Research Adviser : Dr. Ramon Jason Javier
|
|
- Oswin Jacobs
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effectiveness of Gingko biloba in Increasing Immediate Memory Index Scores of Healthy UERMMMCI Medical Students Using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) Tsang, Kelvin C. Turalba, Frances Gail M. Udani, Cheryll G. Udaundo, Ralph Jayson C. Unabia, Antonio Miguel C. Versoza, Angelica Feliz Y. Villamil, Alejandro Daniel G. Vitan, Daniell Lynn P. Yazon, Keith Stephen B. Research Adviser : Dr. Ramon Jason Javier
2 INTRODUCTION Medical students are required to study a lot and retain as much information as they could. Memory is an important attribute for medical students and finding a means to improve their memory would be beneficial Ginkgo biloba is a common herbal medicine that is thought of to have an effect on memory enhancement. It was reported by The Journal of the American Botanical Council (2006), that Ginkgo biloba ranked 4th in the 2005 top-selling herbal dietary supplements in the United Sates, with around $16.5M in sales. It is one of the most widely prescribed herbal medications in France and Germany for the treatment of a wide range of conditions, one of which is memory impairment (Birks et al 2007). To validate the effect of Ginkgo biloba on memory, there have been researches and studies conducted to prove its efficacy. However, there are not many published research on Ginkgo biloba done in the Philippines.
3 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: Ginkgo biloba Uses have been indicated for asthma, cough, bronchitis, and incontinence. It is also used in clinical studies as treatment of poor circulation, impotence, heart disease, eye disease, tinnitus, chronic cerebral insufficiency, short-term memory loss, brain trauma, depression, dementia and conditions related to senility (Rouse, 1998). According to Rouse (1998), the therapeutic effects depend on synergism of its components rather than a single biologically active compound. These include the active constituent Ginkgolides which is said to interfere with platelet activating factor, and phytochemicals such as flavinoids, bioflavonoids, proanthocyanidins, trilactonic diterpenes and bilabolide (Hanrahan and Olde, 2005). Two important groups of active constituents have been identified: flavonoids (40 types) and terpenoids (Ginkgo lides A, B, C). The flavone glycosides act by scavenging free radicals, which are responsible for lipid peroxidation and cell destruction in Alzheimer s disease, and inhibiting platelet aggregation.
4 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: Ginkgo biloba and Memory Mix (2002) used a 6-week duration of administration of 180mg in a randomized, double-blind, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled clinical trial, which reported a significant improvement on tasks involving delayed free recall and recognition of noncontextual, auditory-verbal material, compared with placebo. Moulton (2001) and Warot (1991) experimented independently on 30 healthy males and females, respectively, and found nonsignificant results upon performing Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) test but found significant results using Sternberg Scanning Test on memory. Rigney (1999) did an investigation on what dosage would have a significant effect on memory and psychomotor performance. The results showed that for acute dosages in cognitive enhancement, 120mg was more pronounced than those given 240mg or placebo.
5 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: Ginkgo biloba and Memory Kennedy et. al (2007) studied the effect of 120mg single dose Ginkgo biloba extract on cognitive performace of healthy young volunteers and found that 120 mg of Ginkgo showed a significant improvement on the quality of memory Elsabagh et al. (2005) studied the differential effects of Ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in 52 and 40 healthy young volunteers respectively. Their results showed that the acute (single) dose of Ginkgo significantly improved performance on the sustained-attention task and pattern recognition memory but there were no effects on working memory, planning and mental flexibility. On the other hand, the subjects who received chronic treatment with Ginkgo did not show any improvement on any of the cognitive tests.
6 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: Ginkgo biloba and Memory Persson et. al (2003) studied the memory enhancing effect of ginseng and Ginkgo on healthy test subjects and found no quantifiable beneficial effects on memory performance in the long term. Solomon et al. (2002) conducted a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on 230 healthy older adults. Their results showed that 120mg Ginkgo biloba did not provide any measurable benefits in memory and/or function to elderly adults with normal healthy cognitive function.
7 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: MEMORY TESTING In an unpublished article, Doctor et al. (2004) assessed the effects of caffeine consumption on the immediate memory index of medical students using Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). The RBANS is a brief neurocognitive battery with four alternate forms, measuring immediate and delayed memory, attention, language, and visuospatial skills. It usually is used as a tool in clinical trials that assess the impact of medication in neurocognitive status. Selective Reminding Test (SRT), Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale III Block Design (WAIS-III BD) and Digit Symbol-Coding (WAIS-III DS) used by Mix and Crews (2002). Rigney et al (1999) used Short-term Memory Test (STM), Immediate and Delayed Recall of Supraspan Word Lists, and Critical Flicker Fusion test (CFF). Subhan and Hindmarch (1984), Warot et al (1991) Choice Reaction Time (CRT), Subjective Ratings of Drug Effect (LARS), and Sternberg Memory Scanning Test.
8 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY A. General: To determine whether intake of Ginkgo biloba causes a significant increase in memory as compared to placebo among UERMMMC First Year and Second Year Medical Students of school year after six (6) weeks of administration of Ginkgo biloba. A. Specific: To evaluate if there was an increase in Index Scores of immediate and delayed memory as tested using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. To test if 240 mg of Ginkgo biloba taken everyday for six (6) weeks significantly increased Index Scores of immediate and delayed memory
9 HYPOTHESIS A. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant improvement in Index scores of immediate and delayed memory between the Placebo group and Ginkgo biloba group after 6 weeks intake of 240 mg Ginkgo biloba, as tested using the RBANS. B. Alternate Hypothesis: Ginkgo biloba causes a significant increase in index scores of immediate and delayed memory between the Placebo group and Ginkgo biloba group after 6 weeks intake of 240 mg Ginkgo biloba, as tested using the RBANS.
