A CRITICAL REVIEW ON VANGA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SHODHANA AND MARANA

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1 WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Kavya et al. SJIF Impact Factor Volume 7, Issue 4, 111 Review Article ISSN A CRITICAL REVIEW ON VANGA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SHODHANA AND MARANA Kavya S. B. 1 * and Sharma Shreeshananda V. 2 1 PG Scholar, Department of PG Studies in Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, JSS Ayurveda Medical College, Mysuru. 2 Reader and HOD, Department of PG studies in Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, JSS Ayurveda Medical College, Mysuru. Article Received on 21 Jan. 2018, Revised on 11 Feb. 2018, Accepted on 05 March 2018 DOI: /wjpps *Corresponding Author Dr. Kavya S. B. PG Scholar, Department of PG Studies in Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, JSS Ayurveda Medical College, Mysuru. urinary disorders. ABSTRACT Vanga(Tin) is known since prehistoric period. It is referred as Trapu in the Vedas and Mahabharata. From olden times to till today it has been used in making alloys like Bronze by mixing it with Copper and Zinc. method is commonly followed for shodhana of Vanga. Common medias used are Churnodaka, Arka Dugdha, Haridra churna yuktha Nirgundi Swarasa. More than 40 marana procedures have been compiled from various texts of Rasashastra. Out of them most of the procedures involved Jarana method followed by Bhavana and subjecting to puta. Vanga Bhasma has various properties and it is effective in many diseases with different Anupana. Recent researches have proved that Vanga bhasma is effective in Prameha and in Genito KEYWORDS: Vanga, Shodhana, Marana, Prameha, Genitourinary disorders. INTRODUCTION Vanga is known since prehistoric period. It is referred as Trapu in the Vedas and Mahabharata. The word Trapu is used in Shukla Yajurveda along with the five other metals. In tracing the history of Vanga it is found that from the olden times to till today it has been used in making alloys like Bronze by mixing it with Copper and Zinc which was excavated from Babylonia. In Samhita period, Charaka has described Vanga in metals and its use in making yantras like Jihva nirlekhani yantra. Similarly in Mandala kushta chikitsa there is indication of trapu (vanga churna) with gomutra as lepa. [1] Vol 7, Issue 4,

2 In Sushruta samhita, Sushruta has mentioned vanga in Trapwadi gana by the name Trapu along with other metals, which is indicated in Gara Visha, Krimi, Pipasa, Hridroga, Pandu and Meha. In Kaphaja arbuda, there is indication of Tin plate bandaging. [2] Vagbhata describes the pharmacological properties of trapu (vanga) as bhedi, lekhana and is indicated in Pandu, Krimi and Vamana. [3] In Rasendra mangalam (8 th chapter), Nagarjuna has given description of Vanga and he has mentioned Haratala as ariloha (shatru loha) for Vanga. In Rasapraksha sudhakara, Rasa ratna samucchaya, Rasarnava, Rasendra Chudamani, Ananda Kanda a detailed description of Vanga i.e types, Shodhana, Jarana, Marana, therapeutic properties are mentioned. The books written later 14 th century A.D such as Rasa Kaumudi, Bhavaprakasha, Rasa Kamadhenu and Ayurveda Prakasha etc. recognized Vanga and introduced it in the treatment of sexual disorders, Meha and so many other diseases. Through out various texts, Vanga is classified under Dhatu, Puti loha, Trivanga. Below an attempt has been made to compile synonyms, types, grahya and agrhya swaroopa, Jarana, Guna, karma, dose, different methods of shodhana and marana, Therapeutic uses of Vanga bhasma with different anupana in a tabular form. Vol 7, Issue 4,

