Eidtorial-Pilot study

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1 Volume 2, Issue 6, November-December 2014, A PILOT STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM AS PLANT GROWTH STIMULATOR ON TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM L., PLANTS. Eidtorial-Pilot study Chethana G S 1* 1* Oxford college of Science, HSR Layout, Bangalore Corresponding author id: gschethana@gmail.com ABSTRACT: An effort was made to study the effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum as growth stimulator on the growth of fenugreek plants. For this study, Fenugreek was selected since it is a commonly used culinary leafy vegetable with good medicinal properties, it is easy to grow & maintain, less time consuming and is easy to observe & document the morphological changes in the plant. The results indicated that the aqueous extract of leaves of Ocimum gratissimum has shown a significant effect in the growth of fenugreek plant, like increase in number of leaves, development of stem & root, which can be, distinguished by observation. KEYWORDS: Ocimum gratissimum Trigonella foenum-graecum, chlorophyll, tap root INTRODUCTION: Chemical fertilizers are exensively used in modern generation to get more yield. These chemical fertilizers have advantages and disadvantages to both the crop and the soil. The excessive use of chemical fertilizer lead to the acidity of the soil, smoothening of roots, negative effect on the root rhizosphere etc. (Jen-Hshuan Chen, 2006). To overcome the negative effects of the chemical fertilizer, new methods have to be developed which will be environmental friendy like development of organic fertilizers. One of the methods is the study of the effects of the phytochemicals that can act as growth promoters. Such an attempt has been made in this article on Ocimum gratissimum (OG) on Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) to study the growth promoting activity. Ocimum gratissimum (OG) belonging to Lamiaceae family is commonly used in folk medicine to treat different diseases. (Gayatri Nahak et al., 2011). Ocimum gratissimum is grown for the essential oils in its leaves and stems. Eugenol, thymol, citral, geraniol and linlool have been extracted from the oil. (S. A. Adeniyi et al., 2012). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Leguminosae) is considered among the oldest medicinal plants, originating in India and Northern Africa, used as folk medicine for the treatment of indigestion and baldness, the properties of fenugreek seed powder in treatment of hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic orally has been proved. (Ethan Basch, 2003). Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds have properties like it can lower blood glucose, cholesterol in type 1 and type 2 experimental diabetic animals. (Wan- Li Xue et al., 2007). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), plant belongs to fabaceae family. It is an annual plant with taproot. The leaves are trifoliate, on hairy petioles, with obovate leaflets. In June or July, axillary, sessile, yellowish flowers appear. The fruit is a 16-seeded, compressed, malodorous legume. The seeds are small, pale, reddish-brown seeds with small pods. (Medicinal herb info)