10 METHODOLOGY Submission of Research Proposal to Ethics Review Board Approval of Ethics Review Board Recruitment:254 1 st year students and nd year students (Total: 405 UERMMMC students) Included in the study Participants screened using inclusion and exclusion criteria Excluded from the study Given informed consent form With consent (included) Without consent (excluded) Randomization of eligible participants (32 subjects)
11 Methodology continuation Randomization of eligible participants (32 subjects) Placebo group (16 subjects) Ginkgo biloba group (16 subjects) Administered RBANS Pre-test Administered RBANS Pre-test Given Placebo (two capsules OD) Given Ginkgo biloba (120 mg two capsules OD) Administered RBANS Post-test Administered RBANS Post-test RBANS scored by certified psychologist RBANS scored by certified psychologist Statistical Analysis of Scores* Statistical Analysis of Scores* Analysis of Outcome Analysis of Outcome *t-test dependent, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, Mann-Whitney U test
12 DATA AND RESULTS Table 1. Characteristics of Participants Year level First year Second year Mean Age Age Placebo* Ginkgo biloba* p-value p= p= p= Gender Male Female p= p=1.000 *2 dropouts for each group
13 RESULTS Table 2. Summary of Results Showing Mean Index Scores, Standard Deviation, Mean Change and p-value for Placebo Group and Ginkgo biloba Group. TYPE OF MEMORY PLACEBO GINKGO IMMEDIATE Pretest (mean scores) ± ± 9.68 Post test (mean scores) ± ± Mean change 0.14 ± ± p-value p = p = DELAYED Pretest (mean scores) ± ± 7.08 Posttest (mean scores) ± ± Mean change ± ± p-value p = p = 0.139
14 RESULTS Table 3. Comparison of Mean Changes between Placebo Group and Ginkgo biloba Group Group IMMEDIATE MEMORY Mean Change Placebo immediate vs. Mean Change Ginkgo immediate DELAYED MEMORY Mean Change Placebo Delayed vs. Mean Change Ginkgo Delayed p-value p= p= 0.087
15 DISCUSSION Results showed that the mean change of index scores in both the placebo group and Ginkgo biloba group did not show an increase in the immediate and delayed memory. Also, when results from the Ginkgo group were compared with the placebo group, no statistically significant change was noted. Therefore, the researchers accepted the null hypothesis that there was no significant change in index scores between Ginkgo and placebo. These findings coincided with the results obtained by Perrson et al. (2003) and Solomon et al. (2002). These results may be attributed to several external factors, as well as the pharmacokinetics of Ginkgo biloba, that may have had an influence on the participants immediate and delayed memory.
16 DISCUSSION All of the participants in both the placebo group and Ginkgo biloba group were tested using the RBANS for the first time. Encountering the RBANS for the first time may have caused some degree of anxiety or stress in them. This stress may have affected their performance in answering the RBANS. Memory impairment can result from stress (Deffenbacher et al., 2004; Morgan et al., 2004). Stressful events are those that not only elicit arousal (leading to the release of norepinephrine in the basolateral amygdala), but also activate the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis, leading to the release of glucocorticoid stress hormones. Norepinephrine release has been shown to enhance memory (McGaugh, 2004), but over an extended period of time, glucocorticoids can damage brain structures, including the hippocampus, necessary for encoding coherent episodic memories with contextual details (Belanoff, et al. 2001; McEwen and Sapolsky, 1995).
17 DISCUSSION Studies indicate that both long and short term stress have significant effects on learning and memory (Vedhara, 2000). Chronic stress was shown to result in impairment of various mental functions including memory. On the other hand, acutely experienced stress is associated with concurrent improvement of short term memory. These factors were not considered in the study and may have influenced the final outcome of the study especially since the participants took the post test when school started which may have added to their stress. The participants may have been subjected to different levels of stress during the pretest and post test, thus affecting their performance. Participants who had other things to do and were pressed for time may have finished the pretest or post test hurriedly which subsequently may have also affected their index scores.
18 DISCUSSION uniformity of the participants emotional state or mood during the pretest as compared to the post test was not constant and this could have influenced the manner in which they answered or accomplished the subtests of the RBANS. Subsequently, this may have affected their final index scores. Levine and Edelstein (2009) reported that emotion sometimes impairs memory. The intensity of emotional arousal may account for the varying effects of emotion on memory. Emotion can improve memory when there is low to moderate levels of arousal. However, as the intensity of arousal increases, the range of stimuli to which an organism can attend may decrease resulting in poor memory for peripheral information. The negative effect of emotion on memory for peripheral details can be attributed, at least in part, to neglect. If attention is directed toward emotional stimuli, information that is not emotional does not receive as much attention and is less likely to be encoded (Compton, 2003; O hman, Flykt, and Esteves, 2001).
19 DISCUSSION Activities of the participants during the pretest and 6-week intake period may also be a factor. Since this study was started during the summer vacation, there was not much intellectual stimulation and stressors as compared to the regular academic year of medical students. Moreover, not all participants had the same level of intellectual stimulation over the summer. Medical students may possibly be in more stress than other people, affecting their performance negatively; however, they may also be engaged in a greater amount of intellectual stimulation which may work to improve their memory (Nelson, 2005). Despite having the same academic work load, each would have reacted differently to stress and each may have been affected in their performance to a different degree (Melin, 1999). These factors were no longer taken into account during the selection process, and each could have contributed to the confounding of the data and affected the outcome of the study.
