The Neem Tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and Other Meliaceous Plants

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1 The Neem Tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and Other Meliaceous Plants Sources of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes Edited by In close cooperation with K.R.S. Ascher, M.B.Isman, M. Jacobson, CM. Ketkar, W. Kraus, H. Rembold, and R. C. Saxena Weinheim New York Basel Cambridge Tokyo

2 Table of Contents Foreword K. Maramorosch Introductory Remarks List of Contributors Acknowledgments 1 The Tree and Its Characteristics Taxonomy Common Names Botanical Characteristics Geographical Distribution Ecology Pests and Diseases, Parasitic Plants, Damage by Herbicides, and Disorders of Unknown Etiology ^ Growth, arid Yield of Fruit Propagation, Selection and Breeding 29 2 Biologically Active Ingredients Azadirachtin and Other Triterpenoids W. Kraus Diterpenoids and Nonterpenoidal Compounds 74 W. Kraus 2.3 Azadirachtin Content of Neem Seed Kernels from Different Regions of the World 89 K. Ermel 3 Effects on Viruses and Organisms Viruses A. Eppler Bacteria 106 ^ A. Eppler 3.3 Fungi 118 J.C. Locke

3 XX Table of Contents ,, , , ,, Protozoa, Protozoans 127 Nematoda, Nematodes 129 V. Mojumder Mollusca, Molluscs 151 Crustacea, Crustaceans 153 I.F. Grant Acarina, Mites 161 F. Mansour and K.R.S. Ascher Insecta, Insects 167 Biological Effects of Neem and Their Modes of Action 167 Settling on Treated Hosts and Egg-laying Behavior 167 Feeding Behavior 171 W.M. Blaney and M.S.J. Simmonds Growth and Metamorphosis 177 H. Rembold Reproduction 195 and H. Rembold Activity (Fitness, Mobility, Vigor) 204 and H. Wilps Histopathology 210 U. Schluter Azadirachtins: Structure and Activity Relations in Case of Epilachna varivestis 222 H. Rembold and I. Puhlmann Effects by Order of Insecta:- Insects 231 Collembola: Springtails 231 Blattodea (Blattariae): Roaches or Cockroaches 231 K.R.S. Ascher Dermaptera: Earwigs 232 Caelifera: Short-horned Grasshoppers and Locusts 233 C.M.Y. Nicol, D.C. Assadsolimani and J. Langewald Ensifera: Crickets 248 Phasmida: Walkingsticks 249 Isoptera: Termites 249 Psocoptera: Booklice 251 Thysanoptera: Thrips 251 Phthiraptera: Sucking and Biting Lice 254 Heteroptera: True Bugs 255 A. Dorn

4 Table of Contents XXI Homoptera: Leaf- and Planthoppers, Aphids, Psyllids, Whiteflies and Scale Insects 268 R.C. Saxena Coleoptera: Beetles Siphonaptera (Aphaniptera): Fleas Hymenoptera: Bees and Wasps Planipennia: Lacewings Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths 299 MB. Isman Diptera: Mosquitoes and Flies 318 H. Wilps List of Insect Pests Susceptible to Neem Products 326 and R.P. Singh 3.10 Effects on Vertebrata: Vertebrates Neem Products for Pest Management, Practical Results of Neem Application Against Arthropod Pests, and Probability of Development of Resistance Neem Products for Integrated Pest Management The Smallholder's Homemade Products 367 C. Hellpap and M. Dreyer Commercial Products, Their Standardization and Problems of Quality Control 375 K. Ermel and H. Kleeberg 4.2 Practical Results with Neem Products Against Insect Pests, and Probability of Development of Resistance Pests of Selected Field Crops Corn 385 C. Hellpap Oil Crops 390 C.P.W. Zebitz Vegetables and Grain Legumes 392 H. Ostermann and M. Dreyer Root and Tuber Crops 403 C.P.W. Zebitz Fruit Trees 408 C.P.W. Zebitz Forest, Ornamental Trees and Shrubs Pests of the Household and Fabric 416

5 XXII Table of Contents Pests of Stored Products 418 R.C. Saxena Blood-sucking and Other Parasites of Man and Domestic Animals Control of Pests of Ornamentals in Greenhouses in the U.S.A. with 'Margosan-O' 437 J.F. Knauss and J.F. Walter Performance Profile for the Neem-based Insecticide'Align ' 445 T. Wood, W. Ruggero and R. Nelson Results with Commercial Neem Formulations Produced in India 453 B.S. Parmar Examples of Integrated Pest Management Programs Including Neem in Southern India 471 V. Mariappan and S. Jayaraj 4.3 Studies of the Probability of Development of Resistance of Plutella xylostella to Neem Products M. Vollinger Toxicity of Neem to Vertebrates and Side Effects on Beneficial and Other Ecologically Important Non-target Organisms Toxicity to Vertebrates 484 M. Jacobson 5.2 Side Effects on Beneficials and Other Ecologically Important Non-target Organisms Various Uses of Neem Products Medicinal Uses Including Pharmacology in Asia 518 AY. Ketkar and CM. Ketkar 6.2 Antifertility Effects and Population Control Agents M. Jacobson Neem Seed Crush and Deoiled Cake as Manure and as Nitrification Inhibitors 531 CM. Ketkar and M.S. Ketkar 6.4 Neem Cake in Feeds for Domestic Animals CM. Ketkar and M.S. Ketkar Soap Production from Mixtures of Neem Oil with Other Non-edible or Edible Oils 549 CM. Ketkar and M.S. Ketkar 6.6 Further Uses for the Neem Tree and its Products 554

6 Table of Contents XXIII 7 Economic, Socioeconomic and Policy Considerations, and Neem in Sociocultural Life in South Asia Economic, Socioeconomic, and Policy Considerations on Neem's Current Use for Pest Management 559 S. Ahmed 7.2 Neem in Sociocultural Life in South Asia S.Ahmed Other Meliaceous Plants Containing Ingredients for Pest Management and Further Purposes Azadirachta spp The Thai Neem Tree: Azadirachta siamensis (VAL.) 585 K. Sombatsiri, K. Ermel and The Sentang or Marrango Tree: Azadirachta excelsa (JACK) 598 and K. Ermel 8.2 Melia spp The Persian Lilac or Chinaberry Tree: Melia azedarach L. K.R.S. Ascher,, C.P.W. Zebitz and S.N.H. Naqvi Melia toosendan SIEB. & ZUCC. 642 S.-F. Chiu Melia volkemii GURKE 647 H. Rembold and R.W. Mwangi 8.3 Chemistry and Biological Activity of Ingredients of Other Species ofmeliaceae 652 M.B. Isman, J.T. Arnason and G.H.N. Towers Index of Contributors 667 Index of Scientific and Common Names of Animals, Plants, Microorganisms and Viruses 669 General Index 687

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