Determination of optimal cryoprotectants and procedures for their addition and removal from human spermatozoa
|
|
- Amber Joseph
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 hrep$$0118 Human Reproduction vol.12 no.1 pp , 1997 Determination of optimal cryoprotectants and procedures for their addition and removal from human spermatozoa J.A.Gilmore 1,2, J.Liu 1, D.Y.Gao 1 and by Polge et al. (1949). Since this discovery, the development J.K.Critser 1,2,3,4 of a more complete understanding of the mechanisms by which 1 CPA protect cells during cooling and warming has been Cryobiology Research Institute, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis, IN 46202, 2 Department of Veterinary Clinical emphasized. Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, A wide range of chemicals is used for cryopreservation, West Lafayette, IN and 3 Departments of Physiology/ including polyhydroxy alcohols, sugars, inorganic cations and Biophysics and Obstetrics/Gynecology, Indiana University School amino acids (Karow, 1969). CPA function either through of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA colligative properties which maintain intracellular and extra- 4 To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Cryobiology cellular solute concentrations at levels cells can tolerate Research Institute, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, 1701 N. Senate (permeating CPA), or by partially dehydrating the cell, stabiliz- Boulevard Wile Hall Room 611, Indianapolis, IN , ing cell membranes or both (non-permeating CPA; Critser USA et al., 1988). The present study focuses only on permeating The objective was to test the hypothesis that the optimal CPA. Glycerol, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol cryoprotective agent for cryopreservation of human sper- and ethylene glycol were chosen as the CPA of interest. matozoa would be a solute for which cells have the highest Although the use of CPA is imperative for cell survival plasma membrane permeability, resulting in the least during cryopreservation, their presence places osmotic stress amount of volume excursion during its addition and on the cells due to solute and water flux. Upon exposure to removal. To test this hypothesis, theoretical simulations permeating solutes, cells will first shrink as water leaves were performed using membrane permeability coefficients through the plasma membrane, and then swell as water reto predict optimal procedures for the addition and removal enters, together with the CPA. During removal of solutes, cells of a cryoprotectant. Simulations were performed using will initially swell due to the influx of water, and then slowly data from four different cryoprotectants: (i) glycerol, return to iso-osmotic volume as CPA and water efflux. In (ii) dimethyl sulphoxide, (iii) propylene glycol and (iv) addition to the injury caused by freezing, this osmotic stress ethylene glycol. Thermodynamic formulations were applied due to the presence of CPA may also provoke cell injury to determine approaches for the addition and removal of (Mazur and Schneider, 1984; Leibo, 1986; Critser et al., 1988). 1 M and 2 M final concentrations of cryoprotectant, Therefore, procedures for the addition of CPA before cooling allowing the spermatozoa to maintain a cell volume within and removal of CPA after cooling and warming must be their osmotic tolerance limits. Based on these data, ethylene optimized according to specific cell characteristics to ensure glycol was predicted to be optimal for minimizing volume successful cryopreservation. Information is required regarding excursions among the solutes evaluated. These predictions the osmotic tolerance limits of cells, defined as the extent of were then experimentally tested using glycerol as the control volume excursion cells can withstand before irreversible loss cryoprotectant and ethylene glycol as the experimental of function occurs. Gao et al. (1995) determined that human cryoprotectant. The results indicate that there was a higher spermatozoa can swell to 1.1 times and shrink to 0.75 times (P 0.05) recovery of motile spermatozoa after cryo- their iso-osmotic cell volume and maintain functional integrity preservation when using 1 M ethylene glycol than with (motility). To determine whether cells will maintain a volume 1 M glycerol, supporting the hypothesis that use of the within their tolerance limits during CPA addition and removal, cryoprotectant for which the cell has the highest perme- other osmotic characteristics such as the osmotically inactive ability will result in higher cell survival. cell volume, the hydraulic conductivity and the solute perme- Key words: cell volume/cryoprotectant/human spermatozoa/ ability must be defined. Gilmore et al. (1995) have determined permeability these properties for human spermatozoa. With this collective information, it is possible theoretically to predict the optimal procedure for the addition and removal of CPA, as well as the optimal CPA for human spermatozoa cryopreservation. The Introduction objectives of this study were: (i) to determine theoretically the In order for cells to survive the process of cryopreservation, magnitude of sperm cell volume excursion during the addition cryoprotective agents (CPA) must be present during cooling and removal of 1 M and 2 M glycerol, DMSO, propylene and warming. CPA are defined as a class of compounds which glycol and ethylene glycol, through the use of computer specifically act to maintain the viability of frozen animal cells simulations; (ii) to predict the optimal CPA for human spermatozoa (Karow, 1969); their protective nature was first characterized cryopreservation through the information gained from 112 European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology
2 Addition and removal of cryoprotectants from spermatozoa the computer simulations; and (iii) to test experimentally the predictions for these CPA. Table I. Characteristics of human spermatozoa at 22 C Surface area A 120 µm 2a Iso-osmotic volume V iso 28.2 µm 3b Materials and methods Osmotically inactive cell volume V b 50.0 µm 3b Solute permeability P Gly cm/min b Samples P DMSO cm/min b P PG cm/min b Human semen samples were obtained, with informed consent, from P EG cm/min b healthy donors by masturbation after at least 48 h of sexual abstinence. Water permeability L Gly p 0.77 µm/min/atm b The samples were allowed to liquefy in an incubator (5% CO 2, 95% L DMSO p 0.84 µm/min/atm b air, 37 C and high humidity) for 30 min. Samples were layered onto L PG p 1.23 µm/min/atm b a 47 and 90% discontinuous Percoll gradient to separate motile from L EG p 0.74 µm/min/atm b immotile cells. The resultant motile population was then washed with a Tyrode s lactate HEPES (TL-HEPES) buffered solution (285 a From Du et al. (1994). 