20 DISCUSSION five administrators were assigned a number of participants. This may have introduced bias from the way the tests were administered. There may have been differences in the timing between words, speaking volume, and accentuation. Human error and the exactness of administration in each participant may have altered the results. difference in venue or location where the pretest and post test were administered. Participants may have been easily distracted by the environment and noisy surroundings which in turn may have affected their performance in the RBANS. High levels of unavoidable background noise are a major stressor. A number of studies have shown that proximity to noisy airports and busy roads have a measurable negative impact on childrens' ability to concentrate, read and learn (Stansfield, 2005).
21 DISCUSSION Pharmocokinetics of Ginkgo biloba may also have played a role in the results obtained. In a study by Drago et al. (2002), results showed that a dosage of 40 mg BID q12h is accompanied by a significantly longer half-life (t ½ ) and mean residence time (MRT) than a single 80 mg dose OD. The maximum concentration time (Tmax) is 2.3 hrs after administration in both treatments. In this study, 2 capsules of 120mg Ginkgo biloba extract were administered once daily. If the dosing schedule was changed to 120mg capsule twice a day, it may have caused a prolonged half-life of the herbal drug which can allow the drug to work longer inside the body. As a consequence of the once a day dose schedule, the active component flavone glycosides which act by scavenging free radicals (Rouse, 1998) may have had a shorter time in the circulation, thus producing less positive effects on memory.
22 CONCLUSION Results of this study showed that the mean change of index scores for immediate and delayed memory from both placebo group and Ginkgo biloba group were all not significant. This may be attributed to the presence of stress, emotional state, and inadequate intellectual stimulation. Pharmacokinetic properties, specifically the half-life and mean residence time (MRT), of Ginkgo biloba may also have influenced the results. 240 mg of Ginkgo biloba appears to be an inadequate dose and 6 weeks is an insufficient period of intake to produce significant increase in index scores of immediate and delayed memory in both placebo and Ginkgo biloba groups.
23 SCOPE and LIMITATIONS 1. limited to the assessment of the effect of Ginkgo biloba on the immediate and delayed memory of 32 healthy UERMMMC freshmen and sophomore medical students of school year employed a single-blind, randomized controlled trial with only two groups, Placebo group and Ginkgo biloba group. 3. Only one testing tool, RBANS, was utilized to evaluate the selected participant s memory before and after treatment with Ginkgo and placebo capsules. 4. RBANS pre-test was done during April 2009 (summer vacation) and post-test was done in June 2009 (first week of classes).
24 SCOPE and LIMITATIONS 5. In the RBANS, only the participants scores for the following subtests were analyzed in this study: List Learning and Story Memory for immediate memory, and List Recall, List Recognition, Story Recall and Figure Recall (based on Figure Copy) for delayed memory. 6. The effects of Ginkgo biloba on other types of memory or psychological parameters (i.e. cognitive function, IQ, emotions, etc.) were not measured in this study. 7. This study also did not elucidate the influence of Ginkgo on academic performance, as well as its other therapeutic effects (i.e. for stroke, bronchitis, asthma, memory problems or memory loss). 8. Any adverse reaction that occurred during treatment with Ginkgo biloba were noted in this experiment, but the relationship between the drug and the side effects were not examined.
25 SCOPE and LIMITATIONS 9. The researchers did not establish any memory enhancement or changes caused by Ginkgo biloba at different dosages. 10. Moreover, the optimal dosage of Ginkgo biloba that will improve immediate or delayed memory was not investigated. 11. Participants compliance was monitored and ensured through a monitoring card that was provided for each participant to record their intake. They were also reminded via text messaging everyday to take their capsules. 12. Effects of the test drug on memory after administration of the post test were not verified.
26 RECOMMENDATIONS 1. increase the sample size to have more conclusive results. A more diverse target population may also be used, consisting of other of age groups and/or educational levels. 2. Other types of memory, aside from immediate and delayed memory, could also be tested. 3. Administering the drug at different dosages may also be employed to determine the effective dose of Ginkgo biloba that will improve memory. 4. It is also advised to use ready-made or manufactured placebos similar to the Ginkgo capsules to guarantee quality and uniformity. A capsule-making machine or hand capsule filler may also be an alternative.
27 RECOMMENDATIONS 5. In conducting the RBANS, it is recommended to have only one test administrator to limit observer bias. Having a certified psychologist perform all the tests is the best option. 6. It is also recommended to include other subtests of the RBANS such as figure copy and line orientation for visuospatial/constructional memory, picture naming and semantic fluency for language, and digit span and coding for attention. Another testing tool to assess memory, such as Sternberg Scanning test, may also be used. 7. Steps in limiting external factors that affect the study results (i.e. stress, emotional state, intellectual stimulation, compliance) should be incorporated or considered in the experimental design to improve the validity of data.
28 RECOMMENDATIONS 8. Pre- and post-testing must be done in a secluded and quiet room with only the participant and examiner present. 9. The entire experiment must be done during the school year to provide regular intellectual stimulation and to better assess the effect of the test drug on the students memory. 10. It is also recommended that the researchers administer the capsules to the participants during schooldays for better compliance.
