Pragmatics = meaning in context We ll be looking at: Grice s 4 conversational maxims Presupposition
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1 Pragmatics
2 Pragmatics = meaning in context We ll be looking at: Grice s 4 conversational maxims Presupposition
3 Pragmatics vs. semantics Can you reach the salt?
4 Pragmatics vs. semantics Can you reach the salt? Model of semantics Answer yes or no: are you physically able to reach the salt? (the literal, compositional meaning)
5 Pragmatics vs. semantics Can you reach the salt? Model of semantics Actual thing being communicated Answer yes or no: are you physically able to reach the salt? (the literal, compositional meaning) Give me the salt.
6 Pragmatics vs. semantics Can you reach the salt? Model of semantics Actual thing being communicated realm of pragmatics Answer yes or no: are you physically able to reach the salt? (the literal, compositional meaning) Give me the salt.
7 Gricean conversational maxims As cooperative human beings, we have an unspoken social contract with our conversational partner to follow Grice s 4 conversational maxims. Maxim of Relevance Maxim of Quality Maxim of Quantity Maxim of Manner Be relevant Try to make your contribution true. (Don t purposefully lie, or say things for which you do not have adequate evidence) Give the right amount of information (not too much, not too little) Avoid ambiguity and obscurity. (Be as straightforward as possible)
8 Purposefully flouting a maxim What happens if you violate a maxim, and you hide that fact from your conversation partner? A: Did you eat the last cookie? B: No. [when B did in fact eat the last cookie] Deception! Social contract broken BUT: What happens if you violate a maxim, and that fact is completely obvious? The assumption that you are being a cooperative conversation partner overall still holds! This is a means of indirect communication and is called flouting a maxim
9 Purposefully flouting a maxim What happens if you violate a maxim, and you hide that fact from your conversation partner? A: Did you eat the last cookie? B: No. [when B did in fact eat the last cookie] Deception! Social contract broken BUT: What happens if you violate a maxim, and that fact is completely obvious? The assumption that you are being a cooperative conversation partner overall still holds! This is a means of indirect communication and is called flouting a maxim
10 Purposefully flouting a maxim What happens if you violate a maxim, and you hide that fact from your conversation partner? A: Did you eat the last cookie? B: No. [when B did in fact eat the last cookie] Deception! Social contract broken BUT: What happens if you violate a maxim, and that fact is completely obvious? The assumption that you are being a cooperative conversation partner overall still holds! This is a means of indirect communication and is called flouting a maxim
11 Purposefully flouting a maxim What happens if you violate a maxim, and you hide that fact from your conversation partner? A: Did you eat the last cookie? B: No. [when B did in fact eat the last cookie] Deception! Social contract broken BUT: What happens if you violate a maxim, and that fact is completely obvious? The assumption that you are being a cooperative conversation partner overall still holds! This is a means of indirect communication and is called flouting a maxim implicature
12 Since our listener expects us to follow these maxims, we can communicate by purposefully flouting one or more of these maxims. The thing that is indirectly communicated through maxim flouting is called an implicature (what is being suggested by an utterance)
13 Maxim of Relevance ( Be relevant ) Piper: Do you like Alex s new car? Maxim of Relevance obeyed: Lorna: Yes, I love it! Maxim of Relevance ignored: Lorna: Pickles give me gas. Maxim of Relevance flouted: Lorna: The windshield is very clear. Implicature: Lorna does not like the car, but does not want to say so
14 Maxim of Relevance ( Be relevant ) Piper: Do you like Alex s new car? Maxim of Relevance obeyed: Lorna: Yes, I love it! Maxim of Relevance ignored: Lorna: Pickles give me gas. Maxim of Relevance flouted: Lorna: The windshield is very clear. Implicature: Lorna does not like the car, but does not want to say so
15 Maxim of Quality ( Don t lie ) Taystee: When does the library close? Maxim of Quality obeyed: Gloria: I don t know. (Gloria does not know when the library closes) Maxim of Quality ignored: Gloria : At 10 pm. (Gloria does not know when the library closes)
16 Maxim of Quality ( Don t lie ) Sam: I m going to buy a lottery ticket. I might win! Maxim of Quality obeyed: Joe: It s very unlikely. Maxim of Quality ignored: Joe: Yes, you have a pretty big chance. Maxim of Quality flouted: Joe: Yes, and pigs might fly.
17 Maxim of Quality ( Don t lie ) Sam: I m going to buy a lottery ticket. I might win! Maxim of Quality obeyed: Joe: It s very unlikely. Maxim of Quality ignored: Joe: Yes, you have a pretty big chance. Maxim of Quality flouted: Joe: Yes, and pigs might fly. Implicature: Don t buy the ticket, you won t win.
