Index. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd K.-H. Lai et al. (eds.), Biliopancreatic Endoscopy,

Transcription

1 A Acute cholangitis biliary endoprosthesis, 70 intraductal ultrasonography, 243 Acute cholecystitis, 33, 143, 226 Acute intracystic hemorrhage, EUS-FNA, 241 Acute pancreatitis EUS-FNA, 240 intraductal ultrasonography, 243 Sphincter of Oddi manometry, 221 Allergic reaction, EUS, Ampullary tumors, 153, 190 intraductal ultrasonography, 168 macroscopic appearance of, 191, 192 management of, pathologies, 190 pre-procedure evaluation curative potential, malignancy existence, 191 Anastomosis/anastomotic stricture, 84, Anticoagulation therapy, 7 Antiplatelet therapy, 5, 7 Antithrombotic medications, PBD vs. sphincterotomy, 39 Antitumor agents, 154 Argon plasma coagulation (APC), 195, 197 Ascending cholangitis, post-ercp, 32, 226 Aspiration pneumonia, 239 Autoimmune cholangitis, 169 B Bacteremia, EUS-FNA, Balloon-assisted technique, 145 Balloon dilator, 179 Balloon-sheathed IDUS, 166 Benign bile duct strictures, 85 Bonastent M-intraductal stent, 84, 86 causes of, 70 dilation, endoscopic therapy, 70, 71 postcholecystectomy stricture, 83, 84 self-expandable metal stent, 83 Benign biliopancreatic diseases, EUS cholecystoduodenostomy, 143 choledochoduodenostomy/hepatico-gastrostomy, chronic pancreatitis, common bile duct stones, 139 injection therapy, pancreatic cystic lesions, pseudocyst drainage, 139, 140 rendezvous bile duct drainage, 140, 142, 143 Benzodiazepines, 9, 226 Bile duct tumors, tissue acquisition of, 168 Bile leakage biliary endoprosthesis, contrast enhanced computed tomogram, 172 contrast enhanced T1-magnetic resonance imaging, 172, 173 endoscopic treatment of, 172, 174 Bile peritonitis, EUS-FNA, 242 Biliary access difficult definition, 19 guidewire-assisted cannulation, 19 pancreatic duct guidewire/stent placement, precut biliary sphincterotomy, rendezvous technique, wire-guided cannulation with sphincterotome, ERCP, juxtapapillary diverticulum, 17 normal papilla, 17 periampullary tumor, Biliary complications, post-ldlt, See also Liver transplantation Biliary endoprosthesis application, in biliary diseases acute cholangitis, 70 benign bile duct strictures, bile leaks, irretrievable bile duct stones, malignant distal common bile duct obstruction, 74 malignant peri-hilar strictures, 74 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd K.-H. Lai et al. (eds.), Biliopancreatic Endoscopy, 249

2 250 Biliary endoprosthesis (cont.) benign bile duct strictures, cholecystitis, 87 complications, 74 75, malignant common bile duct obstruction, 83 OASIS system, 68 pancreatitis, 87 peri-hilar strictures, plastic stents available biliary, 66 short-wire system, stent diameter, stent introducer system, 68 stent length, three-layer coaxial system, 68 self-expandable metal stent covered and non-covered, 79 mechanical properties, placement techniques, selection of stent length, stent migration, 74 77, stent occlusion, 75, stent retrieval, 70 Biliary pain, endoscopic sphincterotomy, 222 Biliary-pancreatic tissue acquisition endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography analytic techniques, 114 brush cytology, cholangiopancreatoscopy-based tissue sampling, 112 cytology brush designs, direct cholangioscopy using ultraslim endoscope, 112 forceps biopsy, 110 forceps designs, 110 intraductal fine needle aspiration, 111 sampling techniques, SpyGlass direct visualization system, endoscopic ultrasound aspiration needle, 118 curvilinear echoendoscope and related processor, 118 equipment and accessories, 118 syringe, 118 Biliary provocation tests, 219 Biliary SOD clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, 218 epidemiology, 214 Milwaukee classification system, 216 Rome III criteria, Biliary tumors, Biliopancreatic tumors, EUS biliary tumors, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, 120 pancreatic tumors, 119 Billroth II gastrojejunostomy, Bleeding EPLBD, ERCP, 7 EUS-FNA, PBD vs. sphincterotomy, 