5 mosmol/kg) (Bavister et al., 1983) supplemented with pyruvate b From Gilmore et al. (1995). (0.01 mg/ml) and resuspended to 2.5 ml final sample volume. A 5 µl volume of the sample was analysed using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA; Cell Soft, Version 3.2/C, CryoResources, Ltd., where C i salt is the intracellular salt concentration, V iso is the cell Montgomery, NY, USA). A minimum concentration of volume (µm 3 ) at isosmolality, V b is the osmotically inactive cell spermatozoa/ml, with a minimum of 40% motility, was required for volume (µm 3 ), C i CPA is the intracellular CPA concentration and V CPA the samples to be included in the study. is the partial molal volume of CPA (µm 3 ). These are computed from solution tables in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (Weast, Media ) for glycerol, propylene glycol and ethylene glycol, The media used were iso-osmotic TL-HEPES solution (285 5 mosmol/kg) and derivatives of iso-osmotic TL-HEPES. Hyperyielding values of V glycerol 71 ml/mol, V PG 70 ml/mol and V EG 54 ml/mol respectively. For DMSO, V DMSO 69 ml/mol osmotic medium was made by diluting 1 M sucrose with iso-osmotic (Kiyohara et al., 1975). The sperm volume is defined as V (µm 3 )at TL-HEPES medium to an osmolality of mosmol/kg. time t (s). Volume, surface area, V b, V CPA, water and CPA perme- Osmolality was measured using a freezing-point depression osmoin Table I. abilities have been determined for human spermatozoa and are shown meter (Model 3D2; Advanced Instruments, Needham Heights, MA, USA). The cryoprotectant treatment solutions were prepared by As water flows into a cell and CPA flows out of a cell, the volume mixing glycerol or ethylene glycol with TL-HEPES to yield CPA reaches a maximum point and volume flux equals zero. At this point: concentrations of 2 M glycerol, 2 M ethylene glycol and 4 M ethylene glycol. All media used in the experiments were obtained from Sigma J v 0 (C e salt C i salt) σ(c CPA e C i CPA) 0 [2] Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). where J v total volume flux and σ is the reflection coefficient. It is assumed that there is no interaction between water and CPA during Theory of optimal CPA addition and dilution membrane transport (Gilmore et al., 1995) and therefore the value of σ 1 (P CPA V CPA )/(RTL p ) (Kedem and Katchalsky, 1958). Hence, Optimal addition and dilution are defined here as the processes that minimize the number of addition and dilution steps as well as the C iso salt(v iso V b )(1 C i CPAV CPA ) osmotic cell volume excursion. A computer software program V max (CellSim V 1.0, Cryobiology Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, C salt e σ(c CPA e C CPA) i V b [3] USA) was designed to predict optimal CPA addition and removal Determining the dilution procedure, which will maintain cell procedures for human spermatozoa. Under the given experimental volume within the upper tolerance limit, of CPA concentration is conditions (initial intracellular concentration, upper volume limit and crucial. From the above equation, for a given C e CPA, there is a lower volume limit of the cell and temperature), the program optimizes corresponding maximum volume. If V max is not allowed to exceed the addition and dilution steps automatically and provides the appro- the upper limit of volume excursion, priate dilutant concentration. Previous studies have indicated that CPA addition results in less damage to the cell than CPA removal C iso salt(v iso V b )(1 C i CPAV CPA ) V uplimit V max (Gao et al., 1995), and therefore, only further development of optimal C salt e σ(c CPA e C CPA) i dilution is presented here. The theoretical considerations for this V b [4] procedure are described below. which requires: The Kedem Katchalsky membrane transport model (Kedem and C iso salt(v iso V b )(1 C i saltv CPA ) C salt e Katchalsky, 1958) was used to characterize theoretically the cell C CPA e volume change in response to aniso-osmotic conditions. The mathematical (V uplimit V b )σ σ C i CPA [5] formulation includes two coupled first-order non-linear ordin- The above equation suggests that the cell volume excursion will ary differential equations which describe the total transmembrane not exceed the upper limit if the cells are diluted with a solution volume flux and the transmembrane permeable solute flux respectively. whose concentration is in the range which is equal to or higher than Because human spermatozoa behave as ideal osmometers within the the value given by equation [5]. Minimizing the dilution steps means studied osmolality range (Du et al., 1993; Gilmore et al., 1995), that C CPA e should approach zero as quickly as possible. In other intracellular salt concentration can be expressed as: words, C e CPA should be selected as the smallest value in that range. C salt(t) i C iso The C CPA e can decrease further if C salt e is increased, since increasing salt(v iso V b )(1 CCPA(t)V CPA i ) [1] C e salt can decrease V max. However, this is limited by the lower limit V(t) V b of cell volume change: 113
3 J.A.Gilmore et al. Figure 1. Theoretical simulation for the one-step addition of 1 M and 2 M glycerol, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol and ethylene glycol to human spermatozoa at 22 C. Figure 2. Theoretical simulation for the one-step removal of 1 M and 2 M glycerol, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol and ethylene glycol from human spermatozoa at 22 C. V min C iso salt(v iso V b ) cell suspension through the use of a vortex and then assessing motility. V b [6] Each approach for the addition of a CPA was performed at 22 C. A C salt e maximum of nine donors was used for the control (1 M glycerol) For a given cell type, if the transport parameters (L p, P CPA and σ) and a minimum of four donors was used for the abrupt addition of and upper and lower osmotic tolerance limits are given, dilution 1 M and 2 M ethylene glycol. optimization can proceed as follows: (i) determine C e salt by equation Experiment 2: removal of CPA [6]; (ii) find C CPA e for the first step dilution; (iii) repeat (ii) for new Removal of 1 M glycerol and 1 M ethylene glycol was achieved by step concentration C e CPA. Figure 1 illustrates the relative cell volume adding dropwise over 30 s 2000 µl of iso-osmotic TL-HEPES to the of human spermatozoa as a function of time when 1 M or 2 M 200 µl of the cell solute mixture and then assessing motility; 2 M glycerol, DMSO, propylene glycol or ethylene glycol is added. Figure ethylene glycol was removed by adding dropwise over 30 s 2000 µl 2 illustrates the relative cell volume of human spermatozoa as a of 575 mosmol/kg sucrose. The suspension was centrifuged (400 g function of time when 1 or 2 M glycerol, DMSO, propylene glycol for 7 min), and the supernatant was aspirated. The sample was then or ethylene glycol is removed. resuspended in 500 µl of iso-osmotic TL-HEPES. Motility was measured after addition of 575 mosmol/kg sucrose and after the Experimental design sample was returned to iso-osmotic conditions. Removal of a given Experiment 1: addition of CPA CPA was also performed by abruptly adding 2000 µl of iso-osmotic Two approaches were used for the addition of 2 M glycerol, 2 M TL-HEPES to cell suspensions with 1 M glycerol or 1 M ethylene ethylene glycol and 4 M ethylene glycol to the sperm suspension, glycol, or by abruptly adding 2000 µl of 575 mosmol/kg to the 2 M yielding final concentrations of 1 M glycerol, 1 M ethylene glycol ethylene glycol cell mixture and, again, returning the sample to and 2 M ethylene glycol. In the first approach, 100 µl of a given iso-osmotic conditions and then measuring motility. Cryoprotectant CPA was added dropwise over 30 s to 100 µl of sperm suspension. The percentage motility was then assessed. The second approach was performed by abruptly adding 100 µl of a given CPA to 100 µl of 114 removal was performed at 22 C. A maximum of nine donors was used for the control (1 M glycerol) and a minimum of three donors was used for the removal of 1 M and 2 M ethylene glycol.
