Codling moth damage assessment in apple fruit and its management using insecticide bioassays

Transcription

1 Avilble online t wwwpelgireserchlibrrycom Pelgi Reserch Librry Europen Journl of Experimentl Biology, 14, 4(5):76-81 ISSN: CODEN (USA): EJEBAU Codling moth dmge ssessment in pple fruit nd its mngement using insecticide biossys Muhmmd Shhnwz 1, Mukhtr Ahmed 1, Muhmmd Arshd 1*, Mqsood Hussin 2 nd Sdt Sher Khn 1 1 Deprtment of Agriculture nd Food Technology, Krkorm Interntionl University, Gilgit, Pkistn 2 Integrted Mountin Are Reserch Center (IMARC), Krkorm Interntionl University, Gilgit, Pkistn ABSTRACT Codling moth Cydi pomonell (Lepidopter: Tortricide) dmge ssessment nd evlution of its insecticidl control is importnt to reduce loss of fruit to sustin primry source of income of pple frmers The study is the combintion of field survey nd lbortory experiments The survey ws crried out to quntify the percent pple fruit dmge by the codling moth in seven different orchrds t four different dtes The experiments were conducted on different concentrtions of ctive ingredients of seven insecticides ie Lmd Cylhl ( & ml), Cypermethrin (25 & 5 ml), Cosset (25, 5 & 75 ml), Tlstr (6 & 12 ml), Advntge (9 & 18 ml), Emtc ( & ml), nd Novstr (25 & 5 ml) to evlute the most effective chemicls s control mesure for the insect It hs been observed tht the insect infesttion on the fruit significntly vried mong the smpling dtes nd mong the orchrds The insecticides tested significntly incresed (p 5) the mortlity of the insect compred to the control Appliction of Tlstr, Emtc nd Novstr t concentrtions of 12, nd 5 ml per 25 ml H 2 O, respectively, provided the % mortlity of the insect However, mximum 9% mortlity ws observed through the use of Lmd Cylhl, Cypermethrin, Cosset, Advntge, nd Novstr t concentrtions of 32,,, 72, nd 1%, respectively Keywords: Cydi pomonell, Infesttion, Mortlity, Chemicl control, Orchrds INTRODUCTION Codling moth (Cydi pomonell) is the serious insect pest of pple fruit in different prts of the world A remrkble dmge (%) of the fruit hs been observed due to the insect in temperte prts of ll mjor continents [1, 2] While being n economiclly importnt pest of t h e pple worldwide, the growers hve low tolernce (<1%) for its injury [3, 4] This hs necessitted the doption of different control strtegies especilly frequent pplictions of brod-spectrum insecticides throughout the fruiting period Most of the pple orchrds re spryed with few insecticides bout three times yer nd lso the sme chemicls re used to clen up the soil prior to plnting ginst the pest [5] The intensive nd extensive utiliztion of the chemicls with inpproprite concentrtions or doses not only leds to environmentl pollution but lso increses the cost of the fruit production nd fresh fruit qulity issues The sitution my further be ggrvted due to the frmer s intension towrds cheper compred to the expensive chemicls resulting greter unfriendly repercussions for the environment, humn nd nimls [6] Pelgi Reserch Librry 76

