International Family Violence and Child Victimization Research Conference

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1 International Family Violence and Child Victimization Research Conference René D. Drumm Southern Adventist University Marciana Popescu Fordham University 1

2 The Pastor Can t Be Bothered : Conservative Christian Women s Perceptions of Effective Help-Seeking Efforts 2

3 Background Quantitative survey study Domestic violence victimization and needs assessment in North Pacific SDA churches Qualitative in-depth interviews SDA victim/survivors 3

4 Quantitative Methodology Stratified random sample of 49 churches 1431 responses In-person presentation followed by survey and group participation, collection box 4

5 Percentage Comparison with Other Populations on Physical Violence Lifetime Physical Violence by an Intimate Partner Type of Assault Total (anyone reporting at least one of the following) Threw, smashed, hit, or kicked something to frighten you Women Percent Our Sample 33.8 National Men Percent Our Sample National Pushed, grabbed, or shoved you Beat you up Threatened to use a weapon on you Used a weapon on you Tjaden, P. & Thonnes, N. (November, 2000). Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence against Women Research Report: Findings from the National Violence against Women Survey. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2 Coker, A. L., Smith, P. H., McKeown, R. E., & King, M. J. (2000). Frequency and correlates of Intimate Partner Violence by type: Physical, sexual, and psychological battering. American Journal of Public Health, 90(4), pp Schaefer, J., Caetano, R., and Clark, C.L. (1998). Rates of intimate partner violence in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 88 (11) pp

6 Help-seeking Efforts Among Physical Abuse Victim/Survivors 1. Talked the situation over with the person 85% 2. Talked it over with a friend 84% 3. Talked it over with a relative 70% 4. Talked about it with a church member 68% 5. Went to a professional counselor 60% 6. Went to see the pastor 57% 7. Bought a self-help book about it 54% 8. Went to a support group 30% 9. Called the police or % 10. Discussed it with my family doctor or OB/GYN 28% 11.Went to the Emergency Room 21% 12.Called a hotline for help 21% 13.Went to a shelter 17% 6

7 Effective Help-seeking Among Victim/Survivors of Physical Violence Female Rank Mean Male Mean Rank 1. Went to a support group Went to a professional counselor Bought a self-help book about it Talked about it with a church member Talked it over with a friend Went to a shelter Talked it over with a relative Went to see the pastor Called a hotline for help Talked the situation over with the person Called the police/ Discussed it with my family doctor or my OB/GYN Went to the hospital Emergency Room

8 Types of Help-seeking Informal Talked about it with a church member Talked about it with a friend Talked it over with a relative Talked it over with the person Went to see the pastor Formal Went to a professional counselor Went to a support group Discussed it with my family doctor/obgyn Called the police/911 Called a hotline for help Went to a shelter Went to the hospital ER 8

9 Rank Order of Effective Informal Help-seeking Among Women Physical Abuse Survivors Talked about it with a church member 2.12 Talked it over with a friend 2.12 Talked it over with a relative 2.03 Went to see the pastor 2.01 Talked the situation over with the person

10 Rank Order of Effective Formal Help-seeking Among Women Physical Abuse Survivors Went to a support group 2.28 Went to a professional counselor 2.19 Went to a shelter 2.05 Called a hotline for help 2.00 Called the police/ Discussed it with my family doctor 1.86 or my OB/GYN Went to the hospital Emergency Room

11 Qualitative Methodology Purposive sampling techniques Brochure Known domestic violence advocates Pastors 30 in-depth interviews 11

12 Qualitative Methodology Women in this faith tradition represented victim/survivors in all parts of the US. The women shared their experiences from several cultural groups such as African American, Asian, Hispanic, and Caucasian. All names are pseudonyms. 12

13 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Types of help-seeking INFORMAL Books Talking to church members Pastoral counseling FORMAL Support groups Legal system Police Lawyers Judges Emergency shelters Mental Health Counseling 13

14 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Books Types of Help-seeking I heard him [assistant pastor] say this is really an excellent book it was on forgiveness and. I thought, well maybe that's what's wrong, maybe I need to read that book. And so I went into his office and I said, I heard you talking about that book that someone brought you, would it be possible for me to borrow it? And he said, Well sure. And so he loaned it to me. I read that book through and I did everything it said and I stopped losing weight. I felt like it saved my life. It really did. (Judy) 14

15 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Types of help-seeking Talking to church members I did open up to him and his wife, about 6 months after I started attending the church... They were very supportive. They would allow me to talk about things, and they were just really supportive and caring. (Audra) 15

16 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Types of Help-seeking Pastoral Counseling I went to the pastor and to the first elder and I told them I needed to talk. I tried to start to speak, and I wasn t going to go into the whole detail, but simply to tell them I needed prayer, but I couldn t keep myself together. I was crying. The first elder asked me whether I felt free to share what had happened and the pastor said, No, no, no! She doesn t have to tell us. She just said she wants prayer. We can pray for her and we can go. And so I realized the pastor can t be bothered, he doesn t want to, you know. (Betty) 16