29 Inclusion Criteria (1) male and female students 19 to 35 years old (2) 1 st year and 2 nd year UERMMMC medical students enrolled in the 2 nd semester of SY (3) students who signed the informed consent form or those who were willing to participate in the study. Exclusion Criteria (1) allergic to plant extracts or herbal supplements (2) using medications such as NSAIDS, Aspirin, Warfarin, and contraceptive pills (3) with any life-threatening disease such as diabetes mellitus, heart problems, bleeding problems, and seizures (4) currently pregnant or have plans of getting pregnant within the next 6 months (5) failing in their pre-final or final grades in two or more subjects (6) not enrolling for the first semester of school year (7) going on leave of absence (LOA) during the first semester of school year
30
31
32 Ginkgo biloba capsules
33 PLACEBO capsules
34 RBANS Record Form A
35 RBANS Record Form B
36 Immediate Memory List learning Story memory Delayed Memory List recall List recognition Story recall Figure recall (based on figure copy)
21/05/2018. Today s webinar will answer. Presented by: Valorie O Keefe Consultant Psychologist
Today s webinar will answer. 1. What is the RBANS, and how is the updated version different than the original version? 2. What are the neurocognitive areas assessed by the RBANS and what scores are available?
More informationCRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER
CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER Kesler, S., Hadi Hosseini, S. M., Heckler, C., Janelsins, M., Palesh, O., Mustian, K., & Morrow, G. (2013). Cognitive training for improving executive function in chemotherapy-treated
More informationM P---- Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist / Neuropsychologist
M------- P---- Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist / Neuropsychologist NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION Name: Date of Birth: Date of Evaluation: 05-28-2015 Tests Administered: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Fourth
More informationCHAPTER 5 NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ALZHEIMER S DISEASE
CHAPTER 5 NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ALZHEIMER S DISEASE 5.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND Neuropsychological assessment plays a crucial role in the assessment of cognitive decline in older age. In India, there
More informationEuropean Prevention of Alzheimer s Dementia (EPAD)
European Prevention of Alzheimer s Dementia (EPAD) Ron Marcus, MD ISCTM Adaptive Design Workshop February 20, 2018 1 EPAD Goal The European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia (EPAD) project aims to develop
More informationNeuropsychological Evaluation of
Neuropsychological Evaluation of Alzheimer s Disease Joanne M. Hamilton, Ph.D. Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer s Disease Research Center Department of Neurosciences University of California, San Diego Establish
More informationCognitive Level of Analysis - Cognition and Emotions
Camden E. Gaultney Year 12 IB Higher Level Psychology Ms. Cruz The 16th of April, 2012 Cognitive Level of Analysis - Cognition and Emotions The Learning Outcome #30: To what extent do cognitive and biological
More informationBrief Report. Does Modafinil Enhance Cognitive Performance in Young Volunteers Who Are Not Sleep-Deprived?
Brief Report Does Modafinil Enhance Cognitive Performance in Young Volunteers Who Are Not Sleep-Deprived? Delia C. Randall, BSc,*y Aparna Viswanath,* Punam Bharania,* Sarah M. Elsabagh, BSc,* David E.
More informationRanking Nutritional Supplements Botanical Medicine Primary
Your Monthly Update Dear Colleague Welcome to the October newsletter from Pure Bio Ltd. Did you know...? The UK organic market grew by 30% and averaged sales of 7million a week in 2005! Our topic for this
More informationEpilepsy and Neuropsychology
Epilepsy and Neuropsychology Dr. Sare Akdag, RPsych Neuropsychology Service, BC Children s Hospital Clinical Assistant Professor, Dept of Paediatrics, UBC November 24, 2008 BC Epilepsy Society Lecture
More informationLearning Outcome: To what extent do cognitive and biological factors interact in emotion?
Learning Outcome: To what extent do cognitive and biological factors interact in emotion? Schachter & Singer 1962: Two Factor Theory Aim: to challenge several theories of emotion and test the two factor
More informationSummary of the risk management plan (RMP) for Duloxetine Lilly (duloxetine)
EMA/674705/2014 Summary of the risk management plan (RMP) for Duloxetine Lilly (duloxetine) This is a summary of the risk management plan (RMP) for Duloxetine Lilly which details the measures to be taken
More informationCRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP)
CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP) FOCUSED QUESTION Does occupational therapy with sensory integration (OT-SI) better improve attention, cognitive and social, sensory, or behavioral problems than an activity
More informationUsing Neuropsychological Experts. Elizabeth L. Leonard, PhD
Using Neuropsychological Experts Elizabeth L. Leonard, PhD Prepared for Advocate. Arizona Association for Justice/Arizona Trial Lawyers Association. September, 2011 Neurocognitive Associates 9813 North
More informationAPPENDIX A TASK DEVELOPMENT AND NORMATIVE DATA
APPENDIX A TASK DEVELOPMENT AND NORMATIVE DATA The normative sample included 641 HIV-1 seronegative gay men drawn from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Subjects received a test battery consisting
More informationCRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP)
CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP) Friedmann, E., Galik, E., Thomas, S. A, Hall, P. S, Chung, S. Y., & McCune, S. (2015). Evaluation of a pet-assisted living intervention for improving functional status
More informationAdaptive Design in CIAS
Adaptive Design in CIAS or If you don t know where you re going, any road will get you there Michael Sand, PhD, MPH Senior Clinical Program Leader, CNS Boehringer Ingelheim Disclosures I m an employee
More informationInterpreting change on the WAIS-III/WMS-III in clinical samples
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 16 (2001) 183±191 Interpreting change on the WAIS-III/WMS-III in clinical samples Grant L. Iverson* Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook
More informationIntelligence What is intelligence? Intelligence Tests and Testing
