triplicate analysis of each calibration solutions by using peak area against concentration. The proposed method was found to be linear over a wide range of concentration mgml 1 for ascorbic acid, mgml 1 for ellagic and gallic acid with good regression coefficient of 0.997, 0.998, and 0.993, respectively. The slope and intercept was found , , , and , , and , respectively, for gallic, ellagic, and ascorbic acids. Accuracy The accuracy of the method was evaluated as recovery by the standard addition method. The pre-analyzed samples were spiked with standard at three different concentration levels, that is, 50, 100, and 150%, and the mixtures were re-analyzed by the proposed method. The results of the experiment are incorporated in (Table 1). Precision The precision of the methods was carried out by performing intermediate precision as well as method precision for sample preparation. In intermediate precision, intra-day, inter-day, and inter-system precisions were carried out. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were performed by preparing and applying three different concentrations of standard in triplicate six times a day and, similarly, on six different days, respectively. Inter-system TABLE 1 Accuracy of the Method (n ¼ 3) % of Standard Spiked to the Sample Theoretical Content (mgml 1 ) Amount of Drug Recovered (mgml 1 SD) % of Drug Recovered Gallic Acid Ellagic Acid Ascorbic Acid RSD (%) SD, Standard Deviation; RSD, Relative Standard Deviation.

9 Estimation of Gallic, Ellagic, and Ascorbic Acid 2499 TABLE 2 Intermediate Precision of the Method (n ¼ 6) Inter-Day Precision Intra-Day Precision Inter-System Precision Conc (mgml 1 ) Mean Peak Area SD RSD (%) Mean Peak Area SD RSD (%) Mean Peak Area SD RSD (%) Gallic Acid Ellagic Acid Ascorbic Acid SD, Standard Deviation; RSD, Relative Standard Deviation. precision was performed by repeating the same procedure in different HPLC systems. An assay for each analysis was calculated and RSD (%) was determined (Table 2). Method precision for sample preparation was carried out by using triplicate pieces from the same sample fruit as well as triplicate samples from the same batch formulations. The samples solution of triplicate samples were prepared separately as discussed earlier and each sample was analyzed independently in triplicate. The assay for each analysis (n ¼ 9) was calculated and RSD (%) is reported in Table 3. Robustness Robustness of the proposed method was determined at 100 mgml 1 in two different ways, that is, by changing the detecting wavelength and analyzing temperature. The RSD (%) of the experiment was calculated to assess the robustness of the method (Table 4). TABLE 3 Method Precision for Sample Preparations (n ¼ 9) Gallic Acid Ellagic Acid Ascorbic Acid Sample Mean Peak Area SD RSD (%) Mean Peak Area SD RSD (%) Mean Peak Area SD RSD (%) EO IA IB EO, Emblica officinalis (fruit); IA, Itrifal-e-Aftimoon; IB, Itrifal-e-Badiyan.

10 2500 M. Singh et al. TABLE 4 Robustness of the Method by Changing Detecting Wavelengths and Temperature of Column (Concentration 100 mgml 1 ) Parameters Components Actual Used Mean Area SD Mean R t SD RSD (%) of Area RSD (%) of R t Detecting Wavelength (nm a ) Temperature ( C b ) a Nanometer. b Degree Celsius. Gallic Acid Ellagic Acid Ascorbic Acid Gallic Acid Ellagic Acid Ascorbic Acid LOD and LOQ The limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined on the basis of signal-to-noise ratio. The LOD is considered to be the least concentration of the analyte that gives a measurable response (signal-tonoise ratio of 3). For the proposed method LOD was found to be mgml 1 for ascorbic acid, 0.31 mgml 1 for ellagic acid, and 0.38 mgml 1 for gallic acid. The LOQ is the smallest concentration of the analyte that provides a response that can be accurately quantified (signal-to-noise ratio of 10). The LOQ was found to be 0.1 mgml 1 for ascorbic acid, 1.0 mgml 1 for ellagic acid, and 1.3 mgml 1 for gallic acid. Determination of Gallic, Ellagic, and Ascorbic Acid in Samples The amount of gallic, ellagic, and ascorbic acids in E. officinalis and in two Unani formulations were analyzed using developed and validated chromatographic method. The samples were injected in triplicates in the HPLC column and peak areas of all the triplicate samples were used for analysis of content by the regression equation. The developed mobile phase gave optimal separation, with well-defined and well-resolved sharp peaks in both standard and samples (Figure 2) at R t for ascorbic acid,

