Neem and Entomophages: Impact and Strategies in Pest Management. Dr. S. Raguraman Professor Tamil Nadu Agricultural University India

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1 Neem and Entomophages: Impact and Strategies in Pest Management Dr. S. Raguraman Professor Tamil Nadu Agricultural University India

2 Is neem a a good combiner with entomophages in IPM? Yes! No? Yes!!

3 Quotable Quotes Neem products and parasitoids are perfect combiners in terms of IPM in rice - Saxena (1989) Neem seed kernel water extract is the best product of neem in containing the population of insect pests and in sparing the natural enemies - Schmutterer (1990) Neem seed extracts can be combined with natural enemies in the management of insect pests by understanding the biological effects on them - Raguraman (1993) Derivatives of neem are unlikely to cause substantial environmental damage and these products appear safer than synthetic neurotoxins - Stark (2004) Neem and bioagents are nature s s twin gifts to mankind for their utility in the IPM - Opender Koul (2004) In the new millennium, integrated biological control includes natural enemies vis-à-vis other biopesticides synchronizing with ecological and behavioural aspects of insect pests - Raguraman & Opender Koul (2004)

4 Entomophages Parasitoids Egg parasitoids Larval parasitoids Pupal parasitoids Predators Insects Spiders

5 Parasitoids Egg parasitoids Telenomus remus Trichogramma chilonis Trichogramma pretiosum Gryon fulviventre Larval Parasitoids Diaraetiella rapae Aphidius cerasicola Bracon hebetor Diadegma semiclausum Cotesia glomerata Pupal parasitoid Tetrastichus israeli

6 How to test the NEEM on Entomophages? IOBC Method Laboratory Toxicity Semi field Field Toxicity Recovery Recovery But laboratory studies should include Oviposition deterrent effect Choice study No choice study Feeding deterrent Effect Toxicity Choice study No choice study Feeding Contact Sterility effects Single generation F2, F3.. Growth inhibitory effects Pre-treatment Post-treatment treatment

7 Neem & Egg Parasitoids

8 Neem and Egg Parasitoids 1. Telenomus remus Aqueous NSKE 2% Positive effect Joshi et al. (1982) 2. Trichogramma pretiosum NSKE 2.5% & 3% Negative effect Klemm and Schmutterer (1993) 3. T. pretiosum NSK based extract: NIM-20 Positive effect Cano and Gladstone (1994) 4. Trichogramma chilonis Aqueous, ethanolic and hexane extracts of 0.3 to 5.0 % Both positive and Negative effects Raguraman (1993) 5. T. chilonis NeemAzal-F F (1ml/lit), NeemAzal-T/S, NSKE 5% Positive effect Saikia and Parameshwaran (2001) 6. T. chilonis Nimbecidine R 4 ml/l Positive effect Jalali and Singh (2003) 7. T. chilonis NSKE 5% Positive effect Thirumurugan & Koodalingam (2005) 8. Gryon fulviventre NSKE 5% Positive effect Mitchell et al. (2005)

9 Behavioural and Physiological Effects of Neem on Egg Parasitoid

10 Oviposition Deterrent Effect T. chilonis Choice Test

11 Oviposition Deterrent Effect T. chilonis No Choice Test

12 Feeding Deterrent Effect T. chilonis Choice Test

13 Feeding Deterrent Effect T. chilonis No Choice Test

14 Toxicity T. chilonis Feeding and Contact tests

15 Sterility & Growth Inhibitory Effects T. chilonis Via Feeding Via Contact

16 Growth Inhibitory Effects T. chilonis Post-treatment treatment of Eggs

17 Neem & Larval Parasitoids

18 Neem and Larval Parasitoids 1. Diaraetiella rapae, Aphidius cerasicola NSKE 5% Positive effect Schauer(1985) 2. Bracon hebetor Neem oil 5% Positive effect Jhansi and Sundarababu (1987) 3. B. hebetor Aqueous, ethanolic and hexane extracts of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.5 & 5.0% Both positive and negative effects Raguraman (1993) 4. B. hebetor Repelin and Neemguard Positive effect at lower concentration Srinivasa Babu et al. (1996) 5. Diadegma semiclausum NSKE 0.1-5% Positive effect Schneider and Madel (1991) 6. Cotesia glomerata Higher concentration (40 ppm) of azadirachtin and Aza. Free fraction and 50 and 100 ppm of enriched product Negative effect Schmutterer (1992) 7. C. glomerata Agroneem (4.8 mg a.i./l) Neemix (20 mg a.i/l) Ecozin (20 mg a.i/l) Positive effect Haseeb et al. (2005)