1 2 3 4 1 2 Intelligence What is intelligence? What you know or how well you learn? Psychologist disagree. INTELLIGENCE Is the cognitive abilities (thinking, reasoning, and problem solving) of a person
More informationIs Ginkgo biloba a cognitive enhancer in healthy individuals? A meta-analysis
human psychopharmacology Hum. Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 2012; 27: 527 533. Published online 24 September 2012 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).2259 REVIEW ARTICLE Is Ginkgo biloba a cognitive
More informationParticipant Information Sheet Ethics Approval - UQ HREC and QUT HREC
Participant Information Sheet Ethics Approval - UQ HREC 2017000186 and QUT HREC 1700001111 Project Title: A randomised placebo controlled clinical trial investigating the role of a combination of probiotics
More informationalternate-form reliability The degree to which two or more versions of the same test correlate with one another. In clinical studies in which a given function is going to be tested more than once over
More informationCHAPTER 8 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
CHAPTER 8 1 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN LEARNING OBJECTIVES 2 Define confounding variable, and describe how confounding variables are related to internal validity Describe the posttest-only design and the pretestposttest
More informationSTRESS, MEMORY AND BOSNIAN WAR VETERANS
& STRESS, MEMORY AND BOSNIAN WAR VETERANS Aida Sarač Hadžihalilović ¹*, Amela Kulenović¹, Abdulah Kučukalić² ¹ Department for Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Čekaluša 90, 71000 Sarajevo,
More informationProcess of a neuropsychological assessment
Test selection Process of a neuropsychological assessment Gather information Review of information provided by referrer and if possible review of medical records Interview with client and his/her relative
More informationThe Role of Emotion Suppression in Reaction Time and Threat Response During Highly Intense Stress. Alan Neider Briarcliff High School
The Role of Emotion Suppression in Reaction Time and Threat Response During Highly Intense Stress Alan Neider Briarcliff High School Purpose/Introduction This experiments goal was to determine the role
More informationNEUROCOGNITIVE, OUTCOMES IN PKU: IT S TIME TO RAISE THE BAR
NEUROCOGNITIVE, OUTCOMES IN : IT S TIME TO RAISE THE BAR KEY POINTS 1. High Phenylalanine (Phe) levels harm the brain.. Traditional therapies do not completely protect individuals with. 3. New approaches
More informationAn Introduction to the CBS Health Cognitive Assessment
An Introduction to the CBS Health Cognitive Assessment CBS Health is an online brain health assessment service used by leading healthcare practitioners to quantify and objectively 1 of 9 assess, monitor,
More informationEfficacy and safety of a Ginkgo biloba extract
Public Health Nutrition: 3(4A), 495±499 495 Efficacy and safety of a Ginkgo biloba extract PL Le Bars 1,2, * and J Kastelan 2,3 1 New York University Medical Center, New York, USA: 2 Memory Centers of
More informationTerm Paper: Ginkgo Biloba s Influence on Memory and Cognition
1 Term Paper: Ginkgo Biloba s Influence on Memory and Cognition 2 Introduction The aging process is inevitable. Over time our bodies and the functions they provide start to decline in many aspects. Cognitive
More informationGINKGO BILOBA. Ingrid Bergman said, Happiness is good health and a bad memory. But a healthy, happy life is one worth remembering.
GINKGO BILOBA Don t forget herbal help. Enerex Ginkgo Biloba contains the potent memory-boosting standardized extract and the powdered leaf of the Ginkgo Biloba plant for maximum medicinal benefit. Ginkgo
More informationBeyond the Psychologist s Report. Nancy Foster, PhD Institute for Brain-Behavior Integration
Beyond the Psychologist s Report human mental processes are complex functional systems that are not localized in narrow, circumscribed areas of the brain, but take place through the participation of groups
More informationService Related Project. Kimberley Keegan
AN EVALUATION OF ADDENBROOKE S COGNITIVE EXAMINATION III (ACE-III) SCORES, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT SCORES, AND DIAGNOSIS OUTCOME WITHIN A MEMORY SERVICE. Service Related Project Kimberley Keegan
More informationGinkgo biloba. Ginkgo - JAMA article. Ginkgo biloba. Botanical Aspects History Chemistry
Botanical Aspects History Chemistry Ginkgo biloba bioflavonoid glycosides quercetin, kaempherol, isorhamnetin terpenoids Ginkgolides A,B,C,J bilobalide Ginkgo biloba Pharmacology antioxidant anti platelet
More informationPhysiological benefits. Evidence. Risks of HBO. Evidence. HBO or NBO for acute CO poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial
* This presentation is prepared by the author in one s personal capacity for the purpose of academic exchange and does not represent the views of his/her organisations on the topic discussed. Hyperbaric
More informationTests/subtests that may capture this skill a,b. How it might look in school or in the home c Response inhibition
Executive Skill How the skill may appear in testing situations Tests/subtests that may capture this skill a,b Where it might be seen on a behavior rating scale b How it might look in school or in the home
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF GINKGO BILOBA ON MEMORY, REACTION TIME, AND MOOD. Emily Katherine Qualls
THE EFFECTS OF GINKGO BILOBA ON MEMORY, REACTION TIME, AND MOOD by Emily Katherine Qualls B.A., The University of West Florida, 2004 A thesis submitted to the Department of Psychology College of Arts and
More informationTraumatic Brain Injury for VR Counselors Margaret A. Struchen, Ph.D. and Laura M. Ritter, Ph.D., M.P.H.
Training Session 3a: Understanding Roles of Members of the Interdisciplinary Treatment Team, Evaluations by Team Members and the Utility of Evaluations Conducted by such Team Members. The Interdisciplinary
More informationEXPERIENTIAL STRESS RELIEF & ENHANCED COGNITIVE FUNCTION
EXPERIENTIAL STRESS RELIEF & ENHANCED COGNITIVE FUNCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS Presentation Overview OVERVIEW Highlights Safety SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION Clinical Efficacy Effects on Cognitive Function,, Stress
More informationMental Imagery. What is Imagery? What We Can Imagine 3/3/10. What is nature of the images? What is the nature of imagery for the other senses?