2 Muhmmd Arshd et l Euro J Exp Bio, 14, 4(5):76-81 Moreover, the incresed ppliction of the chemicls for sprys on fruit trees results into spry drift tht cn directly or indirectly ffect non-trget species especilly the beneficil insects Codling moth is cclimted to wide rnge of climtic conditions nd geogrphicl loctions It cn complete one to five genertions in yer owing to hving multi-voltile species nd fculttive dipuses it cn complete one to five genertions in yer But its life cycle gretly depends on ltitudes nd elevtion In Gilgit-Bltistn, the life cycle of the insect hs well synchronized with the previling conditions of the re The lrve of insect re overwintered in dense nd silken cocoon tht is usully locted under the brk or in debris of the trees The lrve pupte in spring nd strt to emerge during the bloom or petl-fll stges during the pple fruit development period The eggs of the insect re lid primrily on lef surfces nerby the loction of the fruit nd fter one to three weeks strt htching upon the commencement of the fvorble ir temperture rnging from one to three weeks The newly-htched lrve try to enter the fruit through its clyx or sides, nd strt feeding on flesh nd seeds of the fruits The lrve bore nd feed inside the pple fruit leding to n unsightly hole nd promote internl rotting of the tissues At its full growth, the lrve burrow out of the fruit nd form silken cocoons to pupte The insect undergoes two to three genertions ech yer under the norml wether conditions Chemicl pesticides re of the gret importnce in the griculture sector for the improvement of the qulity nd quntity of fruits in field nd storge The chemicls re being used in mny countries nd hve plyed significnt role in plnt protection However, extensive nd inpproprite ppliction of the chemicls s plnt protection mesure hs ccelerted number of biologicl hzrds especilly the ccumultion in the food chin with ssocited poisoning effects [7] Additionlly, insecticide resistnce in insects due to incresing frequencies of ppliction hve been reported [8, 9,, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15] In pple growing res where codling moth is bsent nd insecticides re not used, frmers re t remrkble dvntge due to mrketing of high qulity fruit with low insecticide contmintion [16] In preview of incresing deteriortion of pple fruit qulity due to codling moth ttck nd bsence of pproprite insecticidl control mesure for the insect, it is highly envible to hve reserch on dmge ssessment of the insect nd its control mesure This reserch ws conducted to ssess the pple fruit dmge by the codling moth in the Astore vlley in Gilgit-Bltistn region of Pkistn followed by lbortory experiments to evlute insecticidl control mesure for the insect MATERIALS AND METHODS Study re nd site Study re for the codling moth infesttion ws district Astore in Gilgit-Bltistn region while insecticide mngement experiments were conducted in the Food Technology Lbortory of Krkorm Interntionl University of Pkistn The potentil study re is chrcterized with n ltitude of 57 ft (msl) nd verge rinfll of 15 mm The mjor griculturl ctivities include the orchrd frming, field crop production nd livestock rering which serve s importnt sources of income for the locl people Infested fruit smpling nd insecticide tretments The study comprises the field survey of codling moth infesttion in the seven pple orchrds nd t four different dtes ie 17812, 3812, 3912, nd 312, followed by four lbortory experiments for the trget insect pest mngement using different concentrtions of ctive ingredient of seven insecticides ie Lmd Cylhl ( & ml), Cypermethrin (25 & 5 ml), Cosset (25, 5 & 75 ml), Tlstr (6 & 12 ml), Advntge (9 & 18 ml), Emtc ( & ml), nd Novstr (25 & 5 ml) For field survey rndom smpling technique ws dopted for the selection of pple growers or orchrds from the study re Similrly, rndom smpling procedure ws dopted for the selection of three pple trees from ech orchrd followed by rndom smpling of 3 fruits per tree s described by Fitzgibbon nd Morris [17] For the ssessment of codling moth infesttion, fruits infested with the insect were counted nd per tree percent infesttion ws computed The smples were stored t room temperture in plstic bottles for few dys After few dys the lrve of codling moths were collected from the dmge nd infected pples for further experimenttion Insecticide biossys ssessment For the ssessment of insecticides, biossys were prepred using the defined concentrtions of the chemicls with 25 ml of wter In the lbortory, four experiments were mnged for lredy infested pple fruits together with Pelgi Reserch Librry 77

3 Muhmmd Arshd et l Euro J Exp Bio, 14, 4(5):76-81 control tretment without the ppliction of insecticide For the insecticide tretments, pple fruits of red delicious vriety were cut into circulr pieces The pple slices were tken in petri dishes nd thereby spryed with forementioned insecticide biossys Live lrve of the pest were collected from infested pple fruits nd put five lrve into ech petri dish nd loosely closed with lids to let the insect feed on the fruit tissues After three dys, ded nd live lrve were counted nd percent mortlity of the insect ws computed For control petri dish ws mintined with the sme mteril except the ppliction of the insecticide Sttisticl Anlysis Codling moth percent infesttion dt of pple fruits nd mortlity dt of lbortory experiments obtined were sttisticlly nlyzed using SAS progrm for ANOVA followed by Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test (DMRT) s men seprtion procedure The results obtined were presented in tbles nd grphs RESULTS Codling moth infesttion of pple fruit Smples of thirty fruits per tree were collected from seven different frmers of Astore vlley t four different dtes during the hrvesting seson were exmined for codling moth infesttion on pple nd results re presented in the Tble1 It hs been observed tht the infesttion (%) significntly (p 5) vried within both the smpling dtes nd the frmers There ws grdul increse in the percent infesttion (6-11%) strting from the midst of August till the first week of October A significnt increse of the infesttion ws observed within the first fortnight period from 6 to 9% However, fter tht the increse ws not significnt but it persisted thereof Similrly, percent infesttion of pple fruit by the codling moth ws in the rnge of 6 to 14% Among the seven orchrds of the frmers one hd significntly the highest infesttion (144%) compred to the rest which hd not significntly different level of infesttion Tble 1 Sptio-temporl dynmics of codling moth infesttion of pple fruit in Astore Vlley of Gilgit-Bltistn Frmer % Infesttion on different dtes Aug 17, 12 Aug 3, 12 Sep 9, 12 Oct 2, 12 Men 1 668±332 ± ± ±58 1±425 b ±196 7±19 7±19 ±33 779±258 bc 3 666±335 ± ± ±59 28±413 b 4 ± ± ± ± ± ±386 7±19 666± ±58 667±348 c 6 333± ±335 7±19 666± ±313 c 7 666± ±59 886± ±59 888±435 bc Men 619±338 b 9±347 16± ±56 Note: Vlues with sme lphbets in the column nd row for men re not significntly different from ech other nd vice vers Insecticidl Mngement of Codling Moth Infesttion in Apple Fruit Lmd Cylhl nd Cypermethrin: Effect of biossys prepred using wter with different concentrtions of ctive ingredients nmely Lmd Cylhl nd nd Cypermethrin compred to the control tretment for codling moth mngement in pple fruit ws studied (Fig1) Significntly higher (p 5) rte of mortlity of the insect in the fruit ws observed due the ppliction of ech of the insecticides compred to the control However, within the concentrtions of ech insecticide tested, the higher concentrtion showed greter mortlity of the insect, lthough the increse ws not sttisticlly significnt (p 5) Although none of the concentrtions of Lmd Cyhl nd Cypermethrin provided % mortlity of the insect, however, 9% mortlity would be chieved by the ppliction of either 8 ml of the former or 5 ml of the lter insecticide Pelgi Reserch Librry 78

