A&P 2 CANALE T H E U R I N A R Y S Y S T E M

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1 A&P 2 CANALE T H E U R I N A R Y S Y S T E M

2 URINARY SYSTEM CONTRIBUTION TO HOMEOSTASIS Regulates body water levels Excess water taken in is excreted Output varies from 2-1/2 liter/day to 1 liter/hour Regulates nitrogenous and other solute waste Nitrogen from amino acids are made into urea in liver and transported to kidney as waste Other solutes Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, hydrogen ions, creatinine

3 URINARY SYSTEM Kidney Cortex Renal artery Renal vein Aorta Inferior vena cava Ureter Renal pelvis Cortex Medulla Nephrons Medulla Collecting duct Bladder Ureter Urethra a) The components of the urinary system. b) Internal structure of the kidney. c) The cortex and medulla of the kidney are composed of numerous nephrons. Animation The Urinary System Figure 15.2

4 FUNCTIONS OF RENAL ORGANS Table 15.2

5 ORGANS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Urinary bladder Rectum Prostate gland Penis Internal urethral sphincter External urethral sphincter Urethra Uterus Vagina Rectum Testis a) The male b) The female Figure 15.3

6

7 TUBULAR AND VASCULAR NEPHRON COMPONENTS Figure 15.5

8 NEPHRONS: PRODUCE URINE Tubules Function Filter fluid and reabsorb needed substances (recycle) Maintain homeostasis - regulated by hypothalamus Structures 1. Proximal tubule starts at glomerular capsule and ends at the renal medulla 2. Loop of Henle hairpin shaped - extends into the medulla 3. Distal tubule after tube passes through the glomerular capsule 4. Collecting duct distal tubules of up to 1,000 nephrons join here, - extends to the cortex where urine is finally deposted.

9 FORMATION OF URINE Figure 15.6

10 NEPHRONS: PRODUCE URINE Blood vessels associated with tubules Each nephron is served by a single arteriole. (artery) Arterioles - Afferent direct towards the glomerular capsule Efferent directed away from glomerular capsule Capillaries Glomerular - capillaries to the glomerular capsule Peritubular remove water, ions and nutrients Vasa recta supply loop of Henle and collecting duct

11 FORMATION OF URINE: GLOMERULAR FILTRATION Glomerular filtration Filters fluid from capillaries into glomerular capsule Rate of filtration Resting rate under local chemical control Stress causes sympathetic nervous system to reduce blood flow to kidneys (direct blood flow towards heart and brain)

12 FORMATION OF URINE: TUBULAR REABSORPTION Tubular reabsorption returns water and needed solutes to blood capillaries (prevents dehydration and maintains blood volume) Sodium moved by active transport from tubule cells to interstitial fluid and diffuses to capillaries Chloride passively accompanies sodium (balanced charge) Water reabsorbed with salts (osmosis) Movement of sodium creates energy to transport glucose and amino acids into renal tubule then diffuses to the interstitial fluid

13 TUBULAR SECRETION Tubular secretion removes other substances from blood Purpose Regulation of chemical levels in body Excretion of harmful chemicals Substances secreted Penicillin, cocaine, marijuana, pesticides, preservatives, hydrogen ions, ammonium, potassium

14 CONCENTRATION OR DILUTION OF URINE: ADH Dilute urine Excreting excess water Mechanism Cycling of NaCl and urea create a concentration gradient in the medulla that allows water to diffuse from the renal tubules into the interstitial fluid and then into the blood capillaries Similar to how the sodium in cells regulates cell volume.

15 FORMATION OF DILUTE URINE Figure 15.10

16 CONCENTRATION OR DILUTION OF URINE: ADH Concentrated urine Conserving water Mechanism Countercurrent exchange Increased ADH (antidiuretic hormone) causes increased permeability to the collecting tubules and increased conservation of water

17 FORMATION OF CONCENTRATED URINE Figure 15.11

18 Micturition reflex Internal urethral sphincter URINATION Smooth muscle extension of smooth muscle of the bladder Remains contracted until bladder is emptying External urethral sphincter Skeletal muscle Normally kept closed by tonic activity of somatic motor neurons As bladder fills with a cup of fluid, the bladder stretches stretching stimulates sensory nerves, - sends signal to spinal chord spinal chord initiate an involuntary relfex that contracts the smooth muscle of the bladder and relaxes the internal urethral sphincter. Human brain can override this by increasing the activity of somatic nerves that control the external urethral sphincter.

19 Kidney s Role in Homeostasis Maintains water balance Adjusts blood volume which regulates blood pressure Aldosterone, renin, ADH help maintain salt balance in order to control blood volume Maintains acid base balance and blood ph Regulates red blood cell production via erythropoietin Activates an inactive form of vitamin D

20 Kidney s Role in Homeostasis Figure 15.13

21 Kidney s Role in Homeostasis Figure 15.15

22 DISORDERS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Kidney stones Crystallized minerals Block urine flow PAINFUL Urinary tract infections (UTI) Bacteria antibiotics to treat Drinking cranberry juice changes the ph and therefore helps to kill of the bacteria colonies

23 DISORDERS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Acute and chronic renal failure Therapies Dialysis dialysis tubing osmosis lab Kidney transplant

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