39 post-endoscopic papillectomy, 197 post-ercp, Bonastent SEMS, 77 Botulinum toxin (BTX) injection, SOD, Bowel perforations, EST, 32 Brachytherapy, 154 Braided stents, 77 Branch ducts-ipmn (BD-IPMN), Brush cytology, Brushing catheter, ERCP, 3 C Cardiopulmonary complications, EUS, 237 Cardiopulmonary-related post-ercp complications, Celiac ganglion neurolysis (CGN), EUS-guided, Celiac plexus neurolysis (CPN), EUS-guided, 144 Cholangiocarcinoma, IDUS, 168 Cholangiopancreatography, EUS-guided, 145 Cholangiopancreatoscopy-based tissue sampling, 112 Cholangioscopy clinical applications of, 204, 207 direct, 202, 203 drawbacks, 210 indeterminate bile duct strictures, missed bile duct stones and difficult stones treatment, single-operator, using ultraslim endoscope, 112 Cholecystitis, 87 See also Acute cholecystitis Cholecystoduodenostomy, 143 Cholecystokinin (CCK) injection, SOD, 219 Choledochoduodenostomy, Choledocholithiasis intraductal ultrasonography, pancreatoscopy, 209 Choledochoscope, 3 Chronic pancreatitis (CP), 99, Chronic pancreatitis-related distal common bile duct strictures, 83 Color Doppler sonography, 175 Common bile duct stones (CBDS), 44, 46, 139 Computed tomography cholangiography (CTC), 175 Congenital pancreatic duct anomalies chronic pancreatitis, 99 pancreas divisum, 98 pancreatic duct disruption, 101 pancreatic duct stones, pancreaticobiliary ducts, Contrast-enhanced EUS (CE-EUS), pancreatico-biliary malignancies, 151 Cytology brush designs, D Deep sedation, 237 Device-assisted enteroscope (DAE), 93

3 Diathesis, PBD vs. sphincterotomy, 39 Direct cholangioscopy, with ultraslim endoscope, 202, 203 Double-balloon enteroscope, 92 Double guidewire method, EST, 29 Duodenoscope, 3, 14, 15 Duodenum access, ERCP papilla, 15 short route position, view of pyloric ring approach, 14 E Echoendoscope, 3 See also Linear echoendoscope; Radial echoendoscope EGIS stent, 66 Electro-hydraulic lithotripsy (EHL), 209, 210 Endo-flex SEMS, 67 Endoscopic double-snare retracting papillectomy, 195 Endoscopic large balloon dilation after sphincterotomy (ESLBD) ballooning time, clinical efficacy and safety adverse events after, 51 bleeding, infection, 52 pancreatitis, 51 perforation, 52 success rates, vs. EPBD, vs. EPLBD, 48 guidelines for safe, 49 large balloon catheter placement, 49 long-term results after, Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) bile cooling via, 63 clinical application, 62 complications, double, 63 indications, 60 insertion procedure, nasobiliary catheters designs, 60 potential application, hepatobiliary disease, 62 transnasal endoscopic biliary drainage, 62 Endoscopic nasopancreatic drainage (ENPD) complications, indications, 58 insertion procedure, 58 pancreatic stenting vs. nasopancreatic drainage, potential application, pancreatic disease, 60 procedure, 58 Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy, Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) balloon catheter selection, balloon diameter, 38 duration of dilation, EPLBD vs., indications and contraindications, randomized controlled trials, 36 vs. sphincterotomy altered/difficult anatomy, 39 bleeding, 38 long-term outcomes, 39 mechanical lithotripsy, need for, pancreatitis, 38 patients with bleeding diathesis/antithrombotic medications, 39 short-term outcomes, 38 technique of, Endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (EPLBD) alone vs. ESLBD, 48 ballooning time, clinical efficacy and safety adverse events after, 51 bleeding, infection, 52 pancreatitis, 51 perforation, 52 success rates, vs. EPBD, guidelines for safe, 49 large balloon catheter placement, 49 long-term results after, Endoscopic papillectomy (EP) complications of, en bloc papillectomy, 195 follow-up, 198 hemoclips/argon plasma coagulation, 195 pathological checking, 198 patient preparation, post-ep surveillance, 198 post-procedure management, 197 stiffer snares, 195 submucosal injection, 195 successful rate, 190 therapeutic duodenoscope, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), 