4 Addition and removal of cryoprotectants from spermatozoa Figure 3. Experimental results: motility recovery (mean SEM) Figure 4. Experimental results: motility recovery (mean SEM) of human spermatozoa after experimental treatments involving slow of human spermatozoa after experimental treatments involving addition or removal of cryoprotective agents. Different letters abrupt addition with or without removal of cryoprotective agents. indicate a statistically significant difference between treatments Different letters indicate a statistically significant difference (P 0.05). between treatments (P 0.05). Experiment 3: addition of CPA plus cooling and warming The two approaches used for CPA addition were those described in 2 M glycerol, 2 M ethylene glycol, or 4 M ethylene glycol at Experiment 1; however, before assessing motility, the samples were 22 C (Figure 3). The data indicate that there was not a cooled and rewarmed. The samples containing the given CPA were statistically significant difference in sperm motility (P 0.05) placed in 250 µl straws and cooled in a programmable cooling freezer between the slow addition of 1 M ethylene glycol (88.3 (Planar Products Ltd., Perkasie, PA, USA) using the following 2.6%, n 6) and 1 M glycerol ( %, n 9); protocol: 3 C/min from 25 to 5 C; hold at 5 C for 10 min; after 3 min at 5 C, samples were seeded by touching the straws for 1 s however, the motility after slow addition of 2 M ethylene with forceps cooled in liquid nitrogen; 10 C/min from 5 down to glycol (73.2 %, n 9) was significantly lower (P 0.05) 80 C; lastly, the straws were plunged into liquid nitrogen ( 196 C). than after slow addition of 1 M glycerol or 1 M ethylene The straws were warmed at ~400 C/min by placing them directly on glycol. Abrupt addition resulted in similar findings (Figure 4), the benchtop (22 C). Motility was then assessed. A maximum of and the results for 1 M glycerol and 1 M ethylene glycol were nine donors was used for the control (1 M glycerol) and a minimum of not significantly different (P 0.05) ( %, n 4 and four donors was used for the addition of 1 M and 2 M ethylene glycol %, n 7 respectively). The abrupt addition of 2 Experiment 4: removal of CPA after cooling and warming M ethylene glycol resulted in the greatest loss of motility The same two approaches were used for the removal of CPA as ( %, n 7). described in Experiment 2, and the same protocol for freezing was used as described in Experiment 3. A maximum of nine donors was used for the control (1 M glycerol) and a minimum of three donors Experiment 2: removal of CPA was used for the removal of 1 M and 2 M ethylene glycol. Motility recovery was measured after 1 M glycerol, 1 M ethylene glycol, or 2 M ethylene glycol was slowly removed Statistical analysis from the cells (Figure 3). After CPA removal, 1 M ethylene The percentage of motile spermatozoa was measured after each glycol had the least effect on sperm motility ( %, treatment and was normalized to an untreated control (treatment n 6). Use of 1 M glycerol ( %, n 9) and 2 M motility/control motility 100). The data are presented as normalized ethylene glycol ( %, n 9, after addition of values. The mean, standard error and coefficient of variation were computed for each treatment and the data were analysed using 575 mosmol/kg sucrose, and %, n 3, after standard analysis of variance approaches with the Statistical Analysis returning to iso-osmotic conditions) both caused significantly Software (SAS ) program, a software system for data analysis (SAS lower recoveries of sperm motility (P 0.05). Motility was Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). also assessed when CPA was abruptly removed (Figure 4): motility after the use of 1 M glycerol ( %, n 7) Results and 2 M ethylene glycol ( %, n 7, sperm motility after addition of 575 mosmol/kg sucrose, and %, Experiment 1: addition of CPA n 3, after return to iso-osmotic conditions) was significantly The percentage of motile human spermatozoa was calculated lower (P 0.05) than for 1 M ethylene glycol ( %, after aliquots of cell samples were slowly exposed to either n 4). 115
5 J.A.Gilmore et al. Figure 5. Experimental results: motility recovery (mean SEM) of human spermatozoa after experimental treatments in which spermatozoa were frozen in conjunction with slow addition with or without removal of cryoprotective agents. Different letters indicate a statistically significant difference between treatments (P 0.05). Figure 6. Experimental results: motility recovery (mean SEM) of human spermatozoa after experimental treatments in which spermatozoa were frozen in conjunction with abrupt addition with or without removal of cryoprotective agents. Different letters indicate a statistically significant difference between treatments (P 0.05). Experiment 3: addition of CPA plus freezing 575 mosmol/kg sucrose, and %, n 3, after return Human sperm motility recovery was measured after 2 M to iso-osmotic conditions) was used. glycerol, 2 M ethylene glycol, or 4 M ethylene glycol was added and the cell CPA suspension was cooled to 80 C, Discussion plunged into liquid nitrogen, and warmed to room temperature. Figure 5 shows normalized percentage motility when CPA Most cells are lethally damaged during the cooling and addition was slow, with 1 M ethylene glycol maintaining the warming processes of cryopreservation in the absence of highest motility ( %, n 6) and 1 M glycerol protective agents (Ashwood-Smith and Farrant, 1980). There- ( %, n 9) and 2 M ethylene glycol ( %, fore, CPA are required for maintaining cell survival after n 9) causing a significantly greater loss of motility (P 0.05). cooling and warming. After Polge et al. (1949) published their Motility was also assessed when CPA addition was abrupt, findings regarding the protective characteristics of glycerol for using the same freezing protocol (Figure 6). The highest bovine spermatozoa and later with red blood cells (Polge, percentage of motility was maintained with 1 M ethylene 1980), others began to investigate similar low-molecular- glycol ( %, n 4) and a significantly lower recovery weight penetrating compounds and their ability to protect (P 0.05) was obtained with 1 M glycerol ( %, n cells during cryopreservation. In 1959, Lovelock and Bishop 7) and 2 M ethylene glycol ( %, n 7). introduced DMSO as a cryoprotectant for red blood cells. Both glycerol and DMSO have been studied in depth since then, and their uses have been applied to many different cell and Experiment 4: removal of CPA after freezing tissue types. Additionally, other permeating polyols, such as Percentage motility of human spermatozoa was measured ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, first studied by Lovelock after the cells were cooled, warmed, and 1 M glycerol, 1 M (1954) with human red blood cells, have come into wider use ethylene glycol, or 2 M ethylene glycol was removed. Figure and their cryopreservation effects have been explored. 5 illustrates sperm recovery when CPA removal was slow. Use The mechanism by which these permeating solutes are able of 1 M ethylene glycol maintained the highest recovery of to protect during cooling and warming has been closely motility ( %, n 6) and 1 M glycerol (39.1 examined. It is understood that permeating CPA function 2.6%, n 9) and 2 M ethylene glycol ( %, n 9, through colligative properties which help maintain solute after addition of 575 mosmol/kg sucrose, and %, concentrations inside and outside the cells at non-damaging n 3, after return to iso-osmotic conditions) led to a levels. It is also recognized that the cryoprotective ability of significantly lower motility (P 0.05). Motility was also any given compound varies widely across cell and tissue type assessed after CPA was removed abruptly (Figure 6). Sperm and, therefore, an optimal CPA for cryopreservation must be recovery was highest after removal of 1 M ethylene glycol studied for each cell type under investigation (Karow, 1969). ( %, n 4; Figure 6). Motility was significantly Although CPA enhance cell survival after cooling and less (P 0.05) when 1 M glycerol ( %, n 7) or warming, their presence induces potentially damaging volume 2 M ethylene glycol ( %, n 7, after addition of excursions. Lovelock (1953a,b) first described how this effect 116
