Preliminary Marijuana Impacts in Colorado

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1 Preliminary Marijuana Impacts in Colorado Jack K. Reed Colorado Department of Public Safety Division of Criminal Justice Office of Research & Statistics November 10, 2016 Presentation to the Colorado Commission on Criminal and Juvenile Justice

2 Brief History Medical marijuana passed in 2000 and commercialized in 2009 o Mixed system of limited personal growth, caregivers and licensed medical dispensaries Recreational marijuana passed in 2012 and commercialized in 2014 o Allows limited personal growth & licensed retail stores Colorado law passed in 2013 requiring study of impact of legalization CCJJ 11/10/2016 2

3 The USDOJ Cole Memo 1. Prevent distribution of marijuana to minors 2. Prevent revenue from going to criminal enterprises, gangs, and cartels 3. Prevent diversion of marijuana from states where it is legal under state law in some form to other states 4. Prevent state-authorized marijuana activity from being used as a cover or pretext for the trafficking of other illegal drugs or other illegal activity 5. Prevent violence and the use of firearms in the cultivation and distribution of marijuana 6. Prevent DUID and exacerbation of other adverse public health consequences associated with marijuana use 7. Prevent growth on public lands with attendant public safety and environmental damages 8. Prevent marijuana possession or use on Federal property CCJJ 11/10/2016 3

4 National Landscape of Marijuana Laws 20 States: Medical only 8 States & DC: Recreational & Medical 16 States: Cannabidiol only(cbd) Source: National Conference of State Legislatures (2016), CCJJ 11/10/2016 4

5 Public Safety Marijuana-initiated law enforcement contacts Marijuana arrests Crime around marijuana establishments Marijuana-related traffic accidents and DUID Organized crime & money laundering Probation infractions Illegal cultivation on public land Diversion out-of-state Transfer using parcel services CCJJ 11/10/2016 5

6 Marijuana Arrests 14,000 12,894 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 5,385-58% 2, Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Reporting System. CCJJ 11/10/2016 6

7 Marijuana Arrests by Age Group 7,000 6,000 5,000 Total Marijuana Arrests 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000-23% 3,235 3,400 3,125 3,347 2,481 2,277 2,244-49% 1,709 6,312 1,100 1,360-81% 1, to to or older Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Reporting System. CCJJ 11/10/2016 7

8 Marijuana Arrest Rates by Age Group Marijuana arres rate (per 100,000) to to or older Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Reporting System. CCJJ 11/10/2016 8

9 Total Marijuana Arrests by Race/Ethnicity 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, ,343-64% 4,476 4,552 3,396 2,384 1,372 1,590 1,288-46% -41% -36% White Hispanic African-American Other Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Reporting System data. CCJJ 11/10/2016 9

10 Marijuana Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity Marijuana arrest rates (per 100,000) White Hispanic African-American Other Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Reporting System data. CCJJ 11/10/

11 Marijuana Enforcement Pueblo County Pueblo County Sheriff s Office-YTD June 2016 o 39 arrests in 27 homes o Over 5000 plants & 100 pounds of dried product seized o 6 Butane Hash Oil labs o 26 weapons, including an illegally altered assault rifle CCJJ 11/10/

12 Seizures by interdiction state Marijuana seizures originating in Colorado, by interdiction state, Source: El Paso Intelligence Center, National Seizure System (2016) CCJJ 11/10/

13 Fatalities on Colorado Roadways Cannabinoid positive drivers Fatalities with cannabinoid positive drivers Note: A positive test for cannabinoids may be the result of active THC or one of its inactive metabolites and does not necessarily indicate impairment. Source: Data provided by Colorado Department of Transportation, 8/4/ DATA ARE PRELIMINARY AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE CCJJ 11/10/

14 Fatalities on Colorado Roadways, 2015 Alcohol, cannabinoid and other drugs, 8, 2% Cannabinoid and other drugs, 22, 5% Other drugs only, 22, 5% Alcohol and other drugs, 16, 4% Alcohol and cannabinoid, 27, 6% No AOD, 190, 43% Cannabinoid only, 42, 9% 20% of Total Alcohol only, 113, 26% Note: A positive test for cannabinoids may be the result of active THC or one of its inactive metabolites and does not necessarily indicate impairment. Source: Data provided by Colorado Department of Transportation, 8/4/ DATA ARE PRELIMINARY AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE CCJJ 11/10/

15 DUI Citations Colorado State Patrol 4,000 3,500 3, ,500 2, Marijuana only Marijuana & alcohol Marijuana & other drugs Other drugs Alcohol only 1,500 2,806 1,000 2,088 1, YTD 2015 YTD 2016 YTD Source: Colorado State Patrol. Data represent citations from January-July of each year. CCJJ 11/10/

16 Treatment Admissions for DUI 35,000 30,000 27,656 30,637 29,183 25,645 26,204 25,785 27,034 25,743 25,000-7% 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, % 1,165 1,326 1,304 1,446 1,512 1,667 1,869 2, Marijuana primary Alcohol primary Source: Data Provided by Colorado Department of Human Services, Office of Behavioral Health. CCJJ 11/10/

17 Juvenile Probationer THC Test Results 60.0% Percent juvenile testing positive for THC 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 37% 42% 48% 41% 50% 49% 51% 52% 10.0% 0.0% 14 years or less 15 to 17 years Source: Data provided by Colorado State Judicial Department. CCJJ 11/10/