150, 192 allergy to contrast media, 7 8 antibiotics prophylaxis, 8 biliary access, juxtapapillary diverticulum, 17 normal papilla, 17 periampullary tumor, biliary-pancreatic tissue acquisition analytic techniques, 114 brush cytology, cholangiopancreatoscopy-based tissue sampling, 112 cytology brush designs, direct cholangioscopy using ultraslim endoscope, 112 forceps biopsy, 110 forceps designs, 110 intraductal fine needle aspiration, 111 sampling techniques, SpyGlass direct visualization system, with Billroth II gastrojejunostomy, congenital pancreatic duct anomalies chronic pancreatitis,

4 252 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (cont.) pancreas divisum, 98 pancreatic duct disruption, 101 pancreatic duct stones, pancreaticobiliary ducts, contraindications, 2 3 diagnosis, 98 difficult biliary access definition, 19 guidewire-assisted cannulation, 19 pancreatic duct guidewire/stent placement, precut biliary sphincterotomy, rendezvous technique, wire-guided cannulation with sphincterotome, duodenum access papilla, approach and observe, 15 short route position, view of pyloric ring approach, 14 endoscopic approaches, 92 endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy, equipment, 3 4 evaluation of patients history, 4 5 laboratory tests and imaging studies, 5 physical examinations, 5 indications, 2 3 informed consent, 5 6 instructions to patients, 6 7 intracardiac devices implantation, 7 intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), management, 7 pancreatic cancer, pancreatic duct stricture dilation, pancreatic stenting, 103 pregnancy, 8 premedication, 9 10 preparation before, 5 6 radiation protection, 10 with Roux-en-Y anastomosis, sedation, 9 10 surgical-assisted approaches, 95 technique, 13 therapies, 102 with Whipple operation, Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST), 163 complication hemorrhage after EST, 32 infection after ERCP, perforation, 32 post-ercp pancreatitis, contraindications, double guidewire method, 29 indications, needle-knife fistulotomy, needle-knife precut sphincterotomy, 29 needle-knife sphincterotomy over pancreatic stent, standard techniques with contrast injection, 29 transpancreatic sphincterotomy, 31 wire-guided cannulation with sphincterotome/ standard catheter, 29 Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) ampullary adenoma, 193, 194 benign biliopancreatic diseases cholecystoduodenostomy, 143 choledochoduodenostomy/hepatico-gastrostomy, chronic pancreatitis, common bile duct stones, 139 injection therapy, pancreatic cystic lesions, pseudocyst drainage, 139, 140 rendezvous bile duct drainage, 140, 142, 143 complications, management of, 244 endoscopic ultrasonography-guided rendezvous technique (EUS-RV), for biliary drainage, vs. intraductal ultrasonography, 163 methods to minimize complications, 244, 245 in pancreatico-biliary disease contraindications, 126 indications, 126 linear echoendoscope, 126 patient preparation, radial echoendoscope, 126 scanning principles and techniques, 127 ultrasound probe/miniprobe/catheter-based echoprobe, pancreatico-biliary malignancies ampullary tumors, 153 contrast-enhanced EUS, 151 cystic pancreatic lesions, drawbacks, 151 EUS-guided energy delivery and brachytherapy, 154 EUS-guided fiducial placement, EUS-guided fine needle tattoo, 153 interventional EUS, 153 malignant vascular invasion, 150 mesentery vessel invasion, 150 N staging, portal venous invasion, 150 real-time elastography, solid tumors, 150 tissue acquisition, 152 tumor ablation, 154 tumor-associated complications, management of, tumor detection, 150 pre-ep image survey, 193 purpose of, 236 Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) biliopancreatic tissue acquisition aspiration needle, 118 curvilinear echoendoscope and related processor, 118 equipment and accessories, 118 syringe, 118 biliopancreatic tumors biliary tumors,