6 Addition and removal of cryoprotectants from spermatozoa as compared to ethylene glycol, because glycerol will require more time to leave the cell and thereby allow more water to permeate the membrane. It should also be noted that the permeability rates used to predict theoretical optimal CPA addition and removal (Gilmore et al., 1995) are derived from the use of 1 M glycerol and 2 M ethylene glycol, and not 1 M ethylene glycol. It is possible that permeability coefficients are concentration dependent. If permeability is affected by concentration, permeability rates would differ from those published when using other solute concentrations. Prior studies (Papanek, 1978) with red blood cells have shown that water permeability is directly affected (decreased) by external solute conditions. Papanek (1978) suggested that, with higher solute concentration, water permeability in the red blood cell is substantially reduced and, therefore, would affect the rate at which the cells would be optimally cooled and warmed. Work is currently ongoing to determine concentration dependence of the effect of CPA on human spermatozoa. In addition to the greater membrane permeability to ethylene glycol, preliminary studies with human spermatozoa have also suggested that the temperature dependence of ethylene glycol and its associated water permeability are lower than those of glycerol. This lower activation energy for ethylene glycol indicates that membrane transport of ethylene glycol is less affected by changes in temperature compared to that of glycerol. Further investigation is necessary to determine if the mechanism for membrane transport across the plasma membrane differs for the two solutes. There are several possible explanations for the poor motility recovery when using 2 M ethylene glycol with human spermatozoa. It may be that this concentration is chemically toxic to human spermatozoa. Although ethylene glycol has been found to be relatively non-toxic to many cell and tissue types such as bovine embryos (Pollock et al., 1991) and mouse morulae (Ali and Shelton, 1993), it has been found to be toxic to other tissues, such as rabbit common carotid arteries (Wusteman et al., 1996). The length of time and temperature of exposure would be a relevant issue in determining toxicity effects, and more investigation may be needed to understand further the effects of 2 M ethylene glycol on human sper- matozoa. Another possible explanation for the decrease in cell survival when using 2 M ethylene glycol may be related to the initial cell volume. All media were prepared on a molar (moles of solute/litre of solution) basis. Therefore, 2 M ethylene glycol was prepared by volumetrically measuring 2 M ethylene glycol and adding it to iso-osmotic TL-HEPES to achieve the final volume. As a result, the salt concentration of the TL-HEPES is diluted by the CPA and, therefore, the osmolality of the TL- HEPES that the spermatozoa are exposed to is mosmol/kg. Specifically, the osmolality of the TL-HEPES would be ~237 mosmol/kg in a 2 M ethylene glycol solution. Theoretical simulations predict that during removal of 2 M ethylene glycol in hyposmotic TL-HEPES, human sperm cell volume would increase to 1.38 times its iso-osmotic cell volume, exceeding its upper osmotic tolerance limit. According to Gao et al. (1995), human spermatozoa are expected to lose ~60% motility when their volume exceeds 1.38 times their 117 of solutes during cryopreservation results in lethal cell damage and how, in addition, the damage related to the mechanics of freezing. The present study was performed to determine which CPA would minimize cell volume excursion during cooling and warming and, thus, would be optimal for cryopreservation of human spermatozoa. A series of experiments investigated four different cryoprotectants for human spermatozoa cryopreservation: (i) glycerol, (ii) DMSO, (iii) propylene glycol and (iv) ethylene glycol. First, theoretical predictions of how cells respond to the addition and removal of CPA were made using computer simulations. Data regarding permeating rates of the solute and water across the sperm plasma membrane (Gilmore et al., 1995) and information regarding the osmotic tolerance limits of the cells (Gao et al., 1995) were used for the simulations. The data indicated that the optimal CPA would be one that could permeate the cell in the shortest period of time causing the least amount of volume excursion during its addition and removal. The theoretical predictions were then experimentally tested. Based on the computer simulations regarding the maintenance of minimum and maximum cell volume, 1 M and 2 M ethylene glycol were chosen as the optimal CPA for human spermatozoa cryopreservation. The results of the experiments confirmed that the use of 1 M ethylene glycol during cooling and warming of human spermatozoa results in higher cell survival in comparison to 1 M glycerol. These data indicate that, regardless of slow or abrupt addition or removal, the percentage of motile cells is greater when using 1 M ethylene glycol. However, in contradiction to the theoretical predictions, 2 M ethylene glycol did not result in greater cell survival during cryopreservation. When compared to 1 M ethylene glycol and 1 M glycerol, 2 M ethylene glycol was shown to lead to significantly lower sperm motility (P 0.05) when added and removed abruptly after cryopreservation. However, when 2 M ethylene glycol was added and removed slowly after cryopreservation, it did not result in significantly different sperm motility as compared to 1 M glycerol. It should be noted that 2 M ethylene glycol resulted in a greater percentage of motile spermatozoa once the suspension was returned to iso-osmotic conditions. These data are consistent with those of Gao et al. (1995), which indicated that cells will maintain a lower percentage motility while suspended in hyper-osmotic media, but will recover some motility when returned to iso-osmotic conditions. This study illustrated through computer simulations and experimental results that CPA addition causes much less damage to the cell than CPA removal, and therefore, only further development of optimal dilution is presented here. Previous work (Gao et al., 1995) and the present study have both indicated that abruptly removing 1 M glycerol decreases cell motility by ~60%, which can be explained by examining the volume excursion during the removal procedure (Figure 2). Because human sperm membrane permeability to ethylene glycol is approximately four times greater than that to glycerol, while the associated water permeabilities are approximately the same (Gilmore et al., 1995), the maximum volume excursion during glycerol dilution is greater as compared to ethylene glycol dilution. In other words, human spermatozoa will sustain a greater increase in cell volume when glycerol is removed,
7 J.A.Gilmore et al. iso-osmotic volume. One method of preventing this increase in cell volume during exposure to a CPA is to prepare the CPA medium on a molal (moles of solute/kg of solvent, where the solvent is water) basis. This method adjusts for the dilution of salts when a CPA is present, and therefore the desired osmolality is maintained (Pegg, 1984). Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Dr Locksley McGann (University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada) for helpful discussion of the manuscript, Jason Bisel for technical support, and Katherine Vernon for manuscript preparation. This work was supported by Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Inc., a Career Development Award from the NIH (HD00980 to J.K.C.), a grant from USDA/NRICGP ( ) and a NATO Collaborative Research Grant (CRG ). Polge, C., Smith, A.U. and Parkes, A.S. (1949) Revival of spermatozoa after vitrification and dehydration at low temperatures. Nature, 164, Pollock, G.A., Hamlyn, I., Macguire, S.H. et al. (1991) Effects of four cryoprotectants in combination with two vehicle solutions on cultured vascular endothelial cells. Cryobiology, 28, Weast, R.C. (ed.) (1971) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st edn. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, OH. Wusteman, M.C., Busza, A., Boylan, S. et al. (1996) Toxicity of ethylene glycol when used as a cryoprotectant for rabbit common carotid arteries. Cryobiology, 17, Received on July 15, 1996; accepted on October 12, 1996 References Ali, J. and Shelton, J.N. (1993) Design of vitrification solutions for the cryopreservation of embryos. J. Reprod. Fertil., 99, Ashwood-Smith, M.J. and Farrant, J. (eds) (1980) Low Temperature Preservation in Medicine and Biology. Pitmans Medical, Tunbridge Wells. Bavister, B.D., Leibfried, M.L. and Lieberman, G. (1983) Development of preimplantation embryos of the golden hamster in a defined culture medium. Biol. Reprod., 28, Critser, J.K., Huse-Benda, A.R., Aaker, D.V. et al. (1988) Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa. III. The effect of cryoprotectants on motility. Fertil. Steril., 50, Du, J., Kleinhans, F.W., Mazur, P. and Critser, J.K. (1993) Osmotic behavior of human spermatozoa studied by EPR. Cryo-Lett., 14, Du, J., Kleinhans, F.W., Mazur, P. and Critser, J.K. (1994) Human spermatozoa glycerol permeability and activation energy determined by electron paramagnetic resonance. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1194, Gao, D.Y., Liu, J., Liu, C. et al. (1995) Prevention of osmotic injury to human spermatozoa during addition and removal of glycerol. Hum. Reprod., 10, Gilmore, J.A., McGann, L.E., Liu, J. et al. (1995) Effect of cryoprotectant solutes on water permeability of human spermatozoa. Biol. Reprod., 53, Karow, A. (1969) Cryoprotectant a new class of drugs. