Bio 322 Human Anatomy Objectives for the laboratory exercise Urinary System Filtration Reabsorption Secretion Concentration

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1 Bio 322 Human Anatomy Objectives for the laboratory exercise Urinary System Required reading before beginning this lab: Saladin, KS: Human Anatomy 5 th ed (2017) Chapter 25 For this lab you will use parts of Exercises #27 in your Wise lab manual. Please be sure to read that before coming to lab or you will not be able to finish within the scheduled lab time. Introduction: The human urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It plays a vital role in homeostasis by monitoring and adjusting the concentrations of nutrients, waste products, electrolytes, hormones, drugs, and literally hundreds of other types of molecules within the blood as it passes through the kidneys. This occurs by four sequential processes: Filtration of large amounts of water and many different solutes out of the blood. This is relatively non-specific with regard to which solute molecules are filtered. Reabsorption back into the blood of solutes which the body needs to retain. This is highly specific your kidneys reabsorb only the amount of each solute which your body needs for homeostasis, and any excess stays in the urine. Secretion into the urine of additional ions and molecules which your body needs to eliminate. This, too, is highly selective with regard to which ions and molecules are eliminated. Concentration of the urine before it leaves the kidneys by reabsorption of large amounts of water. As with the solutes of the blood, your kidneys allow you to maintain the proper amount of water in your blood while eliminating any excess through the urine. The fluid that remains becomes urine and passes out of the kidneys into the ureters, which transport it to the bladder where it is stored until it can be voided through the urethra. In order to accomplish their homeostatic functions, the kidneys must receive a large volume of blood typically 20% to 25% of your entire cardiac output while at rest. This enters each kidney through a renal artery, which is a direct branch of the abdominal aorta, and is distributed to the proper capillaries where filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and concentration can occur. The blood leaving the kidney returns through a renal vein directly to the inferior vena cava.

2 Objectives: 1) Complete Exercise #27 in your Wise lab manual except for the Cat Anatomy section at the end. When you have completed this lab exercise: a) You should understand the positions of the kidneys within the abdominal cavity, including what it means that they are retroperitoneal b) On a large model of the kidney, you should be able to identify the capsule, cortex, medulla, calyces, and medulla. c) On the same model, within the medulla you should be able to identify the renal pyramids, and renal columns. d) On the same model, you should be able to locate the entry of the renal artery, the exit of the renal vein, and the exit of the ureter at the hilum. e) You should be able to describe the flow of blood through the renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate (interlobular) arteries, afferent arterioles, glomeruli, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, cortical radiate (interlobular) veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, and renal vein. You should be able to identify the location of each of those blood vessels on the large and medium models of the kidney. f) You should be able to describe the structure and flow of fluid (what will become the urine) through of a nephron; including the glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule. You should be able to describe the location and flow of that fluid through a collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, and pelvis of the kidney into the ureter. On the model of the nephon, you should be able to identify the glomerulus, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. g) On a microscopic slide of the kidney (#16 in your slide set) under low and medium magnification, you should be able to identify the cortex, medulla, calyces, and pelvis. Under high magnification you should be able to locate glomeruli and the glomerular capsules around them.

3 h) On a torso model, you should be able to locate the kidneys, renal arteries, renal veins, ureters, and urinary bladder. On torso models with male or female genitalia, you should be able to locate the urethras, including the three parts of the male urethra. i) On a microscopic slide of the urinary bladder (#8 in your slide set) under low, medium, and high power you should be able to identify the transitional epithelium, the connective tissue lamina propria, and the smooth muscle of the detrusor muscle. j) On pre-cut sheep kidneys, you should be able to identify the cortex, medulla, renal columns, renal pyramids, pelvis, and ureter. 2) With the female cadaver supine (face up), identify the renal arteries, renal veins, kidneys, and ureters. You will probably not be able to identify the urinary bladder on the cadaver since it is located inferiorly to the abdominal cavity, but if you place your finger anterior to the uterus you will be pressing on its superior surface You should be able to describe the positions of each of these organs relative to surrounding structures such as ribs, vertebrae, and bones of the pelvis. 3) This exercise will require you to remove clothing, so you should do it at home. On yourself or another person, identify the location of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Use a pen (preferably water soluble) to draw these structures on the skin. Pay attention to the location of the kidneys relative to the ribs, of the ureters relative to the vertebrae, and of the bladder and urethra relative to the pubic bone. Identify the opening of the urethra on yourself, including its relationship to the opening of the vagina (use a mirror) if you are female. If you have a willing partner of the other sex, identify her or his urethral opening as well. If you wish, show your drawings to your friends and family and then go take a shower to wash them off.

4 Review: After you have completed this lab exercise, be sure you can answer the questions at the end of Exercise #27 in your Wise lab manual, but do this verbally with your lab partners rather than in written form. The purpose of doing this should not be to write down the correct answer, but rather to be sure that everyone in your lab group understands the information presented in the exercise and to identify any areas which you still do not understand. Remember: one of the best ways to learn new information and to be sure you understand it is to discuss it with another person. If you can t easily answer one of the questions, go back to your Saladin textbook and re-read the relevant section(s), It is also an excellent idea for members of a lab group to set up small quizzes for each other. Ask each other to identify structures on diagrams and models. Ask each other to explain the functions of those structures. Here are some additional questions and discussions which may help you understand the urinary system. Remember these are for discussion, not writing. That s the best way to be sure your brain can explain what you have learned. What would happen to you if your glomeruli lost their ability to filter water and other molecules out of your blood? What would happen to you if your nephrons lost their ability to reabsorb almost all of the liquid which is filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus? What would happen to you if your nephrons lost their ability to secrete waste products into the urine within your nephrons? (assume these are molecules which did not filter out of your blood from the glomeruli into the glomerular capsule). What would happen to you if your collecting ducts lost their ability to reabsorb water from the urine back into your blood? What type of epithelium forms the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in the cortex of the kidney? Which blood vessels would you expect to see in the cortex of the kidney? Which blood vessels would you expect to see in the medulla of the kidney?

5 How do the cells of the transitional epithelium lining your bladder change as it fills up with urine? How do these cells change when you empty your bladder during urination?

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