Mental Imagery What is Imagery? What is nature of the images? Exact copy of original images? Represented in terms of meaning? If so, then how does the subjective sensation of an image arise? What is the
More informationCOGNITIVE ALTERATIONS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE K K L E E
COGNITIVE ALTERATIONS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE K K L E E Attention Problem Solving Language Cognitive Domains Decision Making Memory Reasoning The Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study shows higher S
More informationDown Syndrome Cognition Research: Memory and Sleep
Down Syndrome Cognition Research: Memory and Sleep Shon Christy Committee Member LuMind Foundation Dr. Jamie Edgin Assistant Professor of Psychology University of Arizona Today s Agenda Welcome Overview
More informationRelaxation and Stress Management Through Meditation. Dennis Abreu AM LCSW
Relaxation and Stress Management Through Meditation Dennis Abreu AM LCSW OBJECTIVES Early Childhood Suspension and Expulsion What is Stress Effects of stress on Central Nervous System Effects of Stress
More informationMild Cognitive Impairment
Mild Cognitive Impairment Victor W. Henderson, MD, MS Departments of Health Research & Policy (Epidemiology) and of Neurology & Neurological Sciences Stanford University Director, Stanford Alzheimer s
More informationMemory Retraining with Adult Male Alcoholics
Archives of C/inica/ Neuropsychology, Vol. 4, pp. 227-232. 1989 0887.6177189 $3.00 +.oo Printed in the USA. All rights reserved. Copyright 0 1989 National Academy of Neuropsychologists Memory Retraining
More informationPackage Insert. Cognitin
Package Insert Cognitin Product Summary 1. Name of the medicinal product Cognitin 2. Qualitative and quantitative composition Each film coated tablet contains extract 60 mg 5mg 3. Pharmaceutical form Film
More informationNeuropsychological Performance in Cannabis Users and Non-Users Following Motivation Manipulation
University at Albany, State University of New York Scholars Archive Psychology Honors College 5-2010 Neuropsychological Performance in Cannabis Users and Non-Users Following Motivation Manipulation Michelle
More informationTable 7.2B: Summary of Select Screening Tools for Assessment of Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Stroke Patients
Table 7.2B: Summary of Select Screening Tools for Assessment of Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Stroke Patients Recommended First Line Screening and s Montreal Cognitive (MoCA) The MoCA is available for
More informationVaitsa Giannouli Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Nikolaos Syrmos Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
15 A 2-YEAR PRELIMINARY LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING IN HASHIMOTO S THYROIDITIS UNDER LEVOTHYROXINE TREATMENT: ONLY TRAIL MAKING TEST IS MAKING A DIFFERENCE Vaitsa Giannouli Bulgarian
More informationCRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP)
CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP) Godefroy, O., Fickl, A., Roussel, M., Auribault, C., Bugnicourt, J. M., Lamy, C., Petitnicolas, G. (2011). Is the Montreal cognitive assessment superior to the mini-mental
More informationInternal Use The form of MSM available for internal use is powder or crystalline, but can be mixed in food or beverages if you prefer.
MSM USAGE GUIDE How to Use MSM Which MSM should I use? There are certain grades of MSM that are used for livestock consumption. However, you want to look for MSM manufactured under the name "Pure MSM".
More informationSection Editor Steven T DeKosky, MD, FAAN Kenneth E Schmader, MD
Prevention of dementia Author Daniel Press, MD Michael Alexander, MD Section Editor Steven T DeKosky, MD, FAAN Kenneth E Schmader, MD Deputy Editor Janet L Wilterdink, MD Last literature review version
More informationRecognizing and Managing the Emotional Aspects of Parkinson s. Pamela R. Palmentera, LCSW Coordinator & Clinical Social Worker
Recognizing and Managing the Emotional Aspects of Parkinson s Pamela R. Palmentera, LCSW Coordinator & Clinical Social Worker Sensory information from the one hemisphere crosses over to the other side
More informationGOVERNMENT GAZETTE OF THE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA. N$2.00 WINDHOEK - 6 March 2009 No. 4218
GOVERNMENT GAZETTE OF THE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA N$2.00 WINDHOEK - 6 March 2009 No. 4218 CONTENTS Page GOVERNMENT NOTICES No. 30 No. 31 No. 32 Regulations relating to scope of practice of clinical psychologists
More informationNeuropsychological Evaluations of Capacity STEVEN E. ROTHKE, PH.D., ABPP HAYLEY AMSBAUGH, M.S.
Neuropsychological Evaluations of Capacity STEVEN E. ROTHKE, PH.D., ABPP HAYLEY AMSBAUGH, M.S. Qualifications of Neuropsychologists Doctoral degree in psychology from an accredited university training
More informationASHA Comments* (ASHA Recommendations Compared to DSM-5 Criteria) Austism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
DSM-5 (Criteria and Major Changes for SLP-Related Conditions) Individuals meeting the criteria will be given a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder with three levels of severity based on degree of support
More informationCRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP)
CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP) Shin, J., Bog Park, S., & Ho Jang, S. (2015). Effects of game-based virtual reality on healthrelated quality of life in chronic stroke patients: A randomized, controlled
More informationTable 1: Summary of measures of cognitive fatigability operationalised in existing research.