3 Table. 1: Vanga in classics of Rasashastra. Characters Details Chemical name Stannous (Tin) Specific Gravity 7.3 Hardness 6.7 Melting point C Varga [4] Dhatu (Puti loha) Varna (Colour) [5] Khuraka vanga Dhavala (white), Mishraka Vanga Dhusaram (Blackish white) Synonyms [6] Vanga, Vangakam, Ranga, Rangakam, Sukraloha, Kurupya, Trapusa and Trapu Types [7] 2 types 1. Khuraka Vanga 2. Mishraka Vanga Grahya Swaroopa [8] Khuruka Vanga having the qualities like Dhavalam Mrudulam, Snigdham, Drutdravam, Sagauvaram, Nihshabdam Agrahya Mishraka Vanga is having the qualities like Dravate atikathina, Ruksha, Anya dhatu vimishritam, Dhusaram, swaroopa [9] Katina Shuddha Vanga is heated in an Iron pan till it completely melts and 1/4 th quantity of Ashwattha Twak Churna, Chincha Twak Churna are added repeatedly in the small quantity followed by vigorously rubbing Jarana [10,11] with the help of Lauha Darvi (Iron ladle) or any herbal stem. This process is to be continued until the whole metal is converted into powder form. Shudha Vanga is kept in Iron pan and heated till it completely melts. Then 1/4 th quantity of Apamarga churna is added repeatedly in small quantity followed by vigorously rubbing with the help of Lauha darvi. Rasa Tikta, amla, katu, kashaya, Lavana; GunaRuksha, laghu,ushna, teekshna; Veerya Ushna Dosha Guna [1214] prabhavakaphapittahara, Karma Chakshushya, balya,vrshya, deepana, pachana, Vranahara, kasashwasahara Vyadhi Kasa, shwasa, prameha, Kapha roga, pandu, krimiroga, shweta paradara, sukrakshaya, mutrakriccha, vrana, prabahava [15] medodosha, kshaya roga, agnimandya, garbasyachyuti etc Dose [16] 12 ratti (125mg250mg) Vol 7, Issue 4,

4 Table. 2: Shodhana of Vanga in different classical texts. Si No. Reference Drug and media Procedure Repetition 1 Rasendra Mangala Arkadugdha 2 Rasendra chudamani For Khuraka Nirgundi Swarasa + Haridra churna For Mishraka Amla takra+punarnava Kwatha + Vatsanabha + Nirgundi /Katukalabu Swarasa 3 3 or 7 times 3 Rasa Ratna Samucchaya For Khuraka Nirgundi Swarasa + Haridra Churna 4 Ananda kanda For Khuraka Nirgundi Swarasa + Haridra churna For Mishraka Amla takra+punarnava Kwatha + Vatsanabha + Nirgundi /Katukalabu Swarasa 5 Rasendra Chintamani Nirgundi swarasa 6 Rasa Manjari Arka dugdha 7 Rasendra Sara Sangraha Arka dugdha Swedana Churnodaka 1/2 yama 8 Basavarajiyam Juice of MulaPatraPhala of Karpasa + Arka + Karanja + Dhatura+ Agatsya + Bilva + Till it Gunja + Chitraka +Snuhi+ Ashwagandha + Surana Becomes Pure 9 Ayurveda Prakasha Arka dugdha 7 times 10 Brihat Rasa.Raja Sundara Mutra+Amla + Ksharajala Arka dugdha + Snuhi dugdha Nirgundi Swarasa + Haridra Churna 7 times Churnodaka/Arkadugdha 7 times Rasa Tarangini 11 Nirgundi Swarasa + Haridra Churna Amla Takra/Kumari Swarasa Nirgundi Swarasa + Haridra Churna Punarnava Kwatha + Vishtinduka + Katukalabu Rasa +Amla takra 12 Rasa Jala Nidhi Juice of Ghosha/Nirgundi rasa+ Nirgundi mula Churna Lepana & Atapa Shushkikara na 7 times Mutra + Amla + Ksharajala +Arka dugdha + Snuhi dugdha Kadamba Patra Prakshalana Churnodaka Swedana ½ Yama Vol 7, Issue 4,

