Legalizing Cannabis. According to Forbes, cannabis was used for various industrial applications that made it a

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1 Student Name Ms. Ripley English 10 March 21, 2016 Legalizing Cannabis The United States of America was built on cannabis, metaphorically and quite literally. According to Forbes, cannabis was used for various industrial applications that made it a mandatory crop to be grown in Jamestown, Virginia and the rest of the early colonies. In fact, the United States declared their Independence on July 4, 1776 by sending King James a document, which was written on paper made from cannabis hemp paper. So if early American settlers used cannabis, why is its cultivation illegal today? This analysis will investigate the political issue of cannabis, and argue for its legalization in the United States. If cannabis were to be legalized, there would be major benefits in the medical, environmental, and economic areas of society. The case to make marijuana illegal was started at the turn of the twentieth century. Mexican immigrants fleeing the Mexican Revolution came to America, and brought with them the cultural pastime of smoking marijuana. While American colonists had smoked tobacco for centuries, this new drug that had been introduced by foreigners felt like a threat. According to a report by Frontline, Marijuana was not outlawed until the 1930 s when the newly created Federal Bureau of Narcotics found a link between marijuana and violence, crime and other socially deviant behaviors, primarily committed by "racially inferior" or underclass communities. No scientific, legal or medical studies were actually performed to prove any of these claims. By

2 1932, marijuana was legally banned in the United States. These laws pushed its usage underground, but did little to end the use of recreational marijuana. Today, new debates about the issue of marijuana legalization have emerged. 23 of the 50 states now have laws legalizing marijuana in some form (Rowley). Most have legalized medicinal marijuana, but 4 of the states have legalized it for recreational use as well. The Colorado government in particular has been vocal about the benefits to the state, including $70 million in tax revenues for 2015, alone. With the upcoming local and national elections, marijuana legalization has been proposed in many states, including Indiana. There is currently a bill proposed to the Indiana State Senate that would legalize recreational marijuana and allow farmers to grow the crop for the first time in decades (National Report). This is why the legalization of marijuana is a hot issue and deserves to be studied in depth by American voters. Cannabis has many medical benefits, which is one of the reasons it should be legalized. The cannabis plant, or cannabis sativa, can have different applications depending on how it s grown. The term cannabis (or marijuana) is used when describing a Cannabis Sativa plant that is bred for its potent, resinous glands (Price). These glands contain high levels of a cannabinoid commonly known for its psychoactive elements, tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. The wide variety of both positive and negative effects on the human body depends on the THC concentration and the method of absorption. The endocannabinoids in marijuana disrupt the stream of information from the body to the brain. This causes the user to disconnect from certain sensations like pain, which is exactly why people turn to it for a medicine (National Geographic - Effects of Marijuana). This decreased flow of information leaves the brain less crowded and incidentally increases creativity. Dr. Celia Morgan of the University College of London stated that, Cannabis makes it easier for you to make associations between words and concepts. In

3 addition, further benefits include: treatment of Glaucoma and cancer; relief of pain, anxiety, and nausea; control of epileptic seizures and post-traumatic stress disorder; and the reverse of the carcinogenic effects of tobacco (New Health Advisor for Daily Health Care). However, excessive use can lead to low blood pressure, increased risk of heart attacks, liver disease, diabetes, and low testosterone (New Health Advisor for Daily Health Care). In addition to the health risks, when marijuana is absorbed by the most common method, smoking, users will often experience a dry mouth and red eyes as well. There isn t much evidence that shows that the casual use of marijuana leads to long-term health problems, but there are concerns that longterm, heavy pot smoking can leave lingering effects (Watson). In regards to users possibly becoming addicted, it is important to point out that marijuana is only habitual, meaning users won t go into withdrawal when usage ceases, making it less addictive than coffee (National Geographic). Many supporters of decriminalization point out that excessive use of anything will obviously result in negative effects. If marijuana usage is simply controlled and used moderately like other daily activities, any health risks would be minimized. The environmental impact of legalizing cannabis is also a compelling reason why American farmers should grow the plant. The United States along with the rest of the world is facing various complications as a consequence of reckless environmental actions. Critical problems, such as transboundary pollution, tropical deforestation, and climate change, are at large scales (Tragedy of the Commons). Fortunately, industrial hemp can be a part of the solution. Hemp s long fibers, fast growth, and versatility allows it the ability to be made into over 25,000 recyclable products (NAIHC). Jeff Gain of the USDA believes industrial hemp will be the next soybean because it can completely replace the unsustainable and polluting industrial feedstocks. The legalization of Cannabis Sativa could result in a number of agricultural and