5 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, 120 pancreatic tumors, 119 Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) elastography, 191 of ampullary adenocarcinoma, 193 Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biliary puncture, 22 Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUSGE), 145 FNA techniques, 118 Fanning technique, 119 non-suction technique, 119 peripheral sampling technique, 119 slow-pull technique, 119 EP, see Endoscopic papillectomy (EP) EPBD, see Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) ERCP, see Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) EST, see Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) Ethanol (EtOH) injection EUS-guided, 154 for P-NET, EUS, see Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) EUS-FNI, of antitumor agents, 154 EUS-guided balloon-occluded gastrojejunostomy bypass (EBOG), 145 EUS-guided celiac plexus/ganglion block, EUS-guided celiac plexus neurolysis (EUS-CPN), 154 EUS-guided energy delivery and brachytherapy, 154 EUS-guided ethanol injection, 154 EUS-guided fiducial placement, EUS guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) complications acute intracystic hemorrhage, 241 acute pancreatitis, 240 bacteremia, bile peritonitis, 242 luminal/extraluminal bleeding, needle-tract seeding, pneumoperitoneum, 241 pneumothorax, 241 cystic tumors, 153 morbidity, 239 needles, 239 tissue acquisition, 152 EUS-guided fine needle tattoo, 153 EUS-guided gastrointestinal tract bypass, 155 EUS-guided pancreatico-biliary drainage, 155 EUS-guided transluminal drainage (EUS-TLD), F Facial dilator, 179 Fanning technique, 119 Fatty meal sonography, SOD, 219 Fibrin glue, 32 Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) techniques endoscopic ultrasound, 118 Fanning technique, 119 non-suction technique, 119 peripheral sampling technique, 119 slow-pull technique, 119 Fistulotomy, EST, Forceps biopsy, 110 designs, 110 Forward-viewing endoscope, 92 Functional biliary sphincter of Oddi disorder Rome III criteria, Rome IV criteria, 217 Functional pancreatic sphincter of Oddi disorder Rome III criteria, 216 Rome IV criteria, Fusion system, 69 G Gallbladder (GB) drainage, EUS-guided, 143 Gastroenterostomy, see Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUSGE) Gastrointestinal (GI) perforation, EUS, Guidewire-assisted cannulation, 19 H Hemobilia, 244 Hemorrhage after EST, 32 from vascular trauma, post-ercp, 230 Hepatico-gastrostomy, Hepatobiliary scintigraphy, SOD, I Idiopathic pancreatitis, IDUS, 167 Indeterminate biliary stricture, IDUS, 167 Infection, post-ercp complications acute cholecystitis, 226 ascending cholangitis, 226 pancreatic infection, Informed consent, ERCP, 5 6 Intracardiac devices implantation, ERCP, 7 Intraductal fine needle aspiration, 111 Intraductal metallic stent (IDMS), for biliary stricture treatment, Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), intraductal ultrasonography, 168 of pancreas, 136 Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS), 194 acute cholangitis, 243 acute pancreatitis, 243 of ampullary tumor, 193 ampullary tumors, T staging of, 168 autoimmune cholangitis, 169 bile duct tumors, tissue acquisition of, 168 catheter probes, 164 cholangiocarcinoma, 168 choledocholithiasis,

6 254 Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) (cont.) clinical applications, 166 complete bile duct stone clearance, 167 components, 162 endoscopic sphincterotomy, 163 vs. endoscopic ultrasonography, 163 hemobilia, 244 idiopathic pancreatitis, 167 indeterminate biliary stricture, 167 IPMN assessment, 168 limitations, 169 neuroendocrine tumor detection, 168 non-wire-guided ultrasonic probe, 163, 165 normal extrahepatic biliary tract, percutaneous route, 163, 165 portal hypertensive biliopathy, 168, 169 pre-ep image survey, 193 primary sclerosing cholangitis, 169 probes used for, 127 stones, air bubbles and sludges, 166 three-dimensional, 163 transpapillary route, 163, 165 T staging, of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 167 wire-guided ultrasonic probe, 162, 