5 Table. 3: Marana of Vanga in different classical texts. No. Main media Accessory media Remarks or special process References Parada is added to the molten vanga and triturated till it attains pisti rupa then washed with nimbu 1 1/4 th rasa. Then gandhaka should be added and kajjali is Sh.parada+ Sh.Gandhaka+ Nimbu rasa+arka ksheera prepared & subjected to kupi. Vanga collected at Sh.Haratala /kumari swarasa the bottom is taken and sh Haratala is added & bhavana is done with kumari swarasa and sharava is prepared & subjected to laghu puta for 10 times Rasadarpana 2 Haridra /Chincha twak churna/apamarga churna/ Ashwattha twak churna/bhanga churna/ Babbula patra churna 3 Sh.Haratala + Sh.Hingula Aja ksheera Nimba or palasha kashta Jarana with any one of the main media or in combination of 2 or 3 by continous rubbing with nimba or palasha kashta till vanga completely gets converted to powder form, then it is covered by sharava and teevragni is given. Add Haratala & Hingula to jarita vanga and give bhavana with aja ksheera, prepare samputa & subjected to puta Rasadarpana Rasendra Chudamani Ashwatthal twak and SmearVanga Patra with main media & placed in Rasendra 4 Sh.Haratala+Arka dugdha Chincha Twak Kshara between the Ksharas & Laghu puta is given Chudamani 5 1/16Sh.parada+ Sh.Haratala Vana Karpasadanda Jarana till powdering Rasendra Chudamani Chakrikas of jarita vanga is wrapped by a cloth and Rasa Prakasha 6 Jarita vanga + Chincha Twak churna placed in a pit made of vanopalas which is filled Sudhakara with chincha twak churna and subjected to puta. 7 Aja Shakrit churna + Triphala churna +Haridra churna Vanga Patra has to be placed between layer of main media and covered with vanopalas and subjected to heat Rasa Prakash Sudhakara 8 Gandhaka Jarana Rasarnava Smear the paste of Haratala and arka dugdha on Chincha and ashwattha 9 Sh.Haratala+ arka dugdha vanga patra and place it in sharava which is having kashara acc media above and below and give 3 laghu puta Rasa Ratna samuchaya 10 Sh.Parada 1/16 th part + Haratala Karpasadanda Add main media to the molten vanga and rub with Rasa Ratna samuchaya Vol 7, Issue 4,

6 Kshara of Ashwattha & Chincha +Sh.Haratala+ Nimbu /Palasha Patra Swarasa 1/4 th sh.parada +Shirisha+ Haridra churna+ Kumari swarasa. 1/8 th Sh.Haratala & Kumari swarasa 1/8 th part Haridra + 1/8 th part Yavani churna + Sh.Shilajatu, Apamarga panchanga Bhasma Bhallatala Taila & Chincha Twaka Bhasma Atasi churna (20 parts)+ Yavani churna Ashwattha and Chincha twak kshara+ 1/10 th part Sh.Haratala Shirisha + Haridra churna + KumariSwarasa 1) Ashwattha Twak churna 30 gms 2) Karkatasthi churna30gms 3)Sphatika churna30 shana 1/16 part Sh. Haratala+Nimbu rasa/palash Patra rasa Paste of rice, tamarind seeds and Chincha Twak churna Arka, Vata, Ashwattha, Palasha and Kumari mula for rubbing Cloth of Sana Arka dugdha Matsya mamsa karpasadanda till it completely turns into bhasma First smear Vanga with main media and give puta then bhavana given with acc.media and subjected to Gaja puta Smear Vanga Patra with main media and keep inside the paste of acc media and give Gaja puta Jarana + Laghu puta Jarana of vanga with Haridra & Yavani churna by rubbing with palasha and arka mula and then mix with shilajatu and apamarga bhasma and mardana should be done.then give teevragni for 3 hours. Smear Vanga Patra with bhallataka taila & keep it in between the Bhasma alternately and give Gaja puta for 3Times First make a layer of the paste of Atasi and Yavani on cloth then keep Vanga & then repeat Yavani & Atasi layer.then fold the cloth carefully and tie with rope and give Gaja puta, if Patra remain un burnt repeat the process Smear vanga patra with haratala and arka dugdha and keep it in sharava filled with Ashwatha and chincha twak kshara and give laghu puta. Smear Vanga Patra with main media and give Laghu puta. Make a layer of churna on Vastra respectively as no. 1, 2, 3.then keep Vanga Patra on it and again repeat the layer from no. 3, 2, 1 and give gaja puta then it is taken out & triturated with matsya mamsa and again give Gaja puta for Rasa Ratnakara Rasa Ratnakara Rasa Paddhati Rasa Paddhati Rasa Paddhati Rasa Paddhati Ananda Kanda Ananda Kanda Rasa Chintamani Vol 7, Issue 4,