Table 1: Summary of measures of cognitive fatigability operationalised in existing research. Candidate Mmeasures Studies Procedure Self-reported fatigue measure Key Findings The auditory As and auditory
More informationUNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH LONG TERM GRANT APPLICATION Budget Worksheet
UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH LONG TERM GRANT APPLICATION Budget Worksheet BUDGET ITEM Department or College Funds Outside Agency Funds Personal Funds Undergrad. Research Funds GRAND TOTAL Materials $3,238.00
More informationThe Five-Point Test: Reliability, Validity and Normative Data for Children and Adults
The Five-Point Test: Reliability, Validity and Normative Data for Children and Adults Lara Tucha 1 *, Steffen Aschenbrenner 2, Janneke Koerts 1, Klaus W. Lange 3 1 Department of Clinical and Developmental
More informationSponsor. Generic Drug Name. Trial Indication(s) Protocol Number. Protocol Title. Clinical Trial Phases. Study Start/End Dates
Sponsor Novartis Generic Drug Name Lumiracoxib Trial Indication(s) Safety study effects on small bowel Protocol Number CCOX189A2425 Protocol Title A 16-day, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled,
More informationSnohomish Middle School 321 West B Street Snohomish, Wa Initial Evaluation
Angela Deering 6 th grade DOB: 1/17/1999 Age 11 Snohomish Middle School 321 West B Street Snohomish, Wa 98297 Initial Evaluation Evaluation Team: Sarah Pemble, School Psychologist Nurse Miles Ms. Truman,
More informationCan aspirin slow cognitive decline and the onset of dementia? The ASPREE study. Mark Nelson on behalf of ASPREE Investigators
Can aspirin slow cognitive decline and the onset of dementia? The ASPREE study. Mark Nelson on behalf of ASPREE Investigators ASPREE Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for extending healthy
More informationTEST QUESTIONS FOR CM Home Study Course SKILLED EMPATHY Course Code: SKE
TEST QUESTIONS FOR CM Home Study Course SKILLED EMPATHY Course Code: SKE 24 Hours for CRC, CCM and CDMS 24 Hours for California RN Continuing Education. No partial credit will be given by CM Home Study.
More informationASK IF NAMZARIC MAY BE RIGHT FOR THEM.
IF YOUR LOVED ONE WITH MODERATE ALZHEIMER S IS TAKING DONEPEZIL 10 MG, ASK IF NAMZARIC MAY BE RIGHT FOR THEM. Once-daily NAMZARIC is a prescription medicine approved to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer
More informationBRAIN HEMORRHAGE RECOVERY CHANCES PDF
19 May, 2018 BRAIN HEMORRHAGE RECOVERY CHANCES PDF Document Filetype: PDF 142.42 KB 0 BRAIN HEMORRHAGE RECOVERY CHANCES PDF Rhiannon Prytherch from Derby was told she had a very slim chance of survival
More informationCancer and Cognitive Functioning: Strategies for Improvement
Cancer and Cognitive Functioning: Strategies for Improvement Myron Goldberg, Ph.D., ABPP-CN Clinical Neuropsychologist Director, Neuro-Rehabilitation Program Department of Rehabilitation Medicine University
More informationChapter 11. Major Characteristics of CAM. Research. CAM Healing Methods. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) CAM Healing Methods (continued)
Chapter 11 Herbal and Alternative Therapies Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Considered outside mainstream health care Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Major Characteristics
More informationTREVOCA Dietary Supplement
TREVOCA Dietary Supplement Health Channels Innovators Inc. www.trevoca.org Modern day man is faced with the following situation / conditions Stress / pressures / multi-tasks (No more time for sleep, rest,
More informationWEBINAR SERIES: AGING IN INDIVIDUALS WITH INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES
WEBINAR SERIES: AGING IN INDIVIDUALS WITH INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 1 CMS Medicare-Medicaid Coordination Office (MMCO) Established by Section 2602 of the Affordable Care Act Purpose:
More informationMemory and Cognition. Anthony Mander Lancaster House Oldham
Memory and Cognition Anthony Mander Lancaster House Oldham manderanthony@hotmail.com Three stages of memory Encoding Put in memory Storage Maintain in memory Retrieval Recover from memory Memory Short-Term
More information2. Area of the brain affected by the seizures.
Learning Through Storms When discussing learning, we sometimes refer to cognition, or one s ability to think, learn and use information. Seizures can impact cognition, learning and behaviour in a variety
More informationPlease list medications and dosage (including non-prescriptions) you are currently taking or have taken recently:
Name: DOB: Today s Date: Primary Care Doctor: Referring Physician: What is the primary reason for today s visit? Medical History Please list medications and dosage (including non-prescriptions) you are
More informationConsolidating working memory: Enhancing cognitive performance through effective encoding
Consolidating working memory: Enhancing cognitive performance through effective encoding Donna Bayliss Neurocognitive Development Unit School of Psychology University of Western Australia 1 Consolidation
More informationNutrition and Aging. Janet Bryan, Eva Calvaresi 3 and Donna Hughes
Nutrition and Aging Short-Term Folate, Vitamin B-12 or Vitamin B-6 Supplementation Slightly Affects Memory Performance But Not Mood in Women of Various Ages 1,2 Janet Bryan, Eva Calvaresi 3 and Donna Hughes
More informationClinical Study Reports (Uncontrolled studies)
Clinical Study Reports (Uncontrolled studies) Clinical Study Report Study 1 Study Title Clinical Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Kilose Capsule on Obesity: An Open Clinical Trial Test Facility M.S.