2 Volume 2, Issue 6, November-December 2014, The plant contains active constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, Saponins etc. (Helambe S Snehlata, Dande R Payal, 2012). Native to North Africa and countries bordering the eastern Mediterranean, fenugreek grows in open areas and is widely cultivated, notably in India. The plant is quite nutritious, being high in proteins, ascorbic acid, niacin, and potassium. (Mullaicharam AR et al., 2013). Fenugreek seeds were chosen because it is easy to grow and notice the difference in development of the plantlets. The aim of this work was study the effect of the aqueous extract of leaves of this OG as growth enhancing stimulants in different aspect like difference in the length of the stem, number of leaves, the development of the root by observation. Materials and method: self developed method In the present experiment, OG was collected from Harihar Tq, Davangere district, Karnataka, India. The fenugreek seeds were collected from Padma coffee works, Kalasa The specimen was authenticated by taxonomical experts in the R&D wing, Sri Sri Ayurveda Trust, Udayapura, Bangalore-82, Karnataka, India and the sample specimen has been stored IN SSAT. The average atmospheric temperature recorded in this place was around 20 0 C to 30 0 C and humidity is 76% to 79% through out during the study. Extraction of aqueous extract OG: 1g of dried leaves of OG were boiled in 10mL of water for 5 minutes. Filtered with a filter. The stock solution was maintained. (Liron Berkovich et al., 2013) PROCEDURE: Fenugreek seeds were sown on in two paper pot one names as CONTROL which is treated with only water and the other as SAMPLE which is treated with 3mL to 4mL of aqueous extract of OG leaves. The sample pot was treated with aqueous extract of OG leaves from to only and then the plant lets were kept for observation treating both control and sample with water regularly after RESULT AND DISCUSSION: The observation on this picture figure 1 is after 6 days of sowing fenugreek seeds. The increase in the height of the plantlets in the sample treated with aqueous liquid extract of OG is higher when compared to control which is untreated. 3mL to 4mL of the aqueous liquid extract of OG was added for 6 days regularly. The increase in the height of the plantlets in sample was 1cm to 2cm when compared to control. In figure 2, we can observe the difference in the control and sample in aspects like number of leaves, the length of the stem. The numbers of new leaves, seen in sample were 12 15, when compared to control in which 6 9 leaves were seen at this stage. the length of the stem, seen in SAMPLE were 10 14cm, when compared to CONTROL in which 10-11cm was observed. The increase in the length of the stem and the number of leaves in SAMPLE shows that the extract is helping in increased yield of the crop. Yellow pigment appearance was more prominent in CONTROL when compared to the SAMPLE in figure 2, which indicated that the aging of the leaves, i.e., the lose chlorophyll in CONTROL is faster than in SAMPLE which is advantageous with the treatment of the OG extract. Figure 3, we can observe the increase in the root system in SAMPLE in comparision with CONTROL which indicated the root promoting activity of OG. Figure 4,5 conclusively shows the difference in length of the stem, number of leaves, chlorophyll pigmentation, the root system.

Journal of Biotechnology and Biosafety Journal of Biotechnology and Biosafety Volume 2, Issue 5, September-October, 131-140 Volume 2, Issue 6, November- December, 2014, 12014, 56-160 ISSN 2322-0406!

TENEBRIONIDAE) FOR BIOLOGICAL SECURITY OF STORED GRAINS AND CEREALS Akter Mst Yeasmin1, Talukdar Muhammad Waliullah1*, Md.

diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Repellency test was done by the residual film assay technique.

The showedtothat all ratios of cypermethrin The2increase in the height of the plants in the sample wasco-efficient seen whenvalues compared control and piperonyl butoxide offered synergistic action

3 Journal of Biotechnology and Biosafety Journal of Biotechnology and Biosafety Volume 2, Issue 5, September-October, Volume 2, Issue 6, November- December, 2014, 12014, ISSN ! Figure 1: comparitative observation in height of the plantlets after 6 days Research article CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF CYPERMETHRIN AND ITS SYNERGIST PBO ON ALPHITOBIUS DIAPERINUS (PANZER) (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE) FOR BIOLOGICAL SECURITY OF STORED GRAINS AND CEREALS Akter Mst Yeasmin1, Talukdar Muhammad Waliullah1*, Md. Ashraful Alam2, ASM ABSTRACT To investigate the co-toxicity and co-efficient activity of Shafiqur Rahman3 (Cythrin 20EC), a pyrethroid and Pyperonyl Cypermethrin butoxide (PBO) against Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Repellency test was done by the residual film assay technique. Statistically the dose mortality relationship was expressed as a median lethal dose (LD50) by the probit analysis. The regression lines and isoboles were drawn using the Fig-P (Biosoft) package. The showedtothat all ratios of cypermethrin The2increase in the height of the plants in the sample wasco-efficient seen whenvalues compared control and piperonyl butoxide offered synergistic action to both FIQC Laboratory, Department of Fisheries, larvae and adult. We observed that the toxicity of the Matshya Bhaban, Ramna, Dhaka-1000, cypermethrin was decreased as the ratio (amount) of PBO Bangladesh. increased. The LD50 after value of comparitative observation in height, number of leaves, and was pigmentation of individual the plantlets 27cypermethrin days 3 for adult is µgcm-2. But in the mixture, the share of Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, cypermethrin are , , and µgcm-2 Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh. at ratios of 1:1, 1:3, 1:5;1:10 when PBO causes reduction of dose level of 93.52%, 95.30%, 98.54% and 98.78% respectively. In case of larvae the individual LD50 value of cypermethrin is µgcm-2. But in the mixture, the share * Correspondence author of cypermethrin are , , and µgcm2 olymwt@live.com at ratios of 1:1, 1:3, 1:5;1:10 when PBO causes reduction of dose level of 76.89%, 61.34%, 72.26% and 69.74% respectively. The study suggests that the mortality rate of lesser meal worm is increase with the increase of insecticide dose. The LD50 values of the insecticides are inversely related to the toxicity of the insecticides i.e. higher the LD50 value lower the toxicity of the insecticide. 1 Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Bioscience Department, GSST, Shizuoka University. 836-Oya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan. Fig 2: Key words: Pyrethroid, Neuromuscular transmission, Acetone, Darkling beetle, Integration of pest management, Residual film assay. The growth in plants in sample when compared to control Fig 3: comparitative observation in root of the plantlets after 27 days Highly development of root in sample when compared to control