7 /4 th Chincha & Asvattha Twaka Kshara (for jarana)+ 1/4 th Haratala Jarita vanga 1 part + ¼ th part sh. Haratala + Arka dugdha 22 Apamarga churna Haridra+ Yavanika + Jiraka+ Chincha+Pippal Twaka churna. Sh.Haratala+ Arka dugdha+ Ashwattha twak churna 25 Raja Vrksa Twak churna 26 Mulika Bhasma for jarana, equal parts of Sh. Haratala + Arka Dugdha and Nimbu rasa (for Bhavana) Jarana +Laghu puta for. Rasa Sara Ashwattha twak churna Ashwatha or nimba kashta for jarana 1/10 th Haratala + Arka Dugdha and Nimbu rasa. Mardana with main media and prepare chakrikas and keep them in sharava which is filled with Ashwattha twak churna and give puta for 7times Jarana then extreme heat is given till the powder become Angara Varna. Jarana till it converts into powdered form. And wash with water till it becomes alkali free Smear the paste of haratala and arka dugdha on vanga patra and place it in a sharava with Ashwattha twak churna above & below and give puta for 7 times. Jarana Jarana + Laghu puta by main media then triturated by acc. media and heated for 17 times in Laghu puta repeatedly Rasa Manjari Rasendra Sara Sangraha Rasendra Sara Sangraha Rasendra Sara Sangraha Rasa Kaumudi Rasa Kamdhenu 27 Apamarga Kshara Nimbu rasa Jarana + 3 Gaja puta Basavarajiyam Jarana with Apamarga, then add Haratala and Sh.Haratala + Nimbu Nimbu rasa and triturate it, then dry it and keep it Brihad Yoga 28 ¼ th part Apamarga rasa(bhavana) Ashwattha in a Ashwattha Twak churna Samputa and give Tarangini Twak churna puta for 7 times. 29 Sh.Haratala+ Arka dugdha Ashwattha twak kshara 30 Haridra churna ¼ Soraka churna Smear Vanga Patra with main media & place in sharava filled with Kshara above and below & give Laghu puta for 7 times. Jarana by Haridra powder and then add ¼ Soraka churna and continue rubbing till it becomes powder & give teeevragni for 2 hours 31 Chincha churna + Tila churna Cloth of shana Vanga Patra placed between layer of main media and wrapped in cloth of shana and give puta. 32 Shuddha Vanga (3 masa) +Shuddha Melt it and rub with an iron ladle till this Bhasma Yoga Brihad Yoga Tarangini Brihad Yoga Tarangini Brihad Yoga Tarangini Vol 7, Issue 4,