19 Behavioural and Physiological Effects of Neem on Larval Parasitoid

20 Oviposition Deterrent Effect B. hebetor Choice Test

21 Oviposition Deterrent Effect B. hebetor No Choice Test

22 Growth Inhibitory Effects B. hebetor Treatment of parasitoid grubs / host larvae

23 Neem & Predatory Insects and Spiders

24 Predatory Insects Insects Earwig Cricket Forficula auricularia Metioche vittaticollis True bugs Ants Beetles Syrphid Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Contarinia sorghicola Orius sp Ectatomma vuridum Coccinella undecimpunctata Chielomenes sexmaculata Brumoides suturalis Scymnus sp Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Hippodamia variegata Episyrphus balteatus Lacewings Chrysopa scelestes Chrysoperla carnea

25 Neem and True bugs 1. Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Neem oil 3% NSKE 5% Positive effect Fernandez et al (1992) 2. Orius majusculus Neemazal-T/S (1:200, 1:100, 1:50) Positive effect at lower dose Drescher and Madel (1995) 3. Microvelia caliginosus Neem-Amin EC Stardoor B.P. 20/S Negative effect Tedeschi et al. (2001)

26 Neem and Predatory Beetles 1. Coccinella undecimpunctata Neem oil 1% Positive effect Lowery and Isman (1995) 3. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri NSKE 5% Positive effect Mani et al. (1997) 2. Cheilomenes sexmaculata Neem oil 20 to 200 ppm Positive effect Oi et al. (2001) 4. C. sexmaculata NSKE 5% Positive effect Balikai and Lingappa (2004) 5. Hippodamia variegata NSKE (25 g/l) NeemAzal-T/S 1% Positive effect Hamd et al. (2005)

27 Neem and Lacewings 1. Chrysopa scelestes NSKE 2% Positive effect Joshi et al. (1982) 2. Chrysoperla carnea AZT-VR VR-K with neem oil (250-30,000 ppm) Positive effect Kaethner (1990, 1991) 3.. C. carnea NSKE 5% Econeem 2% Positive effect Ingawale et al. (2005)

28 Spiders Predatory Spiders Cheiracanthium mildei Lycosa pseudoannulata Oxyopes javanus Mastigoproctus giganteus

29 Neem and Predatory Spiders 1. Cheiracanthium midei NSKE 2% and solvent extracts of 4% Positive effect Mansour et al. (1986, 1987) 2. Lycosa pseudoannulata NSKE 5%, Neem oil 3%, Neem Cake Extract 10% Positive effect Saxena et al. (1984) Raguraman (1987) Raguraman and Rajasekaran (1996) 3. L. pseudoannulata Margosan-O R 1500 ppm Positive effect Markandaya and Divakar (1999) 4. L. pseudoannulata Neem oil 3% Biobit R Positive effect Rao et al. (2003) 5. Mastigoproctus giganteus Neem seed extract 1 to 10 mg/l Negative effect Punzo et al. (2005)

30 How to Conclude?

31 Conclusions For egg parasitoids: Egg parasitoids are susceptible, when they come in direct contact with neem products. The application of neem may adversely affect the beneficial capacity. So the inundative release of the egg parasitoid, T. chilonis is suggested 3-4 days before or after the neem product s application. For larval parasitoids: The external larval parasitoids are no exception to the ill effects, if they are in direct contact with neem products. To avoid this, for inundative releases, application of neem products may be followed by the release of the parasitoids and spraying may be avoided if the parasitoids are in larval stages in the field. Hence, pre-treatment sampling is suggested, be it internal or external, for timing the application of neem products. For predatory insects and spiders: In some cases the predation efficiency may be reduced and growthdisrupting compounds of neem may affect the first line juvenile instars of insects and fecundity of treated adults in the laboratory. But, far less drastic or even no effects are observed under semi-field or field conditions. This is partly due to the fast breakdown of the active principles under field conditions. Hence, timing the application of neem is suggested.

32 Thank You

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