163, 165 Intrahepatic duct (IHD) dilation, 174, 175 selective cannulation of balloon occlusion method, 175, 177 error and try method, 175, 176 Irretrievable bile duct stones, J Juxtapapillary diverticulum, ERCP biliary access, 17 M Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), Main pancreatic duct-ipmn (M-IPMN), 136, 137 Malignant peri-hilar strictures, 74 Mechanical lithotripsy, 230 M-hilar stent, 85, 88 Moderate sedation, 237 Mother baby cholangioscope system, see Peroral videocholangioscopy N Nasobiliary catheter, ERCP, 3, 8 Needle-knife fistulotomy, Needle-knife sphincterotomy over pancreatic stent, precut, 29 Needle-tract seeding, EUS-FNA, Neuroendocrine tumors, IDUS, 168 Nifedipine therapy, SOD, 222 Nitinol, 75 Niti-S SEMS, 77 Niti-S Y stent, 85 Non-anastomosis stricture (NAS), 172, 173 Non-covered stents, 77 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), for post-ercp pancreatitis, 227 Non-suction technique, 119 O OASIS system, 68 Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), 83 K Knitted stents, 77 L Laser-cut stent, 76 Laser lithotripsy (LL), 209, 210 Linear echoendoscope complications of, duodenum, stomach, Liver transplantation, 171 bile leakage, rescue methods, 182 rendezvous procedure, 183, 184 Spyglass cholangioscopy, 183 YMCA, stricture, Living donor liver transplantation, 70, 83 bile leakage, biliary reconstruction without tubing, 172 (see also Liver transplantation) Lumen-apposing metallic stent (LAMS), 155 P Pancreas divisum, 98 Pancreatic cancer, Pancreatic cystic lesions, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Pancreatic duct disruption, 101 Pancreatic duct guidewire/stent placement ERCP difficult biliary access, Pancreatic duct stones, Pancreatic duct stricture dilation, Pancreatic infection, post-ercp, Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs), 135 Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (P-NET), 120 ethanol injection for, Pancreatico-biliary disease, EUS contraindications, 126 indications, 126 linear echoendoscope, 126 patient preparation, radial echoendoscope, 126 scanning principles and techniques, 127 ultrasound probe/miniprobe/catheter-based echoprobe,

7 Pancreaticobiliary ducts, Pancreatic SOD classification of, clinical manifestations, 215 diagnostic approach, 218 epidemiology, 214 Rome III criteria, 216 Pancreatic stenting, 103, 195, 197, 198 Pancreatitis biliary endoprosthesis, 87 EPLBD, 51 PBD vs. sphincterotomy, 38 post-ercp, 227 Pancreatoscopy, see Cholangioscopy Papilla ERCP duodenum access, 15 major, 15, 16 minor, 15, 16 normal, 17 Papillary balloon dilation (PBD) balloon diameter, 38 duration of dilation, randomized controlled trials, 36 vs. sphincterotomy altered/difficult anatomy, 39 bleeding, 38 long-term outcomes, 39 mechanical lithotripsy, need for, pancreatitis, 38 patients with bleeding diathesis/antithrombotic medications, 39 short-term outcomes, 38 technique of, Partial covered stents, 77 Percutaneous-assisted transprosthetic endoscopic therapy (PATENT), 95 Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD), 22, 155 Perforation EST, 32 post-ercp, Periampullary tumor, Peroral cholangioscopy (POC), see Cholangioscopy Peroral videocholangioscopy, 202 Pigtail stents, 66 Plastic stents, biliary endoprosthesis short-wire system, stent diameter, stent introducer system, 68 stent length, three-layer coaxial system, 68 P-NET, see Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (P-NET) Pneumoperitoneum, EUS-FNA, 241 Pneumothorax, EUS-FNA, 241 Portal hypertensive biliopathy, IDUS, 168, 169 Positron emission tomography (PET), 191 Postcholecystectomy strictures, 83 Post-ERCP complications accessory devices, impaction and fracture of, 230 adverse events, 231 biliary and pancreatic stents, 230 bleeding, cardiopulmonary and sedation-related, hemorrhage from vascular trauma, 230 infection acute cholecystitis, 226 ascending cholangitis, 226 pancreatic infection, occlusion, 230 pancreatitis, 227 