8 Sisa (1 ratti) becomes like Kajjali, then heat it onteevragni till it becomes white in colour Ratnakara 33 Sora churna Jala Melt Vanga and jarana with sora churna till it Brihad Rasa Raj become powder, then washed it with water and dry Sundara it. 34 Swet Abharaka, Sweta,kancha, Visa, Jarana+ Bhavana White colour of Bhasma is Brihada Rasa Snuhi ksheera Saindhava lavana, Tankana. obtained by giving 7 Putas. Raj Sundara 35 1/4 th Jarana, then the powder is placed in an iron pan & Apamarga churna/ Ashwattha covered with sharava and teervagni is given till it churna become Bhasma. Rasa Tarangini Smear the paste of Haratala + arka dugdha on 36 ½ Sh. Haratala + Arka dugdha Chincha twak kshara vanga patra and dry. Then keep it in between chincha twak kshara and subjected to 3 puta. Rasa Tarangini Vanga and parada taken in iron pan and heated. 37 1/16 th Sh parada + sh. Haratala Add Haratala little by little and rubbed with vana Vana karpasa kashta karpasa till it turns into powder form. Then it is covered with sharava and teevragni is given. Rasa Tarangini 38 Tamra Patra + Arka Patra Roll the tamra patra on vanga patra and placed in Rasa Yoga between the paste of arka and dry, then keep in Sagara Sharava Samputa & give Gajaputa. 39 ½ sh Parada + Lavana Jambira rasa Jarana + Bhavana + Gaja puta & washed with water Rasa Yoga sagara 40 ½ sh Parada Nimba kashta Jarana Rasa Yoga sagara 41 ¼ Apamarga/kukkutanda/ Mukta Jarana and then make chakrikas and give 7 Kumari Swarasa sukti/ Vata /Ashwatha twak churna Ardhagajaputa Rasamrita 42 Yavani churna Jarana Rasendra Sampradaya Vol 7, Issue 4,

9 Table. 4. Anupana and Sahapana with special indication of Vanga Bhasma. [17] No Anupana Sahapana Indications 1 Karpura, Champaka Rasa Mukha Durgandhahara 2 Jatiphala + Madhu Sukra Pustikara 3 Tulsipatra Swarasa Prameha 4 Ghrita Pandu 5 Tankana Gulmahara 6 Haridra Amlapittahara 7 Tambula Sukra Bandhanam 8 Kasturi Sukra stambhakara 9 Khadira Kwatha Charmaroga hara 10 Rasona Vata nashana 11 Samudrapahala+Nirgundi swarasa Kushthahara 12 Apamarga Churna Shandhata 13 Haridra churna Urdhavaswasa hara 14 Rasasindura Prameha,Ksina Sukra 15 Rasasindura + Haridra swarasa Vrana Meha 16 Guduchi Satva + Honey Prameha & Sukra Dosha 17 Loha Bhasma, Sukti Bhasma & Rala Churna Sweta Pradara 18 Suvarna Makshika + Rajat Bhasma Urdhava Jatru Nadishula 19 Kwatha of Varunadigana Vrana 20 Ashwagandha Vatavyadhi 21 Jatiphala + Ashwagandha Katishula Vol 7, Issue 4,