4 Muhmmd Arshd et l Euro J Exp Bio, 14, 4(5):76-81 Codling moth Mortlity, % ml Lmd Cyhl 8 ml Lmd Cyhl 25 ml Cypermethrin 5 ml Cypermethrin b Tretment Figure 1 Effect of Biossy of Lmd Cyhl nd Cypermethrin on mortlity of codling moth infesttion of pple fruit Cosset : Effect of ppliction of four biossys prepred using 25 ml wter with different concentrtions of n ctive ingredient nmely Cosset on mortlity rte of codling moth infesttion in pple fruit ws studied nd results re presented in Fig 2 Ech of the concentrtions of Cosset showed significntly higher (p 5) mortlity of the insect compred to the control Among the concentrtions of ctive ingredient tested, there ws no significnt difference of mortlity nd none of these could give % control; however, 9% mortlity of the insect could be seen due to the ppliction of either 5 ml or 75 ml of the ctive ingredient Codling moth Mortlity, % ml Cosset 5 ml Cosset 75 ml Cosset Tretment b Figure 2 Effect of biossys of Cosset on mortlity of codling moth infesttion of pple fruit Pelgi Reserch Librry 79

5 Muhmmd Arshd et l Euro J Exp Bio, 14, 4(5):76-81 Tlstr nd Advntge: Four biossys prepred using 25 ml of wter with two concentrtions of ech Tlstr nd Advntge were pplied to codling moth infested pple fruits for control Significnt mortlity (p 5) ws observed in ll the insecticide pplictions compred to the control (Fig 3) Within the concentrtions of ech insecticide, there ws no significnt difference for Tlstr concentrtions but mortlity rte of codling moth vried significntly (p 5) between the concentrtions of Advntge Resultntly, the highest mortlity of the insect pest ws observed due to the pplictions of 12 ml of Tlstr (%) followed by 18 ml of Advntge (95%) Codling moth deth, % ml Tlstr 12 ml Tlstr b 9 ml Advntge Tretment 18 ml Advntge c Figure 3 Effect of biossy of Tlstr nd Advntge on mortlity of codling moth infesttion of pple fruit Emtc nd Novstr: Two concentrtions of ech of Emtc nd Novstr were tested to control codling moth infesttion in pple fruit There ws significntly higher mortlity of the insect pest due to ll the insecticide pplictions compred to the control tretment (Fig 4) Within the concentrtions of ech of the insecticide, codling moth mortlity is significntly vried (p 5) for Emtc but not for Novstr The highest mortlity (%) of the insect pest ws observed for the concentrtions of 8 ml of Emtc nd 5 ml of Novstr Codling moth deth, % ml Emtc b ml Emtc 25 ml Novstr Tretment 5 ml Novstr c Figure 4 Effect of biossy of Emtc nd Novstr on mortlity of codling moth infesttion of pple fruit DISCUSSION Codling moth infesttion vried within the smpling dtes due to the dynmics of the ecologicl behvior, environment nd trditionl insect pest mngement prctices The study re is locted t high ltitude tht Pelgi Reserch Librry