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 21, Kedem, O. and Katchalsky, A. (1958) Thermodynamic analysis of the permeability of biological membranes to nonelectrolytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 27, Kiyohara, O., Perron, G. and Desnoyers, J.E. (1975) Volumes and heat capacities of dimethylsulfoxide, acetone, and acetamide in water and of some electrolysis in these mixed aqueous solvents. Can. J. Chem., 52, Leibo, S.P. (1986) Cryobiology: preservation of mammalian embryos. Basic Life Sci., 37, Lovelock, J.E. (1953a) The haemolysis of human red blood cells by freezing and thawing. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 10, Lovelock, J.E. (1953b) The mechanism of the protective action of glycerol against haemolysis by freezing and thawing. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 11, Lovelock, J.E. (1954) The protective action of neutral solutes against haemolysis by freezing and thawing. Biochem. J., 56, Lovelock, J.E. and Bishop, M.W.H. (1959) Prevention of freezing damage to cells by dimethyl sulphoxide. Nature, 183, Mazur, P. and Schneider, U. (1984) Osmotic consequences of cryoprotectant permeability and its relation to the survival of frozen thawed embryos. Theriogenology, 21, Papanek, T. (1978) The Water Permeability of the Human Erythrocyte in the Temperature Range 25 C to 10 C. Doctor of Philosophy thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. Pegg, D.E. (1984) Red cell volume in glycerol/sodium chloride/water mixtures. Cryobiology, 21, Polge, C. (1980) Freezing of spermatozoa. In Ashwood-Smith, M.S. and Farrant, J. (eds), Low Temperature Preservation in Medicine and Biology. Pitman, Bath, pp
Osmotic Tolerance Limits and Effects of Cryoprotectants on Motility of Bovine Spermatozoa 1
BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 67, 1811 1816 (2002) Osmotic Tolerance Limits and Effects of Cryoprotectants on Motility of Bovine Spermatozoa 1 H.D. Guthrie, 3 J. Liu, 4 and J.K. Critser 2,4 Germplasm and Gamete
More informationDetermination of Plasma Membrane Characteristics of Boar Spermatozoa and Their Relevance to Cryopreservation'
BOLOGY OF REPRODUCTON 58, 28-36 (1998) Determination of Plasma Membrane Characteristics of Boar Spermatozoa and Their Relevance to Cryopreservation' J.A. Gilmore,34 J. Liu, 3 A.T. Peter, 4 and J.K. Critser2,3,4
More informationThe effect of collection temperature, cooling rate and warming chilling injury and cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa
The effect of collection temperature, cooling rate and warming chilling injury and cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa Jun Tao, Junying Du, F. W. Kleinhans, E. S. Critser, P. Mazur and J. K. Critser
More informationEffect of sucrose and propylene glycol on the vitrification of sheep oocytes
Journal of Cell and Animal Biology Vol. 7 (3), pp. 25-30, March 2013 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/jcab DOI: 10.5897/JCAB12.033 ISSN 1996-0867 2013 Academic Journals Full Length Research
More informationBasic information on the cryopreservation process
COST Action FA1205 AQUAGAMETE 5 th AQUAGAMETE Training School Valencia, Spain, 7-11 th March, 2016 Basic information on the cryopreservation process Ákos Horváth Department of Aquaculture, Szent István
More informationWater and DMSO membrane permeability characteristics of in-vivo- and in-vitro-derived and cultured murine oocytes and embryos
Molecular Human Reproduction vol.4 no.1 pp. 51 59, 1998 Water and DMSO membrane permeability characteristics of in-vivo- and in-vitro-derived and cultured murine oocytes and embryos R.T.Pfaff 1,2, J.Liu
More informationTitle. Author(s)VALDEZ, Conrado A.; HISHINUMA, Mitsugu; TAKAHASHI, Y. CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 39(1): 23-2
Title EFFECT OF TREHALOSE DILUTION ON THE SURVIVAL OF VITR Author(s)VALDEZ, Conrado A.; HISHINUMA, Mitsugu; TAKAHASHI, Y CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 39(1): 23-2 Issue Date 1991-05-30
More informationBasic principles of cryopreservation
Basic principles of cryopreservation Henri Woelders Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands (CGN) Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR Lelystad, The Netherlands Centre for Genetic Resources, the
More informationIn vitro Culture, Storage and Transfer of Goat Embryos
Aust. J. Bio!. Sci., 1976,29, 125-9 In vitro Culture, Storage and Transfer of Goat Embryos R. J. Bilton and N. W. Moore Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Sydney, Camden, N.S.W. 2570. Abstract
More informationto the Solution at Various Temperatures1
BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 47, 1134-1139 (1992) Survival of Mouse Morulae Vitrified in an Ethylene Glycol-Based Solution after Exposure to the Solution at Various Temperatures1 M. KASAI,2 M. NISHIMORI, S.E.
More informationalthough work THE TOXICITY OF VARIOUS NON-ELECTROLYTES TO HUMAN SPERMATOZOA AND THEIR PROTECTIVE EFFECTS DURING FREEZING
THE TOXICITY OF VARIOUS NON-ELECTROLYTES TO HUMAN SPERMATOZOA AND THEIR PROTECTIVE EFFECTS DURING FREEZING D. W. RICHARDSON and R. M. F. S. SADLEIR Endocrine Unit, University College Hospital, London,
More informationInterspecies Challenges
Cryobiological Challenges of Banking Reproductive Cells, and Tissues Interspecies Challenges Mammals Domestic species Lab animal species Endangered Species Humans (Reproductive Med) Birds Domestic species
More informationMathematically optimized cryoprotectant equilibration procedures for cryopreservation of human oocytes
Mathematically optimized cryoprotectant equilibration procedures for cryopreservation of human oocytes Davidson, A. F., Benson, J. D., & Higgins, A. Z. (2014). Mathematically optimized cryoprotectant equilibration
More informationProper steps for bull semen dilution and freezing. IMV Technologies France
Proper steps for bull semen dilution and freezing IMV Technologies France Introduction Since Polge reported the first successful cryopreservation of spermatozoa in 1949, spermatozoa from many mammalian
More informationA simple method for mouse embryo cryopreservation in a low toxicity vitrification solution, without appreciable loss of viability
A simple method for mouse embryo cryopreservation in a low toxicity vitrification solution, without appreciable loss of viability M. Kasai, J. H. Komi, A. Takakamo, H. Tsudera, T. Sakurai and T. Machida
More informationCryobiology Cryobiology: an overview
Section 1 Chapter Cryobiology Cryobiology: an overview 1Ri-Cheng Chian Introduction Cryobiology deals with life at low temperature [1,2]. The word cryobiology is relatively new. Literature search indicates
More informationCalculated Optimal Cooling Rates for Ram and Human Sperm Cryopreservation Fail to Conform with Empirical Observations'
BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 51, 1014-1021 (1994) Calculated Optimal Cooling Rates for Ram and Human Sperm Cryopreservation Fail to Conform with Empirical Observations' M.R. CURRY, J.D. MILLAR, and P.F. WATSON
More informationProvisional Patent Application
PPA: Method of Cryopreservation of Whole Brains Proprietary Information: Property of Cryonics Institute Provisional Patent Application Title: Method of Cryopreservation of Whole Brains Inventor: Yuriy
More informationThe Cytotoxic Effect of Cryoprotective Agents on in vitro Fertilization Rates of Mammalian Oocytes
Cean A. et al./scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 2013, 46 (2) The Cytotoxic Effect of Cryoprotective Agents on in vitro Fertilization Rates of Mammalian Oocytes Ada Cean 1,2,*, Ivan
More informationChapter 7 The Science of Cryobiology
Chapter 7 The Science of Cryobiology Steven F. Mullen, PhD and John K. Critser, PhD Introduction The demand for effective bio-preservation methods in the medical community continues to increase with advances
More informationRapiDVIT & rapidwarm oocyte. Specialised media for oocyte vitrification.
RapiDVIT & rapidwarm oocyte Specialised media for oocyte vitrification. Special media for A unique cell Cryopreservation of oocytes requires care. Some preservation techniques cause premature oocyte activation
More informationXVII Congresso Internazionale SIVE
SOCIETÀ ITALIANA VETERINARI PER EQUINI SOCIETÀ FEDERATA ANMVI XVII Congresso Internazionale SIVE XVII SIVE International Congress Palacongressi d Abruzzo Montesilvano (PE) - ITALY 4-6 Febbraio 2011 February
More informationToxic Effect of Cryoprotectants on Embryo Development in a Murine Model
: 31 1 2004 Kor J Fertil Steril, Vol 31, No 1, 2004, 3 1 2,, 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3* Toxic Effect of Cryoprotectants on Embryo Development in a Murine Model Kwan Cheal Yang 1, Hee-Gyoo Kang 2,Hoi-ChangLee 3,
More informationBiological metabolism in living cells dramatically
Mechanisms of Cryoinjury in Living Cells Doyong Gao andj. K. Critser Abstract Biological metabolism in living cells dramatically diminishes at low temperatures, a fact that permits the long-term preservation
More informationMATERIALS AND METHODS
Develop. Growth and Differ. Vol. 21 No. 5 1979 pp. 423-430. CRYOPRESERVATION OF SEA URCHIN EMBRYOS AND SPERM EIZO ASAHINA AND TSUNEO TAKAHASHI Minami 5. Nishi 24 Sapporo 060 Japan and The American National
More informationThe viability and recovery of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae after freezing at -84 C with different concentrations of glycerol. Jeong, S., Le, A., Lee, K.