10 DISCUSSION Vanga is placed under dhatu varga and further classified in subdivision putiloha. Vanga is known since prehistoric period i.e since Vedas. The references regarding Vanga are also available in Charaka samhita, Sushruta samhita etc. Among 2 types of Vanga, the superiority of Khuraka Vanga is mentioned in all texts. Vang melts at very low temperature (232 c). Therefore procedure is commonly followed for shodhana and is repeated for 3 or 7 times. More than 10 shodhana procedures have been compiled from various texts of Rasashastra. Among them many liquid medias are mentioned, but following liquid media shows much repetitions Churnodaka: 7 times, Arka Dugdha:, Nirgundi Swarasa + Haridra Churna:. More than 40 marana procedures have been compiled from various texts of Rasashastra. Out of them most of the procedures involved Jarana method followed by Bhavana and subjecting to puta. Aacharya vagbhata has mentioned Vanga Bhasma prepared by only Jarana process can be considered as Bhasma. Few references are also available to prepare Vanga Bhasma in shorter duration. In these methods Vanga Patra are smeared with Bhallataka Taila and covered by cloth then directly subjected to Puta using Cowdungs, herbal powders etc and by this method Dhavala Varna Vanga Bhasma is obtained in very short duration. Here, as the Bhasma is prepared using cloth it is called as Vastraputa Vanga Bhasma. Vanga Bhasma has various properties and it is effective in many diseases with different Anupana. Recent researches have proved that Vanga bhasma is effective in Diabetes and in Genitourinary disorders. The complications produced by the improper incinerated Vanga Bhasma can be managed by administration of Meshashringi churna with sugar for 3 days. CONCLUSION method is commonly followed for shodhana of Vanga. Common medias used are Churnodaka, Arka Dugdha, Haridra churna yuktha Nirgundi Swarasa. Out of all the Marana procedures from different texts of Rasashastra, most of the procedures involved Jarana method followed by Bhavana and then subjecting to puta. Vanga Bhasma has various properties and it is effective in many diseases with different Anupana. REFERENCES 1. Shastri Kashinath. Hindi Commmentary. Charaka Samhita of Charaka, chikitsa sthana Chapter 7/88, Varanasi: Chowkamba Bharathi Academy, 2009; Vol 7, Issue 4,

11 2. Acharya Trivikramji Yadav. Ed. Sushrutha Samhitha of Sushrutha, chikitsa sthana, 18/38, Varanasi: Chowkambha Orientalia, 2009; Sivaprasad Sharma. Ed. Ashtanga Sangraha of Vagbhata, Sutra sthana, chapter 12/11, Varanasi: Choukambha Sanskrit Series, 2008; Tripathi Indradeva.Ed. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya of Vagbhata: Chapter 5/1.Varanasi: Chowkamba Sanskrit Bhavan, 2012; Tripathi Indradev. Ed. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya of Vagbhata: Chapter 5/154 : Varanasi: Chowkambha Sanskrit Bhavan, 2012; Shastri Kashinath. Hindi Commentary. Rasa Tarangini of Sadananda Sharma: Chapter 18/1:Varanasi:Motilal Banarasi Das, 2012; Tripathi Indradev. Ed. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya of Vagbhata: Chapter 5/153 : Varanasi: Chowkambha Sanskrit Bhavan, 2012; Tripathi Indradev. Ed. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya of Vagbhata: Chapter 5/154 : Varanasi: Chowkambha Sanskrit Bhavan, 2012; Shastri Kashinath. Hindi Commentary. Rasa Tarangini of Sadananda Sharma: Chapter 18/4:Varanasi:Motilal Banarasi Das., 2012; Mishra Gulraj Sharma. Ed. Ayurveda prakasha of Madhava: Chapter 3/177178: Varanasi: Chowkambha Sanskrit Series, 2007; Joshi Damodar. Trans. Rasamritham of Yavdavji Trivikramji: Chapter 2: Varanasi: Chowkambha Sanskrit Bhavan, 2007; Mishra Siddhinanda.Hindi commentary. Rasendra chudamani of Somadeva: Chapter14/134: Varanasi: Chowkambha Orientala, 2004; Mishra Gulraj Sharma. Ed. Ayurveda prakasha of Madhava: Chapter 3/152: Varanasi: Chowkambha Sanskrit Series, 2007; Shastri Kashinath. Hindi Commentary. Rasa Tarangini of Sadananda Sharma: Chapter 18/39: Varanasi:Motilal Banarasi Das., 2012; Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Vanga bhasma, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family welfare.2 nd edition, Part 1:Government of india, 2003; Shastri Kashinath. Hindi Commentary. Rasa Tarangini of Sadananda Sharma: Chapter 18/46: Varanasi: Motilal Banarasi Das., 2012; Chaube Dattaram.Brhat Rasa Raja Sundara. Varanasi: Chowkambha Orientala, 2000; Vol 7, Issue 4,