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1 Available online at Life Science Archives (LSA) ISSN: Volume 1; Issue - 2; Year 2015; Page: Research Article MOSQUITO LARVICIDAL PROPERTIES OF Sesamum indicum L. AGAINST Aedes aegypti (Linn.), Anopheles stephensi (Liston), Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) Abstract Mathalaimuthu Baranitharan a, Shanmugam Dhanasekaran* a, Jayapal Gokulakrishnan b, Kaliyamoorthy Krishnappa c and Jayaraman Deepa b a Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar , Tamilnadu, India. b Department of Zoology, Poompuhar College (Autonomous), Melaiyur , Tamilnadu, India. Mosquitocidal activity of S. indicum was tested against three mosquitoes. Twenty five early fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus were exposed to various concentrations ( ppm) and the 24 hrs LC 50 values of the S. indicum extracts were determined by probit analysis determined against Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The LC 50 and LC 90 values of S. indicum methanol extract against Ae. aegypti were , and mg/l, respectively; An. stephensi were , and mg/l, respectively. For Cx. quinquefasciatus were , and mg/l, respectively. The outcome clearly shows that larvicidal activity was dose reliant. From the results it can be concluded the methanol extract of S. indicum was an outstanding potential for controlling the vector mosquito Cx. quinquefasciatus. Article History Received : Revised : Accepted : Key words: Sesamum indicum, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus and Larvicidal activity. 1. Introduction Mosquitoes are one of the mostly significant insect pests that affect the health and welfare of humans and domestic animals worldwide. The most important disease transmitting and nuisance causing mosquitoes belong to the genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex. In India, the various species of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex are important as carriers of diseases, malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and leishmaniasis causing millions of deaths every year in India (William, 2000; * Corresponding author: Shanmugam Dhanasekaran Tel.: bharaniphdresearch@gmail.com Ramesh et al., 2010). The dengue fever incidence has increased fourfold since 1970 and nearly half the world s population is now at risk. In 1990, almost 30% of the world population, 1.5 billion people, lived in regions where the estimated risk of dengue transmission was greater than 50% (Hales et al., 2002). An. stephensi is major malaria vectors in India. With an annual incidence of million, malaria is still one of the most important communicable diseases. Currently, about 40% of the world s population live in areas where malaria is endemic (Werndorfer, 2003). Cx. quinquefasciatus, a vector of lymphatic filariasis, is widely distributed in tropical zones with around 120 million people infected worldwide and 44

2 Mathalaimuthu Baranitharan / Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume 1, Issue 2, Page 72 to 77, million people having common chronic manifestation (Berhard et al., 2003). The mosquito s population is control of some medicinal plants, has been researched for larvicidal activities have been reported that (Elangovan et al., 2012; Elumalai et al., 2012; Krishnappa et al., 2012; Dhanasekaran et al., 2013; Gokulkrishnan et al., 2012; Baranitharan and Dhanasekaran, 2014). Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest crops in the world, and is under cultivation in Asia for over 5000 years (Bisht et al., 1998). The crop has earlier origins in East Africa and in India (Nayar and Mehra, 1970; Bedigian, 2003). Today, India and China are the world's largest producers of sesame, followed by Myanmar, Sudan, Uganda, Nigeria, Pakistan, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Guatemala and Turkey. S. indicum is a very long time flavour; it is first logged plants used for seeds. It has been hand-me-down for thousands of years and it is unmoving an oil seed of worldwide importance. Sesame oil is high in protein and a food used for cooking and spreading on bread, which is similar to butter, but softer and usually made from vegetable fat production and as cooking oils. Noone connected with cooking or kitchen uses includes its application in soap, cosmetics, lubricants and medicines. In India, south site used to smear with oil the body and hair. It is a meal the first-rate feed for poultry and livestock. Sesamolin has insect repellent material and is used as a synergist for pyrethrum pesticides (Morris, 2005). Sesame oil is a pharmaceutical aid used as a solvent for intramuscular injections and has nutritive, demulcent, and emollient properties (Tyler et al., 1976) and has been used as a laxative. 2. Methodology 2.1. Plant collection The leaves of S. indicum are collected from South Poigainallur, Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu, South India. Bulk samples were air-dried in the shade and after drying each sample was ground to a fine powder. At the time of collection, two pressed voucher herbarium specimens were prepared per species and identified with the help of plant taxonomist, Department of Botany, Annamalai University, whenever possible, flowering or fruiting specimens were collected to facilitate taxonomic identification Preparation of the extract The dried leaf (100 g) was powdered mechanically using commercial electrical stainless steel blender and extracted sequentially with ethyl acetate, hexane, dichloromethane and diethyl ether (500 ml, Ranchem), in a Soxhlet apparatus separately until exhaustion. The extract was concentrated under reduced pressure mm Hg at 45 C by Rotavapour and the residue obtained was stored at 4 C Test mosquitoes All tests were carried out against laboratory reared vector mosquitoes viz., Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti), Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus) free of exposure to insecticides and pathogens, Cyclic generations of vector mosquitoes were maintained at o C and 80-90% relative humidity in the insectariums. Larvae were fed on larval food (powdered dog biscuit and yeast in the ratio of 3:1) and adult mosquitoes were periodically blood-fed to restrained albino mice for egg production Larvicidal activity Standard WHO protocol with slight modifications was adopted for the study (WHO, 1996). From the stock solution, the concentration of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm was prepared. Early third instar larvae were introduced in 250 ml plastic cups containing 200 ml of water with each concentration. A control was prepared by the addition of acetone to water. Mortality was recorded after 24 hours. For each experiment, five replicates were maintained at a time. However, when the observed percentage mortality was corrected by Abbott s Formula (Abbott, 1925) Statistical analysis Statistical analysis of the study records was carried out with the help of SPSS (Finney, 1971) to find the LC 50, LC 90, standard deviation (±SD), regression equations.