The viability and recovery of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae after freezing at -84 C with different concentrations of glycerol Jeong, S., Le, A., Lee, K. Abstract We studied the survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
More informationRLI Mouse Vitrification Media Kit
RLI Mouse Vitrification Media Kit Product Description RLI Vitrification Media Kit (Catalog#: RLI Vitri-Cooling 01, RLI Vitri-Warming 01, RLI Vitri Complete Kit 01) enables ultra-rapid cooling and recovery
More informationTitle. Author(s)BAUTISTA, Jose Arceo N.; KANAGAWA, Hiroshi. CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 45(4): 183- Issue Date DOI
Title Current status of vitrification of embryos and oocyt cryoprotectant of choice Author(s)BAUTISTA, Jose Arceo N.; KANAGAWA, Hiroshi CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 45(4): 183- Issue
More informationTheoretical and experimental basis of slow freezing
Reproductive BioMedicine Online (2011) 22, 125 132 www.sciencedirect.com www.rbmonline.com REVIEW Theoretical and experimental basis of slow freezing Lucia De Santis a, Giovanni Coticchio b, * a IVF Unit,
More informationDesign of vitrification solutions for the cryopreservation of embryos
Design of vitrification solutions for the cryopreservation of embryos J. Ali and J. N. Shelton Developmental Physiology Group, fohn Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra,
More informationCryopreservation of Porcine Gametes: A Chilly Future in the Swine Industry. EM Walters
Cryopreservation of Porcine Gametes: A Chilly Future in the Swine Industry EM Walters National Swine Resource and Research Center and Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Corresponding
More informationReview Fundamentals of cryobiology in reproductive medicine
RBMOnline - Vol 9. No 6. 2004 680-691 Reproductive BioMedicine Online; www.rbmonline.com/article/1486 on web 28 October 2004 Review Fundamentals of cryobiology in reproductive medicine Professor Barry
More informationSlow freezing of mouse embryos Slow freezing of domestic animal embryos Slow freezing of human embryos 1972 1973/74 1983 Slow freezing of human embryos Slow freezing of human oocytes 1985 1989 1993 1996
More informationFERTIUP PM 1 ml / 0.5 ml - CARD MEDIUM Set
Product manual FERTIUP PM 1 ml / 0.5 ml - CARD MEDIUM Set Cat. No. KYD-004-EX Size: 1 SET KYD-005-EX 1 SET Department of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto
More informationRescue IVF protocol for legacy stock
Rescue IVF protocol for legacy stock Sperm thawing/ivf protocol for MTG sperm samples (80ul per straw) from straw and conventional CPA from Vial (100ml per vial) This protocol is based on methods developed
More informationChapter 7 The Science of Cryobiology Steven F. Mullen, PhD and John K. Critser, PhD Introduction Anatomy of Cryopreservation
Chapter 7 The Science of Cryobiology T.K. Woodruff and K.A. Snyder (eds.) Oncofertility. Springer 2007 The original publication of this article is available at www.springerlink.com Steven F. Mullen, PhD
More informationAAB/CRB 2017 Houston, Texas
AAB/CRB 2017 Houston, Texas Advanced Current & Future Cryogenic Technologies for ART James J. Stachecki Ph.D. Innovative Cryo Enterprises LLC Disclosures Founder of Innovative Cryo Enterprises LLC We focus
More informationRapid- Vitrification System. Closed system for simple and successful vitrification.
Rapid- Vitrification System Closed system for simple and successful vitrification. 3 working together for you Media Method Device & accessories Rapid-i Vitrification System puts you in control. The method,
More informationEfflux of Red Cell Water into Buffered Hypertonic Solutions
Efflux of Red Cell Water into Buffered Hypertonic Solutions EDWIN G. OLMSTEAD From the School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks ABSTRACT Buffered NaCI solutions hypertonic to rabbit
More informationPrincipal Investigator/Program Director (Last, first, middle): Roberts, Kenneth P.
A. SPECIFIC AIMS. In light of the benefit that the rat model system has provided to our basic understanding of the biology of human disease, and the importance of the rat to emerging fields of genomics
More informationResearch Concerning Use of Long-Term Preservation Techniques for Microorganisms
Research Concerning Use of Long-Term Preservation Techniques for Microorganisms Adriana Criste 1, Mihaela Giuburuncă 1, Octavian Negrea 1, Sorin Dan 2, Marius Zăhan 1 1 Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies,
More informationOptimization of Cryoprotectant Loading into Murine and Human Oocytes
Optimization of Cryoprotectant Loading into Murine and Human Oocytes Karlsson, J. O. M., Szurek, E. A., Higgins, A. Z., Lee, S. R., & Eroglu, A. (2014). Optimization of cryoprotectant loading into murine
More informationCryopreservation Guide
Cryopreservation Guide The basics of cellular cryopreservation for research & clinical use Contents 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 Introduction Cryopreservation Basics Advantages of Cryopreservation
More informationEFFECTS OF VARIOUS CRYOPROTECTANTS ON THE SURVIVAL O CRYOPRESERVED BY THE QUICK FREEZING METHOD. Instructions for use
Title EFFECTS OF VARIOUS CRYOPROTECTANTS ON THE SURVIVAL O CRYOPRESERVED BY THE QUICK FREEZING METHOD ABAS MAZNI, Othman; TAKAHASHI, Yoshiyuki; VALDEZ, Co Author(s) Hiroshi CitationJapanese Journal of
More informationSEQUENTIAL CULTURE MEDIA SYSTEM
SEQUENTIAL CULTURE MEDIA SYSTEM Gamete solutions... 7 Fertilization solutions...15 Cleavage solutions...21 Blastocyst solutions...27 STIC Media Stopper Removal Tool...35 Complete list of order numbers...36
More informationConcentration of glycerol required for optimal survival and in vitro fertilizing capacity of frozen sperm is dependent on cryopreservation medium
FERTILITY AND STERILITY Copyright e 1988 The American Fertility Society Printed in U.S.A. Concentration of glycerol required for optimal survival and in vitro fertilizing capacity of frozen sperm is dependent
More informationWhat can we learn from cryopreserved blood cells?
What can we learn from cryopreserved blood cells? Andreas Sputtek Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf Inst. f. Transfusionsmedizin Hamburg, Germany http://www.sputtek.de Plenary Lecture (Definition)
More informationVitrification of mouse embryos in straw
Vitrification of mouse embryos in straw Based on a method originally published by Nakagata et al (1997) 1. Materials 1.1. Media and solutions 1.1.1. PB1 as basic solution 1.1.2. 1M DMSO solution in PB1.
More informationcryotubes Information from Biochrom AG, May 23, 2011
Recommendations on how to safely freeze and thaw cell cultures in TPP cryotubes Information from Biochrom AG, May 23, 2011 Cryopreservation can be used to store cell cultures for a virtually indefinite
More informationCryopreservation of human oocytes with slow freezing techniques
ESHRE Campus Symposium Cryobiology and cryopreservation of human gametes and embryos Athens, Greece 25-26 September 2009 Cryopreservation of human oocytes with slow freezing techniques Giovanni Coticchio
More informationSperm vitrification. Caracteristics of vitrification. Campus Granada Spain With permission from V. Isachenko
Sperm vitrification Dr. Raúl Sánchez G. Departamento de Ciencias Preclínicas BIOREN-CEBIOR Facultad de Medicina Universidad de La Frontera Temuco-CHILE Campus Granada Spain - 21 With permission from V.