4 environmental benefits including: less reliance on fossil fuels; increased energy efficiency; less buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; forest conservation; and reduced pollution and use of pesticides and landfills. Cannabis Sativa, specifically hemp, can be used in the production of thousands of products, however, arguably one of its most important uses are for producing paper. Industrial hemp could possibly replace wood entirely in the manufacturing and production of paper. Hemp s long fibers mimics wooden fibers, but is much cheaper and less costly to the environment to grow versus wood. The consequences of using wood in paper manufacturing is the pollution. One of the most serious pollution problems comes from paper mill emissions of dioxin, a byproduct of bleaching fibers. In contrast, if hemp fiber is used, its naturally brighter pulp and very high conduciveness to hydrogen peroxide bleaching means that the only byproducts would be water and oxygen. Consequently, paper mills would spend less on bleach, conserve trees, and actually contribute to a healthy atmosphere instead of polluting it (Kerr). With environmental health becoming an increasing concern around the world, the pollution of waste products ejected into the ocean has been one of the main problems trying to be solved. We see that society has been becoming more eco-friendly with the development of more bio-based, biodegradable, and recyclable products. According to Forbes, Sustainable hemp seed, fiber and oil are still used in raw materials by major companies, including Ford Motors, Patagonia, and The Body Shop, to make a variety of products. However, most hemp product manufacturers are forced to import hemp seed, oil and fiber from growers in Canada, Europe, and China because American farmers are prohibited by law from growing this low-input sustainable crop. If the growth of hemp was legalized, farmers would no longer need to import. With thousands of acres of land available and hemp s unique capability to replace certain crops, the U.S. would be mass farming this crop. They would now be able to export hemp seed, fiber

5 and oil. According to economists, this increased productivity, consisting of an increase of net exports and decrease of imports, would raise our nation s real gross domestic product, or GDP. Many proponents of legalizing industrial hemp say that hemp is going to revolutionize the way we produce goods, eat, and our economy. However, Dan Mitchell of Modern Farmer argues that this is not the case. He says, Demand for hemp isn t as high as hemp s loudest proponents would have it. Mitchell further explains that although hemp is useful, it isn t something to rave about. There has never been a good reason for a ban on industrial hemp. It s no more harmful than industrial switchgrass, or industrial lumber for that matter. But at the same time, the claims of hemp activists are often overblown. It s a highly useful, highly versatile crop, but its utility is, for the most part, fairly marginal (Mitchell). In regards to hemp uses in food, the U.S. Department of Agriculture believes the market potential for hemp seed as a food ingredient is unknown. However, it probably will remain a small market, like those for sesame and poppy seeds (Mitch). The fact remains that however large the benefit to the economy the legalization of industrial hemp will be - big or small - it is still a benefit. In contrast to industrial hemp, marijuana already impacts the U.S. economy a great deal. In California, growers of marijuana make up $14 billion dollars of sales, making it the state s largest cash crop. Colorado and Washington, two states where marijuana was recently legalized, are experiencing an economic boom, bringing in a combining $550 million as a result (Huffington Post). In addition, 300 economists estimate that if the U.S. were to legalize marijuana nationwide, they would save up to $14 billion in enforcement costs and tax revenue (Forbes). With the legalization and regulation of industrial hemp and marijuana, the U.S. economy would clearly benefit. The U.S. GDP would rise; the government would receive an influx of additional tax revenue annually; the enforcement of prohibition costs would be saved, and growers and buyers would prosper.

6 People who are against the legalization of marijuana may agree with some of the claims that caused marijuana to become illegal in the first place. They might say that it is a gateway drug that leads its users down a slippery slope toward addiction and criminal behavior. But according to NORML.org, The scientific conclusions of the overwhelmingly majority of modern research directly conflicts with the federal government's stance that cannabis is a highly dangerous substance worthy of absolute criminalization. In 1776, the United States declared their freedom upon Cannabis Sativa. And now, society is calling for its freedom. It is seen that marijuana offers treatment of many diseases and conditions. Its effectiveness is the reason many sought after it as a medicine. Furthermore, industrial hemp could decrease carbon dioxide buildup, pollution, and landfill use, all the while increasing the amount of trees we save. In addition, the economic benefits of both marijuana and hemp combined would lie in the billions. It is for these reasons that the United States of America should legalize the cultivation and usage of Cannabis Sativa. WORD COUNT: 1770

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