3 Mathalaimuthu Baranitharan / Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume 1, Issue 2, Page 72 to 77, Results Results of the larvicidal activity of the methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane leaf extract of S. indicum against Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus reported in the present study showed the mosquitocidal properties in the plant signifying their use in mosquito population control (Fig: 1, 2 and 3). Larvicidal activity of methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane leaf extract of S. indicum are shown in Table 1. The present investigation revealed that the LC 50 and LC 90 values of methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extract of S. indicum against Ae. aegypti were , and mg/l; , and mg/l, respectively. The LC 50 and LC 90 values of methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extract of S. indicum against An. stephensi were , and mg/l; , and mg/l, respectively. The LC 50 and LC 90 values of hexane extract of S. indicum against Cx. quinquefasciatus were , and mg/l; , and mg/l, respectively. It is concluded that the highest larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus was obtained with ethyl acetate extract of S. indicum. Fig 2: Mortality of different solvent of S. indicum against An. stephensi Fig - 3: Mortality of different solvent of S. indicum against Cx. quinquefasciatus Fig - 1: Mortality of different solvent of S. indicum against Ae. aegypti 4. Discussion In our results showed that, the chemical composition of S. indicum essential oil have significant larvicidal and repellent activity against human vector malarial mosquitoes, Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The results are comparable with an earlier report by Rahuman et al. (2008) have reported that the LC 50 value of petroleum ether extracts of Jatropha curcas, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Phyllanthus amarus, Euphorbia hirta, and Euphorbia tirucalli were 8.79, 55.26, 90.92, , and 4.25 ppm, respectively, against Ae. aegypti and 11.34, 76.61, , , and 5.52 ppm, respectively, against Cx. quinquefasciatus, and the larvicidal effect of ten plants corresponding to different

4 Mathalaimuthu Baranitharan / Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume 1, Issue 2, Page 72 to 77, botanical families on An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The leaf extract of Solanum trilobatum reduced egg laying by gravid females of An. stephensi from 18% to 99% compared with ethanol-treated controls at 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.075%, and 0.1% (Rajkumar and Jebanesan, 2005). Ansari et al. (2000) suggested that the peppermint oil (M. piperita) showed strong repellent activity against adult mosquitoes when applied on the human skin. The protection obtained against An. annularis, An. culicifacies, and Cx. quinquefasciatus was 100.0%, 92.3%, and 84.5%, respectively. Baranitharan and Dhanasekaran (2014) reported that the larvicidal activity of diethyl ether followed by hexane, benzene and acetone extracts of Coleus aromaticus showed 73.49, and mg/l, respectivey. Baluselvakumar et al. (2012) reported that the methanol plant extract of M. maderaspatana had ovicidal and repellency against Ae. aegypti with the methanol extract of M. maderaspatana exerted 100% egg mortality at 120, 160, 200 and 240 ppm for Ae. aegypti, and a higher concentration of 3.0 mg/cm 2 methanol extract of M. maderaspatana provided 100% protection up to 80, 100,120 and 140 min. Elumalai et al. (2012) reported that the Eranthemum roseum acetone and methanol extracts of LC 50 values of and ppm, it was that 100% mortality was noted from the acetone and methanol extracts of 100 ppm. Baranitharan and Dhanasekaran (2014) investigated that the LC 50 and LC 90 values of ethyl acetate followed by hexane, chloroform and acetone of A. adenophora against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae I-instar in 24 hrs were , , and mg/l; , , and mg/l, respectively. The leaf extract of Citrullus vulgaris with different solvents were tested for repellent activities against A. stephensi (Mullai et al., 2008) and showed that Skin repellent test at 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg per cm 2 concentration gave the mean complete protection time ranged from to minutes with the four different extracts tested. Karunamoorthi et al. (2008) have been reported that the leaves of Echinops sp. (92.47%), O. integrifolia (90.10%), and Oleaeuropaea (79.78%) were also effective and efficient to drive away mosquitoes and the roots of Silene macroserene (93.61%), leaves of Echinops sp. (92.47%), O. integrifolia (90.10%), and O. europaea(79.78%) were exhibited the significant repellency by direct burning. Nathan et al. (2005) considered pure limonoids of neem seed, testing for biological, larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and antiovipositional activity against An. stephensi and the larval mortality was dosedependent with the highest dose of 1 ppm azadirachtin, evoking almost 100% mortality, affecting pupicidal and adulticidal activity and significantly decreased fecundity and longevity of An. stephensi. These results could encourage the search for new active natural compounds offering an alternative to synthetic repellents and insecticides from other medicinal plants. 5. Conclusion During the present study, the methanol, ethyl acetate extract of leaves of S. indicum showed significantly higher larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus. The higher insecticidal potential of leaves extract presents the S. indicum leaves as the rich source of toxic metabolites. Acknowledgements Authors are thankful to the Professor & Head, Department of Zoology and Botany, Annamalai University, Chidambaram. 6. Reference 1) Abbott WS (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Eco Entomol., 18: ) Ansari MA, Vasudevan P, Tandon M, Razdan RK (2000). Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Menthapiperita) oil. Biores Techno 71: ) Baluselvakumar, Gokulakrishnan J, Elumalai K, Dhanasekaran S, Anandan A and Krishnappa K (2012). Mosquito Ovicidal and Repellent activity of Melothria maderaspatana Plant Leaf Extracts against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Int J Rec Sci Res 3: ) Baranitharan M and Dhanasekaran (2014). Mosquito larvicidal properties of Commiphora caudata (Wight &Arn.) (Bursaceae) against

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