18 Adult Probationer THC Test Results 60.0% Percent adult probationers testing positive for THC 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 33% 32% 32% 34% 21% 20% 20% 22% 14% 13% 13% 14% 0.0% 18 to 25 years 26 to 35 years 36 years or older Source: Data provided by Colorado State Judicial Department CCJJ 11/10/

19 Colorado Youth Diversion to minors Marijuana arrests Comprehensive school information Usage trends Drug-endangered children CCJJ 11/10/

20 High School Student Past 30 Day Marijuana Use Past 30 day marijuana use Source: Data provided by Healthy Kids Colorado Survey prevalence estimates for 2005, 2009, 2011, 2013 & CCJJ 11/10/

21 High School Student Past 30 Day Substance Use Past 30 day marijuana use Past 30 day alcohol use Past 30 day cigarette use Source: Data provided by Healthy Kids Colorado Survey prevalence estimates for 2005, 2009, 2011, 2013 & CCJJ 11/10/

22 Youth (12-17) Past Month Marijuana Use 40.0% 35.0% % reporting use in past 30 days 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Colorado 7.6% 8.1% 9.1% 10.2% 9.9% 10.7% 10.5% 11.2% 12.6% U.S. 6.7% 6.7% 6.7% 7.4% 7.0% 7.6% 7.5% 7.1% 7.2% indicates a statistically significant difference from 2014 with at least a p<.05 Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health. URL: CCJJ 11/10/

23 Marijuana Offenses in Colorado Schools Number of offenses reported 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, ,766 1,980 2,363 1,809 Elementary/secondary school College/University 1,087 Note: "Elementary/secondary school" means that the offense occurred within an elementary or secondary school. "College/University" means that the offense occurred within a college or university. In 2012 there were 43 offenses where the type of school could not be determined. Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Reporting System database. CCJJ 11/10/

24 School Suspension Rate , ,000 Drug suspension rate per 100,000 students Drug suspension rate Total suspension rate 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Total suspension rate per 100,000 students Drug suspension rate Total suspension rate 13,445 13,267 13,618 12,796 12,632 11,542 11,094 10,454 9,301 8,396 9,058 8, Note: Marijuana was broken out separately for the first time in There were 2,657 marijuana suspensions (296 per 100,000 pupils) in that accounted for 63% of all drug suspensions. Source: Colorado Department of Education. CCJJ 11/10/

25 School Expulsion Rate Expulsion rate per 100,000 students Total expulsion rate Drug expulsion rate Total expulsion rate Drug expulsion rate Note: Marijuana was broken out separately for the first time in There were 195 expulsions for marijuana (22 per 100,000 pupils) that accounted for 58% of all drug expulsions. Source: Colorado Department of Education. CCJJ 11/10/

26 School Discipline for Marijuana first year of separate reporting for marijuana 2,657 suspensions for marijuana o 296 marijuana suspensions per 100,000 pupils o 3% of all suspensions o 63% of all drug suspensions 195 expulsions for marijuana o 22 marijuana expulsions per 100,000 pupils o 20% of all expulsions o 58% of all drug expulsions 832 law enforcement (LE) referrals for marijuana o 93 marijuana LE referrals per 100,000 pupils o 22% of all LE referrals o 73% of drug LE referrals Source: Colorado Department of Education. CCJJ 11/10/

27 Public Health Impacts Usage trends by county and race/ethnicity Emergency room visits & Poison Control calls Adverse health impacts Treatment admissions CCJJ 11/10/

28 Young Adult (18-25) Marijuana Usage Rates 40.0% 35.0% % reporting use in past 30 days 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Colorado 21.2% 21.8% 23.4% 24.2% 26.4% 27.3% 26.8% 29.0% 31.2% U.S. 16.4% 16.4% 16.5% 18.4% 17.4% 18.8% 18.9% 18.9% 19.3% indicates a statistically significant difference from 2014 with at least a p<.05 Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health. URL: CCJJ 11/10/

29 Adult (26 and over) Marijuana Usage Rates 40.0% 35.0% Percent reporting use in past 30 days 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Colorado 5.4% 5.8% 6.8% 7.3% 8.9% 8.2% 7.6% 10.1% 12.4% U.S. 4.1% 4.0% 4.1% 4.7% 4.4% 4.8% 5.1% 5.5% 6.1% indicates a statistically significant difference from 2014 with at least a p<.05 Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health. URL: CCJJ 11/10/

30 Hospitalization Trends * Rates per 100, * (Prior to legal medical marijuana) (Medical marijuana legalized) (Medical marijuana commercialized) 2014-June 2015 (Retail marijuana commercialized) Rate per 100,000 hospitalizations with possible marijuana exposures, diagnoses, or billing codes in first three codes. * Indicates statistically significant difference with a p value <.001 Source: Colorado Hospital Association data; analysis provided by Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. CCJJ 11/10/

31 Emergency Department Trends * Rate per 100, (Medical commercialization) 2014-June 2015 (Retail commercialization) Rate per 100,000 emergency department visits with possible marijuana exposures, diagnoses, or billing codes in first three codes. * Indicates statistically significant difference with a p value <.001 Source: Colorado Hospital Association data; analysis provided by Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. CCJJ 11/10/

32 Poison Control Marijuana Exposure Calls Source: Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center. CCJJ 11/10/

33 Contact Information Jack Reed Colorado Division of Criminal Justice 700 Kipling St., Suite 1000 Lakewood, CO CCJJ 11/10/

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