11 Estimation of Gallic, Ellagic, and Ascorbic Acid 2501 TABLE 5 Results of the Analysis Samples Gallic Acid %w w 1 Ellgic Acid %w w 1 Ascorbic Acid %w w 1 E. officinalis Itrifal-e-Aftimoon Itrifal-e-Badiyan for gallic acid, and for ellagic acid. The results of the analyses are given in the Table 5. One of the main problems associated with the standardization of traditional Unani formulations are the complexities in identification and quantification of the chemical components. The proper identification and quantification of markers needs fully optimized and validated analytical methods; otherwise, it may lead to erroneous results. The multicomponent formulations need special attention and any incompatible sample preparation method can lead to significance errors in the recovery. Taking all these factors in consideration, we herein reported a novel HPLC method that can be employed for the proper identification and simultaneous quantification of gallic acid, ellagic acid, and ascorbic acid in E. officinalis, as well as in its formulations. The proposed method was optimized in such a way to give maximum resolutions between the components, which are critical to avoid merging=overlapping components and makes the method superior to other existing methods. [12 15] Further, the developed HPLC method was evaluated for different parameters as per the ICH guidelines and found accurate, reproducible, specific, and precise. The method is suitable for the routine analysis of these components in different crude as well as multi-component herbal formulations. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are thankful to Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM), New Delhi, India, for providing financial grant for this study. REFERENCES 1. Kumar, N. P.; Annamalai, A. R.; Thakur, R. S. Antinociceptive Property of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Aamla) in High Fat Diet-Fed=Low Dose Streptozotocin induced Diabetic Neuropathy in Rats. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 2009, 47, Rahman, S.; Akbor, M. M.; Howlader, A.; Jabbar, A. Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of the Alkaloids of Amlaki (Emblica officinalis). Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2009, 15, Poltanov, E. A.; Shikov, A. N.; Dorman, H. J.; Pozharitskaya, O. N.; Makarov, V. G.; Tikhonov, V. P.; Hiltunen, R. Chemical and Antioxidant Evaluation of Indian Gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn. syn. Phyllanthus emblica L.) Supplements. Phytother. Res. 2009, 23,

12 2502 M. Singh et al. 4. Nariya, M.; Shukla, V.; Jain, S.; Ravishankar, B. Comparison of Enteroprotective Efficacy of Triphala Formulations (Indian Herbal Drug) on Methotrexate-Induced Small Intestinal Damage in Rats. Phytother. Res. 2009, 23, Jose, J. K.; Kuttan, R. Hepatoprotective Activity of Emblica officinalis and Chyavanaprash. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000, 72, Sairam, K.; Rao, C. V.; Babu, M. D.; Kumar, V. K.; Agrawal, V. K.; Goel, R. K. Antiulcerogenic Effect of Methanolic Extract of Emblica officinalis, an Experimental Study. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002, 82, Sabu, M. C.; Kuttan, R. Anti-Diabetic Activity of Medicinal Plants and Its Relationship with Their Antioxidant Property. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002, 81, Jose, J. K.; Kuttan, G.; Kuttan, R. Antitumor Activity of Emblica officinalis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001, 75, Asmawi, M. Z.; Kankaanranta, H.; Moilanen, E.; Vapaatalo, H. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Emblica officinalis Gaertn Leaf Extracts. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1993, 45, Perianayagam, J. B.; Sharma, S. K.; Joseph, A.; Christina, A. J. Evaluation of Anti-Pyretic and Analgesic Activity of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 95, National Formulary of Unani Medicine. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH; Govt. of India: New Delhi, 2006; Part. I, Vol. II, pp. 12. Pozharitskaya, O. N.; Ivanova, S. A.; Shikov, A. N.; Makarov, V. G. Separation and Evaluation of Free Radical-Scavenging Activity of Phenol Components of Emblica officinalis Extract by Using an HPTLC-DPPH Method. J. Sep. Sci. 2007, 30, Singh, D. P.; Govindarajan, R.; Rawat, A. K. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography as a Tool for the Chemical Standardization of Triphala An Ayurvedic Formulation. Phytochem. Anal. 2008, 19, Scartezzini, P.; Antognoni, F.; Raggi, M. A.; Poli, F.; Sabbioni, C. Vitamin C Content and Antioxidant Activity of the Fruit and of the Ayurvedic Preparation of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 104, Majeed, M.; Bhat, B.; Jadhav, A. N.; Srivastava, J. S.; Nagabhushanam, K. Ascorbic Acid and Tannins from Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Fruits A Revisit. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2009, 57, International Conference on Harmonization. Validation of Analytical Procedures Methodology Q2B; IFPMA: Geneva, November, Ahmad, S.; Rizwan, M.; Parveen, R.; Mujeeb, M.; Aquil, M. A Validated Stability-Indicating TLC Method for Determination of Forskolin in Crude Drug and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. Chromatographia 2008, 67, Alam, P.; Ali, M.; Ahmad, S. A Validated HPLC Method for Estimation of Cordifolioside A in Tinospora cardifolia, Miers and Marketed Formulations. J. Chrom. Sci. 2009, 47, Ansari, M. J.; Ahmad, S.; Kohli, K.; Ali, J.; Khar, R. K. Stability-Indicating HPTLC Determination of Curcumin in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Formulations. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2005, 39, Parveen, R.; Baboota, S.; Ahmad, S.; Ali, J.; Ahuja, A. Stability Indicating HPTLC Method for Quantitative Estimation of Silybin in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2010, 24, Kamal, Y. T.; Singh, M.; Parveen, R.; Ahmad, S. Quantitative Estimation of Berberine in Berberis aristata Fruits and in a Traditional Anti-Inflammatory Herbal Tablet Formulation by Validated HPLC Method. Acta Chromatogr. 2011, 23, Adam, P. S.; Peter, W. C. Isocratic and Gradient Elution Chromatography: A Comparison in Terms of Speed, Retention Reproducibility and Quantitation. J. Chromatogr. A. 2006, 1109,

Development and Validation of Improved RP-HPLC method for Identification and Estimation of Ellagic and Gallic acid in Triphala churna

International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN( USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 0974-4290 Vol.2, No.3, pp 1486-1493, July-Sept 2010 Development and Validation of Improved RP-HPLC method for Identification and Estimation