Volume 2, Issue 6, November-December, 2014, 156-160 Fig 4, CONTROL: Length of the longest roots seen between 7cm-8cm, Length of stem 10cm to 11cm, Number leaves seen was 9, Less rootlets was seen

CONCLUSION: OG has many applications in perfume industry because of the aromatic property of the plant.

4 Volume 2, Issue 6, November-December, 2014, Fig 4, CONTROL: Length of the longest roots seen between 7cm-8cm, Length of stem 10cm to 11cm, Number leaves seen was 9, Less rootlets was seen Yellow pigmented leaves was observed, Fig 5, SAMPLE: Length of longest roots seen between 11-14cm, Stem length 10cm-14cm, Number of leaves 12-15, More rootlets was seen, No yellow pigment. CONCLUSION: OG has many applications in perfume industry because of the aromatic property of the plant. From the above experiment it can be concluded that the aqueous extract of leaves of OG shows significant effect as growth promoter, in the growth of the plants. This pilot experiment can help for further study in the various as organic fertilizer like the effect of the aqueous extract on the quality of the soil, phytochemicals in particular responsible for the growth promoting activity and many more. REFERENCES: Ethan Basch, Catherine Ulbricht, Grace Kuo, Philippe Szapary, Michael Smith (2003). Therapeutic Applications of Fenugreek. Alternative Medicine Review. 8(1): Gayatri Nahak,RC Mishra and RK Sahu (2011).Taxonomic Distribution, Medicinal Properties and Drug Development Potentiality of Ocimum (Tulsi). Drug Invention Today. 3(6): Helambe S Snehlata, Dande R Payal (2012). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): An Overview. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research. 2(4): Jen-Hshuan Chen (2006). THE COMBINED USE OF CHEMICAL AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND/OR BIOFERTILIZER FOR CROP GROWTH AND SOIL FERTILITY. International Workshop on Sustained Management of the Soil-Rhizosphere System for Efficient Crop Production and Fertilizer Use Liron Berkovich, Gideon Earon, Ilan Ron, Adam Rimmon, Akiva Vexler and Shahar Lev-Ari (2013). Moringa Oleifera aqueous leaf extract down-regulates

5 Volume 2, Issue 6, November-December, 2014, nuclear factor-kappab and increases cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer cells. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine.13: 212. Mullaicharam AR, Geetali Deori and Uma Maheswari R (2013). Medicinal Values of Fenugreek A Review.Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 4(1): Medicinal herb Info. S. A. Adeniyi, J. E. Ehiagbonare, S.C.O.Nwangwu (2012). Nutritional evaluation of some staple leafy vegetables in Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science. 2(2): Wan-Li Xue, Xuan-She Li, Jian Zhang, Yong-Hui Liu, Zhi-Lun Wang,Rui-Juan Zhang (2007). Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) extract on blood glucose, blood lipid and hemorheological properties in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 16 (Suppl 1): Source of Support: Nil Conflict of Interest: None Declared

Insecticidal and Repellent Activity of Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. (Verbenaceae) Against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera:tenebrionoidea)

Academic Journal of Entomology 7 (): 63-69, 014 ISSN 1995-8994 IDOSI Publications, 014 DOI: 10.589/idosi.aje.014.7..83140 Insecticidal and Repellent Activity of Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. (Verbenaceae)