More informationEffect of straw size and thawing time on quality of cryopreserved buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) semen
Vol. 11, No. 1 49 SHORT COMMUNICATION Effect of straw size and thawing time on quality of cryopreserved buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) semen Muhammad S Ansari, Bushra A. Rakha, Syed M. H. Andrabi, Shamim Akhter
More informationVitrification Solution: VS14?
Search for a Safe Least Toxic Vitrification Solution: VS14? Jaffar Ali, PhD IVF Laboratory & Reprod Res Laboratories Department of Obstet & Gynaecol University of Malaya Medical Center University of Malaya
More informationSimple, efficient and successful vitrification of bovine blastocysts using electron microscope grids
Human Reproduction vol.14 no.11 pp.838-843, 1999 Simple, efficient and successful vitrification of bovine blastocysts using electron microscope grids Se-Pill Park, Eun Young Kim, Deok Im Kim, Noh Hyung
More informationAbstract. Materials and methods. Introduction
RBMOnline - Vol 10. No 3. 2005 350-354 Reproductive BioMedicine Online; www.rbmonline.com/article/1637 on web 25 January 2005 Article Clean technique for cryoprotectant-free vitrification of human spermatozoa
More informationCryoStor CS2, CS5 and CS10 FREEZE MEDIA
CryoStor CS2, CS5 and CS10 FREEZE MEDIA Pre-Formulated Serum-Free Protein-Free cgmp Manufactured FDA Master File Sterility, Endotoxin, and Cell-Based Release Testing CryoStor, a series of cell-specific,
More informationTammie Roy Genea Biomedx Sydney, Australia. Declared to be stakeholder in Genea Biomedx
Tammie Roy Genea Biomedx Sydney, Australia Declared to be stakeholder in Genea Biomedx 1 24-25 September 2015 Madrid and Alicante, Spain Importance of cryopreservation in Assisted Reproductive Technology
More informationFertility Preservation for Trans Women: Sperm Banking
Fertility Preservation for Trans Women: Sperm Banking A PUBLICATION OF FAIRFAX CRYOBANK About the Author Michelle Ottey, PhD, HCLD is the Director of Operations for Fairfax Cryobank and Cryogenic Laboratories,
More informationThe Osmotic Rupture Hypothesis of Intracellular Freezing Injury
532 Biophysical Journal Volume 66 February 1994 532-541 The Osmotic Rupture Hypothesis of Intracellular Freezing Injury Ken Muldrew and Locksley E. McGann Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology,
More informationCONSERVATION OF ANCIENT BREED SMALL RUMINANTS AS FROZEN EMBRYOS
Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine (2008), 11, No 4, 251 255 CONSERVATION OF ANCIENT BREED SMALL RUMINANTS AS FROZEN EMBRYOS Summary E. SAPUNDZHIEV Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry,
More informationThe Consequences of Mishandling Cryopreserved Specimens
The Consequences of Mishandling Cryopreserved Specimens Mexico Embryo Transfer Association 2012 Brad Stroud, DVM Stroud Veterinary Embryo Services Weatherford, Texas Objectives of Presentation Define
More informationPregnancy rates of mares inseminated with semen cooled for 18 hours and then frozen 1
Pregnancy rates of mares inseminated with semen cooled for 18 hours and then frozen 1 T. Backman, J. E. Bruemmer, J. K. Graham, and E. L. Squires 2 Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado
More informationAssisted Reproductive Technologies. Simpler Processes. Less Stress. Better Results. Embryo Culture Media. Protein Supplements and Oil.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies Simpler Processes. Less Stress. Better Results. Embryo Culture Media Protein Supplements and Oil Vitrification Visit us at www.irvinesci.com for more information To order
More informationOocyte freezing: basics, current status and potential applications in reproductive biology
International Journal of Animal Biotechnology, Vol.1, No.1 (Dec. 2011) ISSN 2277-4122 General article Oocyte freezing: basics, current status and potential applications in reproductive biology S. K. Gautam
More informationCryopreservation of mouse 2-cell embryos and ova by vitrification: methodologic studies
FERTILITY AND STERILITY Copyright c 1987 The American Fertility Society Vol. 48, No.2, August 1987 Printed in U.S.A. Cryopreservation of mouse 2-cell embryos and ova by vitrification: methodologic studies
More informationEffect of Warming on the Survivability and Fertilizability of Vitrified Matured Bovine Oocytes
International Journal of Agricultural Technology 2014 Vol. 10(1):49-58 Available online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com ISSN 2630-0192 (Online) Fungal Diversity Effect of Warming on the Survivability and Fertilizability
More informationMicroinsemination (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) Microinsemination schedule. 1. Preparation of mediums
Microinsemination (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) Masumi Hirabayashi Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National
More informationCryopreservation Guide. Dr. Kelvin G. M. Brockbank James C. Covault Dr. Michael J. Taylor
Cryopreservation Guide Dr. Kelvin G. M. Brockbank James C. Covault Dr. Michael J. Taylor TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS................................................................................
More informationLong-term preservation of cells and tissues: a review
J. clin. Path., 1976, 29, 271-285 Long-term preservation of cells and tissues: a review DAVID E. PEGG From the Division of Cryobiology, Clinical Research Centre, There has been a steady growth of interest
More informationEvaluation of the Predictive Value of Semen Parameters in Sperm Fertility Potential Using Intracellular Calcium Increase in Response to Progesterone
Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine Vol.1, No.1 pp. 24-28, 23. Evaluation of the Predictive Value of Semen Parameters in Sperm Fertility Potential Using Intracellular Calcium Increase in Response
More informationVERGE 3 Lundeberg 1. Dependence of fertilization in sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, on microfilament
VERGE 3 Lundeberg 1 Dependence of fertilization in sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, on microfilament formation and internal calcium concentration Megan Lundeberg Amy Ruggerio and Amy Isaacson
More informationEffects of Centrifugation and Lipid Removal on the Cryopreservation of in Vitro Produced Bovine Embryos at the Eight-Cell Stage
CRYOBIOLOGY 36, 206 212 (1998) ARTICLE NO. CY982077 Effects of Centrifugation and Lipid Removal on the Cryopreservation of in Vitro Produced Bovine Embryos at the Eight-Cell Stage M. Murakami,* T. Otoi,
More informationMotility and eosin uptake of formaldehyde-treated ram
Motility and eosin uptake of formaldehyde-treated ram spermatozoa O. A. Osinowo, J. O. Bale, E. O. Oyedipe and L. O. Eduvie Department ofanimal Reproduction, National Animal Production Research Institute,
More informationComparison between Low/Programmable Freezing and Fast Freezing Protocols of Hungarian Guinea Fowl Semen
Athens Journal of Natural & Formal Sciences September 2014 Comparison between Low/Programmable Freezing and Fast Freezing Protocols of Hungarian Guinea Fowl Semen By Thieu Ngoc Lan Phuong Eva Varadi Barbara
More informationCryopreservation of Mouse Spermatozoa in
Cryopreservation of Mouse atozoa in Department of eproductive Engineering, Center for Animal esources and Development, Kumamoto University, Japan Senior Editor: Naomi Nakagata 1. Male mice (12-70 weeks
More informationImprovement of post-thaw sperm motility in poor quality human semen*
FERTILITY AND STERILITY Vol. 6, No.4, October 1993 Copyright 1993 The American Fertility Society Printed on acid-free paper in U. S. A. Improvement of post-thaw sperm motility in poor quality human semen*
More informationOpen Pulled Straw (OPS) Vitrification of Mus Musculus Morula and Blastocyst Survival in Two Common Cryopreservation Medias.