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL DOMAIN-SPECIFIC COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN PATIENTS WITH COPD AND CONTROL SUBJECTS
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL DOMAIN-SPECIFIC COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN PATIENTS WITH COPD AND CONTROL SUBJECTS Fiona A.H.M. Cleutjens, Frits M.E. Franssen, Martijn A. Spruit, Lowie E.G.W. Vanfleteren, Candy Gijsen,
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Sun LS, Li G, Miller TLK, et al. Association between a single general anesthesia exposure before age 36 months and neurocognitive outcomes in later childhood. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.6967
More informationMethod. NeuRA Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder April 2016
Introduction Schizophrenia is characterised by positive, negative and disorganised symptoms. Positive symptoms refer to experiences additional to what would be considered normal experience, such as hallucinations
More informationThe Flynn effect and memory function Sallie Baxendale ab a
This article was downloaded by: [University of Minnesota] On: 16 August 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 917397643] Publisher Psychology Press Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationTest Assessment Description Ref. Global Deterioration Rating Scale Dementia severity Rating scale of dementia stages (2) (4) delayed recognition
Table S. Cognitive tests used in the Georgia Centenarian Study. Test Assessment Description Ref. Mini-Mental State Examination Global cognitive performance A brief screening of orientation, memory, executive
More informationDementia: your questions answered
Dementia: your questions answered Dementia: your questions answered This booklet gives answers to some commonly-asked questions about Alzheimer s disease and other dementias. Contents The basics 04 Questions
More informationMr. Benjamin Walters ( or ext. 1333) AP Psychology Office Hours: Smart Lunch. Course Description:
Mr. Benjamin Walters ( Bwalters@iss.k12.nc.us or 704-799-8555 ext. 1333) AP Psychology Office Hours: Smart Lunch Course Description: The purpose of the AP course in Psychology is to introduce the systematic
More informationDepartment of Public Welfare PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT REPORT
Department of Public Welfare PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT REPORT The purpose of this report is to outline the information needed to make a disability determination. This is not a required format; however,
More informationRapidly-administered short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 3rd edition
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 22 (2007) 917 924 Abstract Rapidly-administered short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 3rd edition Alison J. Donnell a, Neil Pliskin a, James Holdnack
More informationThe Nervous System. Neuron 01/12/2011. The Synapse: The Processor
The Nervous System Neuron Nucleus Cell body Dendrites they are part of the cell body of a neuron that collect chemical and electrical signals from other neurons at synapses and convert them into electrical
More informationHow should you study for Friday's exam?
How should you study for Friday's exam? re-read textbook? re-read lecture slides? study guide? NO! these are passive. Use active study. Test yourself by Take the practice quizzes in Moodle Create your
More informationThe ABCs of Dementia Diagnosis
The ABCs of Dementia Diagnosis Dr. Robin Heinrichs, Ph.D., ABPP Board Certified Clinical Neuropsychologist Associate Professor, Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Director of Neuropsychology Training What
More informationCRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP)
CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP) FOCUSED QUESTION For older adults living in long-stay institutions such as nursing homes, is a 12-week ballroom dancing program effective at improving postural balance
More informationConcurrent validity of WAIS-III short forms in a geriatric sample with suspected dementia: Verbal, performance and full scale IQ scores
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 20 (2005) 1043 1051 Concurrent validity of WAIS-III short forms in a geriatric sample with suspected dementia: Verbal, performance and full scale IQ scores Brian L.
More informationCRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER
CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER FOCUSED QUESTION For individuals with memory and learning impairments due to traumatic brain injury, does use of the self-generation effect (items self-generated by the subject)
More information3. Read the study by Grant. Underline psychology key words and add them to your glossary. 4. Make detailed notes on the study
Getting ready to study Psychology: 1. Read the study by Loftus and Palmer. Underline psychology key words and look up what they mean. Get yourself a small exercise book and start to make a glossary. 2.
More informationRESEARCH OBJECTIVE(S) List study objectives.
CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP) Zickefoose, S., Hux, K., Brown, J., & Wulf, K. (2013). Let the games begin: A preliminary study using Attention Process Training-3 and Lumosity brain games to remediate
More informationNEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT S A R A H R A S K I N, P H D, A B P P S A R A H B U L L A R D, P H D, A B P P
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT S A R A H R A S K I N, P H D, A B P P S A R A H B U L L A R D, P H D, A B P P NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION A method of examining the brain; abnormal behavior is linked to
More informationNeuropsychology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Neuropsychology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Ronna Fried, Ed.D. Director of Neuropsychology in the Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts
More informationAP Psychology Scoring Components Page(s)
Scoring Components SC1 The course provides instruction in history and approaches. 5 SC2 The course provides instruction in research methods used in psychological science, practice and ethics. 3 SC3 The
More informationEffects of Systematic Neurocognitive Rehabilitation after Moderate to Severe TBI- Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of Systematic Neurocognitive Rehabilitation after Moderate to Severe TBI- Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial Fofi Constantinidou, Ph.D., CCC-SLP KIOS Luncheon Series, March 6, 2009 fofic@ucy.ac.cy
More informationIntroduction to Long-Term Memory
Introduction to Long-Term Memory Psychology 355: Cognitive Psychology Instructor: John Miyamoto 04/26/2018: Lecture 05-4 Note: This Powerpoint presentation may contain macros that I wrote to help me create
More information10/15/2018. Taking Autism to the Library. Definition: What causes autism. The exact cause of autism is not known.
Before we begin: Please sign in Fill out the first 3 questions in the evaluation Presented by Kathleen Dolbee, ASNC Autism Resource Specialist kdolbee@autismsociety-nc.org (828 506-6788 Taking Autism to
More informationWhat s Wrong With My Client: Understanding Psychological Testing in Order to Work Effectively With Your Expert
What s Wrong With My Client: Understanding Psychological Testing in Order to Work Effectively With Your Expert Common Standardized, Norm Referenced Psychological Tests: Diagnostic ( Personality ) Tests:
More information