perforation, Post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP), Precut biliary sphincterotomy, Precut sphincterotomy, needle-knife, 29 Pregnancy, ERCP, 8 Propofol sedation, Provocation tests, for pancreatic SOD, 219 Pseudocysts, EUS-guided drainage of, 139 Pyloric ring approach, ERCP duodenum access, 14 R Radial echoendoscope complications of allergic reaction, aspiration pneumonia, 239 cardiopulmonary complications, 237 gastrointestinal perforation, sedation, 237 duodenum, stomach, Radiation protection, ERCP, 10 Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), EUS-guided, 154 Real-time elastography EUS (RTE-EUS), Recurrent acute pancreatitis, 222 Rendezvous bile duct drainage, 140, 142, 143 Rendezvous technique/procedure, 22 23, 183, 184 Resolution of stricture, 182, 183 Risk factors, of EUS-related complications, 244 Rome III criteria, Rome IV criteria, Rosemont criteria, 137 Roux-en-Y anastomosis, RX system, 69 S Secretin-stimulated MRCP, 219 Sedation, 9 10, 237 Sedation-related post-ercp complications, Self-expandable metal stent (SEMS), 180 benign bile duct strictures, 83 biliary endoprosthesis covered and non-covered, 79 mechanical properties, placement techniques, selection of stent length, Serous cystadenomas (SCAs), 135 Short-wire system, Side-viewing duodenoscope,

8 256 Single-balloon enteroscope, 93 Single-operator cholangioscopy, Slow-pull technique, 119 SOD, see Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction Soehendra stent retriever, for stricture dilation, 179, 180 Solid pseudopapillary epithelial neoplasms (SPENs), of pancreas, 137 Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) biliary provocation tests, 219 botulinum toxin injection, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, 218 endoscopic sphincterotomy, 222, 223 epidemiology, 214 fatty meal/cholecystokinin sonography, 219 hepatobiliary scintigraphy, medical therapy, Milwaukee classification, 216 nifedipine therapy, 222 pancreatic provocation tests, 219 pathophysiology, 214 Rome III criteria, Rome IV criteria, secretin-stimulated MRCP, 219 Sphincter of Oddi manometry, transabdominal ultrasound, 218 transduodenal surgical approach, 223 Sphincter of Oddi dyskinesia, 214 Sphincter of Oddi stenosis, 214 Sphincterotome, 3 wire-guided cannulation with, Sphincterotomy vs. endoscopic papillary balloon dilation altered/difficult anatomy, 39 bleeding, 38 long-term outcomes, 39 mechanical lithotripsy, pancreatitis, 38 patients with bleeding diathesis/antithrombotic medications, 39 short-term outcomes, 38 SpyBite, 112 SpyGlass cholangioscope system, , 183, 202, indeterminate distal common biliary tract stricture, 207 missed bile duct stones and difficult stones treatment, 209, 210 Stent(s) Bonastent M-intraductal stent, 84, 86 braided stents, 77 ComVi stent, 66 EGIS stent, 66 fully covered SEMS, 139 introducer system, 68 knitted stents, 77 laser-cut stent, 76 lumen-apposing metallic stent, 155 M-hilar stent, 85, 88 migration, Niti-S Y stent, 85 non-covered stents, 77 occlusion, partial covered, 77 pigtail stents, 66 retrieval, 70 straight stents, 66 woven stent, 77 Y stent, 84 (see also Plastic stents, biliary endoprosthesis; Self-expandable metal stent (SEMS)) Stricture definition, diagnosis of, dilation, guide-wire, 176, 178, 179 resolution of, 182 selective cannulation of, stents duration for, 181, 182 length measurement, 181 polyurethane, 181 self-expandable metallic stent, 180 trimming, 181, 182 T Three-dimensional IDUS (3D-IDUS), 163 Three-layer coaxial system, 68 Transabdominal ultrasound, SOD, 218 Transpancreatic papillary septotomy (TPS), 22, 23 Transpancreatic sphincterotomy, 31 Tumor ingrowth, 83 Tumor overgrowth, 86 W Wallflex SEMS, 77 Wallstent, 66 Whipple operation, Wire-guided cannulation with sphincterotome ERCP difficult biliary access, with standard catheter, EST, 29 Wire-guided endoscopic papillectomy, 198 See also Endoscopic papillectomy (EP) Woven stent, 77 Y Yamanouchi Magnetic Compression Anastomosis (YMCA), Y stent, 84 Z Zilver 635 biliary SEMS, 76