Open Pulled Straw (OPS) Vitrification of Mus Musculus Morula and Blastocyst Survival in Two Common Cryopreservation Medias A Senior Project presented to the Faculty of the Animal Science Department California
More informationCryopreservation of Embryos in Laboratory Species
J. Mamm. Ova Res. Vol. 27, 87 92, 2010 87 Mini Review Cryopreservation of Embryos in Laboratory Species Keiji Mochida* and Atsuo Ogura RIKEN BioResource Center, Bioresource Engineering Division, Ibaraki
More informationOutline. History of sperm freezing. Testicular tissue: When and how should it be cryopreserved?
Testicular tissue: When and how should it be cryopreserved? Greta Verheyen Centre for Reproductive Medicine UZ Brussel, Belgium ESHRE Campus Granada 25-26 March 2010 Outline History of sperm freezing Indications
More informationCRyopreservation Manual Recommended use of Vitrolife Cryopreservation products Edition 3, 2017
CRyopreservation Manual Recommended use of Vitrolife Cryopreservation products Edition 3, 2017 2002 2017 Vitrolife Sweden AB. All rights reserved. You may copy this for internal use only, not for publishing.
More informationMaturation and Freezing of Bovine Oocytes
Maturation and Freezing of Bovine Oocytes D. Mapes and M. E. Wells Story in Brief Immature bovine oocytes were aspirated from small to medium size follicles of bovine ovaries by needle and syringe. The
More informationMaximum rates of cooling by three programmable freezers, and the potential relevance to sperm cryopreservation
Vol. 8, No. 1 69 SHORT NOTE Maximum rates of cooling by three programmable freezers, and the potential relevance to sperm cryopreservation Phillip Matson 1,2,3, Wendy Kappelle 2, Sandra Webb 2 2 Reproductive
More informationRapid antigen-specific T cell enrichment (Rapid ARTE)
Direct ex vivo characterization of human antigen-specific CD154+CD4+ T cell Rapid antigen-specific T cell enrichment (Rapid ARTE) Introduction Workflow Antigen (ag)-specific T cells play a central role
More informationGeneral Guide for Cryogenically Storing Animal Cell Cultures
TECHNICAL BULLETIN TECHNICAL BULLETIN Corning Cell Culture Products General Guide for Cryogenically Storing Animal Cell Cultures by John A. Ryan, Ph.D. Corning Incorporated, Science Products Division Acton,
More informationTHE CRYOTEC METHOD Manual For Oocytes, Embryos And Blastocyst Vitrification
THE CRYOTEC METHOD Manual For Oocytes, Embryos And Blastocyst Vitrification Ph: +919819855905; +91 9821618106 Email: info@cryotechjapan.com www.cryotechjapan.com VITRIFICATION PART 1 - Materials Required
More informationCryobiological effects of cryoprotectants on morphology of cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) of sheep using vitrification
Original Research Article International Journal of Animal Biotechnology ISSN: 2277 4122 13 INPRESSCO. All Rights Reserved. Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcsb Cryobiological effects of cryoprotectants
More informationComparison of different hypo-osmotic swelling solutions to select viable immotile spermatozoa for potential use in intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Human Reproduction Update 1997, Vol. 3, No. 3 pp. 195 203 European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology Comparison of different hypo-osmotic swelling solutions to select viable immotile spermatozoa
More informationReprod. Nutr. Dev. 42 (2002) INRA, EDP Sciences, 2002 DOI: /rnd:
Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 42 (2002) 217 226 217 INRA, EDP Sciences, 2002 DOI: 10.1051/rnd:2002020 Original article Comparison between glycerol and ethylene glycol for the cryopreservation of equine spermatozoa:
More informationEffects of Tyrode's solution osmolarities and milk on bull sperm storage above zero temperatures
Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine Vol.9. No.1. pp: 25-30, Winter 2011 Effects of Tyrode's solution osmolarities and milk on bull sperm storage above zero temperatures Farid Barati 1 D.V.M., Ph.D.,
More informationMinireview. Cryopreservation of the Germplasm of Animals Used in Biological and Medical Research: Importance, Impact, Status, and Future Directions
BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 78, 2 12 (2008) Published online before print 26 September 2007. DOI 10.1095/biolreprod.107.064113 Minireview Cryopreservation of the Germplasm of Animals Used in Biological and
More informationEffects of glycerol concentration on the motility of equine spermatozoa after thawing
Effects of glycerol concentration on the motility of equine spermatozoa after thawing Miroslava Mráčková 1, Eliška Horáčková 1, Michal Vyvial 1, Antonín Vinkler 1, Šárka Krisová 1, Štěpán Bodeček 1, Markéta
More informationCOMPARISON OF KAMPONG AND COMMERCIAL CHICKEN EGG-BASED EXTENDERS ON CRYOPRESERVED GOAT SPERM MOVEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
COMPARISON OF KAMPONG AND COMMERCIAL CHICKEN EGG-BASED EXTENDERS ON CRYOPRESERVED GOAT SPERM MOVEMENT CHARACTERISTICS Janice, C.W.K. 1, Kanwal, K.D.S. 1*, Wan Khadijah, W.E. 2 and Abdullah, R.B. 2 1 School
More informationIn vitro competence of vitrified bovine oocytes with open pulled straw
Indian Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 17, July 2018, pp 402-406 In vitro competence of vitrified bovine oocytes with open pulled straw D J Dutta*, B C Sarmah, Hiramoni Dev and Himangshu Raj Department of
More informationOsmotic characteristics and fertility of murine spermatozoa collected in different solutions
REPRODUCTION RESEARCH Osmotic characteristics and fertility of murine spermatozoa collected in different solutions Wei Si, Hongsheng Men, James D Benson and John K Critser Research Animal Diagnostic Laboratory,
More information~ERE IS considerable information regarding viability of bovine sperm
Freezing-Point Depression and Viability of Bovine Sperm During Freezing and Storage P. S. RAO,* PH.D., J. D. SIKES, PH.D., and C. P. MERILAN, PH.D. ~ERE IS considerable information regarding viability
More informationINFRAFRONTIER-I3 - Cryopreservation training course. Hosted by the Frozen Embryo and Sperm Archive, MRC - Harwell
Hosted by the Frozen Embryo and Sperm Archive, MRC - Harwell IVF recovery procedure incorporting methyl-β-cyclodextrin and reduced glutathione This protocol is based on the work published by Takeo et al.,
More informationProtocol for Thawing Cryopreserved Hepatocytes
cell and tissue-based products Protocol for Thawing Cryopreserved Hepatocytes Product Instruction The following procedure may be carried out in a biosafety containment hood to reduce the risk of contamination
More informationBoctorof 'hilosophy Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Kerala Agricultural University
MORPHOLOGY AND VIABILITY OF BOVINE EMBRYOS FROZEN IN MEDIA CONTAINING BSA AND PROP ANEDIOL By K. RAMACHANDRAN 'r THESIS Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Boctorof 'hilosophy
More informationTerminology associated with vitri cation and other cryopreservation procedures for oocytes and embryos
Human Reproduction Update, Vol.9, No.6 pp. 583±605, 2003 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmg041 Terminology associated with vitri cation and other cryopreservation procedures for oocytes and embryos J.M.Shaw 1 and
More informationHow Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know
How Mishandling Frozen Semen can Lead to Unexplained Breeding Failure What You and Your Staff Need to Know NCBA January 2011 Brad Stroud, DVM Stroud Veterinary Embryo Services Weatherford, Texas Objectives
More information