18 Maxim of Quality ( Don t lie ) Sam: I m going to buy a lottery ticket. I might win! Maxim of Quality obeyed: Joe: It s very unlikely. Maxim of Quality ignored: Joe: Yes, you have a pretty big chance. Maxim of Quality flouted: Joe: Yes, and pigs might fly. Sarcasm is often achieved by flouting this maxim
19 Maxim of Quantity ( Don t give too much or too little information ) Lorna: Where are your parents from? Maxim of Quantity obeyed: Nicky: They re from India. Maxim of Quantity ignored: Nicky : They re from India. They lived on the fourth floor of an apartment on Janta Market Road in New Delhi that was next to a restaurant. Maxim of Quantity flouted: Nicky : Earth. Implicature: Nicky perceives that Wanda is viewing her as a foreigner based on appearance alone, and wishes to communicate that she dislikes that he is doing so.
20 Maxim of Quantity ( Don t give too much or too little information ) Lorna: Where are your parents from? Maxim of Quantity obeyed: Nicky: They re from India. Maxim of Quantity ignored: Nicky : They re from India. They lived on the fourth floor of an apartment on Janta Market Road in New Delhi that was next to a restaurant. Maxim of Quantity flouted: Nicky : Earth. Implicature: Nicky perceives that Lorna is viewing her as a foreigner based on appearance alone, and wishes to communicate that she dislikes that she is doing so.
21 Maxim of Quantity ( Don t give too much or too little information ) Larry: How many sisters do you have? Maxim of Quantity obeyed: Daya: Two. (Daya has two sisters) Maxim of Quantity ignored: Daya : Two. (Daya has three sisters) Maxim of Quantity flouted: Daya : Two. The third doesn t count. Implicature: Andrea has three sisters, but had a falling out with one of them
22 Maxim of Quantity ( Don t give too much or too little information ) Larry: How many sisters do you have? Maxim of Quantity obeyed: Daya: Two. (Daya has two sisters) Maxim of Quantity ignored: Daya : Two. (Daya has three sisters) Maxim of Quantity flouted: Daya : Two. The third doesn t count. Implicature: Daya has three sisters, but had a falling out with one of them
23 Maxim of Manner ( Be clear and concise ) Joe: Who is that talking to Susan? Maxim of Manner obeyed: Angie: That s Joel, the father of Susan s children. (Joel is the father of Susan s children, but they are not married) Maxim of Manner ignored: Angie: That s Joel, the father of Susan s children. (Joel is the father of Susan s children, and they are married) Maxim of Manner flouted: Angie: That s Joel, the father of Susan s children. (Joel is the father of Susan s children, and they are married) Implicature: Angie might be trying to convey to Joe that it s inappropriate for him to think of Susan in a romantic way because she is married and has kids
24 Maxim of Manner ( Be clear and concise ) Vince: Let s get something for the kids. Maxim of Manner obeyed: Lorna: OK, let s get them ice cream. Maxim of Manner ignored: Lorna: O-K, L-E-T-S G-E-T T-H-E-M I-C-E C-R-E-A-M. Maxim of Manner flouted: Lorna: OK, but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M. Implicature: Vince assumes Lorna is being purposefully obfuscating because she does not want the kids to complain
25 Maxim of Manner ( Be clear and concise ) Vince: Let s get something for the kids. Maxim of Manner obeyed: Lorna: OK, let s get them ice cream. Maxim of Manner ignored: Lorna: O-K, L-E-T-S G-E-T T-H-E-M I-C-E C-R-E-A-M. Maxim of Manner flouted: Lorna: OK, but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M. Implicature: Vince assumes Lorna is being purposefully obfuscating because she does not want the kids to complain
26 Practice A. Where is my Halloween candy? B. The children were in your room this morning. What maxim is being flouted? What is the implicature? (Note that with Gricean maxims, there are often several answers. Just make sure you can back yours up.)
27 Advertising and maxims Everything in the store is up to 75% off! Desired conclusion: Everything/most things are actually 75% off What maxim(s) would lead the consumer to draw these conclusions?
28 Breaking or flouting? 4PE93Y PiCpw0&feature=youtu.be&t=2m7s
29 Presupposition We ve talked about entailment, contradiction, and paraphrase A special type of entailment is presupposition Sentence A presupposes sentence B if A entails B, and the negation of A also entails B
30 Presupposition: Sentence A presupposes sentence B if A entails B, and the negation of A also entails B In these sentence pairs, does the first sentence presuppose the second? (1) Jim knows that Ross likes basketball. (2) Ross likes basketball. (3) Jim assumes that Ross likes basketball. (4) Ross likes basketball. (5) Piatt ate the cookie. (6) There was a cookie. (7) Piatt ate a cookie. (8) There was a cookie.
31 Presuppositions can be used to introduce information into a conversation without actually asserting that information A: Hi! How are you? I haven't seen you in a while. B: Things are great. I went to the game yesterday. Suppose person A hadn t known that there was a game yesterday. A now has a choice: Accept there was a game yesterday as part of the common background knowledge Challenge or question B s presupposition, such as by asking for more information
32 Why are so-called loaded questions not allowed in court? Lawyer: Have you stopped embezzling money? Defendant:??? What does the defendant have to say here (if he/she is innocent)?
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