17 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Types of Help-seeking Pastoral Counseling The pastor said, Well, you need to fight back. You need to stand up for yourself. You need to do this and that. A pastor should not tell that to a woman. Because they can t at that point stand up for themselves. That advice was horrible because that just turned him on more and the abuse got worse. (Karla) 17

18 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Types of Help-seeking Pastoral Counseling Then I went to the pastor and said, Bobby is sexually abusing me and tying me up, and I felt that I could confide in him a little bit. And I said, I need help. And then he says, I find this hard to believe. I have never seen any evidence of that in him. All the times I ve ever been with him, he never even said a curse word or anything, so it s hard for me to believe. (Karla) 18

19 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Types of Help-seeking Support Groups And that's when I started become aware of all that was happening when I heard other people's stories and I had flashbacks and I was talking with the counselors and everybody and then is when I realized what was really happening and I was really in an abusive situation. (Andrea) 19

20 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Types of Help-seeking Legal System Police He told me I was never going to see him again, and I started out the door to get help, and he didn't want me to go out the door so he punched me in the face. The police came. My nose was bloody. So you called the police? I didn't. The neighbor did (Dora) 20

21 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Types of Help-seeking Legal System Police She [police officer] actually gave me a bunch of pamphlets on all kinds of stuff on abuse and everything. And I thought, Ok what am I going to do with these? When you hand out these pamphlets, women have to be careful because they will be found at home. So pamphlets aren't always the best. (Karla) 21

22 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Types of Help-seeking Legal System Lawyers And she [legal aid lawyer] said, You know, if you're that afraid of him, you need to get out of this town. Get out of this city. And I then told her what he told me, that I'd be charged with kidnapping and she goes, No, no, that's what he's wanting you to believe. No, you can go anywhere you want in [this state]. (Kelly) 22

23 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Types of Help-seeking Legal System Judges I went before a judge who was known to be against women in divorce cases. But he did, I have to say he ruled as fairly as he could, but I don't feel like there was any kind of extra thrown in, he didn't throw me a crumb or anything. (Peggy) 23

24 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Types of Help-seeking Emergency Shelter The best for me was getting help; you know, going to [a Christian shelter]. (Karla) 24

25 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Types of Help-seeking Mental Health Counseling [I began] confiding in the counselor to where she helped me realize it [abuse] is not normal. I mean she kept pounding into me, This is not normal. What he's doing to you is not what a Christian man does. Because in my mind, he was a Christian man. So that was probably the most helpful, the counselor reassuring me it's not normal. (Karla) 25

26 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS Types of Help-seeking Mental Health Counseling Social Worker/Child Protective Services I phoned a very dear friend of mine, who is probably the one who has helped me the most during the whole ordeal. And probably because she's trained in the Social Work aspect, so she had all the information, all the right information, and suitable for me specifically. She gave me a phone number for child protection and so I phoned and I went and I picked my son up from school, and I took him to see a doctor. I wanted the burn incident documented. And that's where the police got involved as well. And I pressed charges. Then it was a very turbulent time. (Pamela) 26

27 CONCLUSIONS Perceptions of Effective Help-seeking Informal help-seeking appears to be preferred for: Providing immediate comfort - talked to a dear friend of mine Providing information while protecting from intrusion - I read it [the book] through and did everything it said. 27

28 CONCLUSIONS Perceptions of Effective Help-seeking Among all types of informal help-seeking, talking to a church member appears to be perceived as most effective. Providing the caring support mostly needed by women experiencing IPV they were just really supportive and caring 28

29 CONCLUSIONS Perceptions of Effective Help-seeking Pastoral counseling is desired by women (57% opt for this type of help-seeking), yet it is among the least effective informal help-seeking. As noted by our interviewers, it presents three major limitations: Lack of interest: The pastor can t be bothered Denial: I find this hard to believe Counterproductive advice: That advice was horrible the abuse got worse. 29

30 CONCLUSIONS Perceptions of Effective Help-seeking Crisis-intervention help-seeking is among the least chosen, least effective help-seeking: POLICE called by neighbors, and not always providing effective solutions. Legal system although at times is perceived as a channel for sound advice ( you need to get out of this town ) it provides limited help ( I don t feel like there was any kind of extra thrown in ). Shelters perceived as helpful, when faith-based. 30

31 CONCLUSIONS Perceptions of Effective Help-seeking Mental health professionals/counselors: When used, perceived as more effective than crisisintervention help-seeking, but slightly less effective than support groups. Most helpful: (1): Providing information and support in the decision-making process she had all the information, all the right information for me. (2): Drawing the line between normalcy and abuse the counselor reassuring me it s not normal. 31

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