6 Muhmmd Arshd et l Euro J Exp Bio, 14, 4(5):76-81 experiences wether differences time nd gin thereby ffecting the ecologicl conditions for the insects [18, 19,, 21] Further, following the codling moth infesttion ppernce on pple fruits, the growers strt pplying insecticides without pproprite doses This cn limit the insect pest popultion to increse further but higher dosge of the chemicls left residul ffects ginst humn helth in the fruits [6] Differences of infesttion by the codling moth mong the frmers could be prtilly due to the vritions in the levels of insect pest mngement prctices nd prtilly owing to specific loctions of the orchrds with respect to elevtion During the fruiting period there is grdul increse in mturity of the pple fruits tht my invite greter number of pests to sting on The high levels of mortlity of over wintering stges of codling moth in the lbortory experiments indicted the bility of the insecticides to mnge this importnt insect pest The biossys cn be pplied to knock down the popultion of the pest nd resultntly lower pressure my yield higher dvntges for the frmers interlinked with reduced chemicl insecticide inputs nd high fruit qulity Insecticidl control of the pest is fst compred to other culturl nd biologicl mesures Due to low pest pressure of the insect s experienced in the UK, crdbord trps plced round tree trunks would not work In ddition to the biologicl nd culturl methods of codling moth control, ppliction of pesticides is still hs its importnce s finl control mesure However, such ppliction should be opted ppropritely with recommended doses to produce fresh produce with miniml hzrdous effects CONCLUSION Field survey of pple orchrds indicted tht codling moth infesttion increses with time during the fruiting period nd vried considerbly with the frmers This could possibly be owing to sptiotemporl vrition in wether prmeters, fruiting mturity nd mngement prctices In light of the reserch work crried out few insecticides cn be pplied s prompt control mesure to chieve % mortlity of the pest In this respect miniml quntities of Tlstr (48%), Emtc (325%) nd Novstr (%) cn be recommended for full control of codling moth ttck in pple orchrds Acknowledgements We uthors cknowledge the finncil support of Deprtment of Agriculture nd Food Technology, Krkorm Interntionl University, Pkistn We lso pprecite the technicl guidnce of ech Dr Khlique Ahmd nd Dr MS Awn during the field survey nd lbortory experiments REFERENCES [1] Wood WS Monsnto Chemicl Compny 1965 [2] Brnes MM, Vn der Geest LPS, Evenhuis HH World Crop Pests, 1991, 5, [3] Dorn S, Schumcher P, Abivrdi C, Meyhöfer R Agric Ecosyst Environm, 1999, 1422, 1-8 [4] Chen MH, Dorn S Bulletin of Entomologicl Reserch,, [5] GOP (Government of Pkistn), IUCN IUCN Pkistn, Krchi 3, pp 31 [6] Driver P Ag Khn Rurl Support Progrmme LG Mouchel nd Prtners Ltd UK 1994, 32 pp [7] Aktr MW, Sengupt D, Chowdhury A Interdisc Toxicol, 9, 2, 1 12 [8] Hough WS J Econ Entomol 1928, 21, [9] Thwite WG, Willims DG, Htely AM Pest Cont Sustin Agric, 1993, 93, [] Rield H, Zelger R Obstbu-Weinbu, 1994, 94, 7 9 [11] Suphnor B, Benoit M, Bouvier JC, Perron G, Fremond JC Phytom, 1994, 458, [12] Chrmillot PJ, Psquier D, Suphnor B, Bouvier JC, Olivier R Rev Suisse Vitic Arboric Hortic, 1999, 31, [13] Suphnor B, Avill J, Chrmillot PJ, Ioritti C, Michele S, Mtis C Czech Republic, 1998, 747 pp [14] Reuveny H, Cohen E J Appl Entomol 4, 128, [15] Reyes M, Bouvier JC, Boivin T, Suphnor B, Fuentes-Contrers E Agricultur Técnic 4, 64, [16] Woods W, Hrdie D codlinghtm [17] Fitzgibbon CT, Morris LL How to Design Progrm Evlution Newbury Prk, CA: Sge 1987 [18] Kuhrt U, Smietz J, Dorn S Entomol Exp Appl 6, 118, [19] Kuhrt U, Smietz J, Dorn S Physiol Entomol 6b, 31, 88 [] Sethre MG, Hofsvng T Environ Entomol, 2, 31, [21] Hgley EAC Environ Entomol 1976, 5, Pelgi Reserch Librry 81