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1 Oestrus induction in the canine species: dream or reality? The bitch: a mono-oestrian species Most mammals In the bitch in seasons twice a year Restricted breeding Breed variations: periods breeders really don t want to miss!!! Every 4 months Emmanuel FONTAINE DVM, MSc, PhD, Dipl ECAR Royal Canin Canada Polyoestrous = several reproductive cycles during the year Every 8-10 months Once a year Something scientists have been working on for decades! Persistent anoestrus Primary vs Secondary anoestrus Potential interesting perspectives Persistent anoestrus Embryo transfer and other biotechnologies Mistiming When should you worry? - Primary anoestrus: no signs of puberty after 12 months - Secondary anoestrus: 2 months more than usual interoestrus interval Check the dates!!! Persistent anoestrus Sometimes related to physiological conditions: Silent heats Sometimes related to pathological conditions: Ovarian disease Hypothyroidism Cushing syndrom Embryo transfer and other biotechnologies IVM/IVF/ICSI/Embryo transfer/cloning??? Low/very low efficiency because of the specific canine physiology Manipulating the estrous cycle, a way to help develop these biotechnologies? 1
2 Mistiming The bitch, a mono-oestrian species And when missing the window of fertility Hormonal background of the bitch Manipulating the cycle: A way to have more flexibility? Hormonal control of the reproductive function A three-level organisation : the pacemaker of the Pulsatile secretion Depending on the pulse, activation or inhibition of the FSH/LH: Gonadotropins Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Influence the ovarian function An integrated system!!! FSH/LH E2/P4: Development of sex-hormones receptive organs (uterus, vagina, ) Progesterone: maintenance of gestation Ovaries E2/P4 Hormonal control of the reproductive function Key steps to successfully induce oestrus in bitches Start ovarian function Obtain ovulation Maintain gestation How to do so??? Medical solutions to mimick key hormonal events: Sex hormones? Gonadotropin analogues? Dopaminergic drugs? agonists? Medical induction of oestrus in the bitch FSH/LH Ovaries E2/P4 2
3 Use of gonadotropins Different active compounds Use of gonadotropins And in terms of results FSH/LH activity But not the same length of action!!! Complicated protocols Oestrus induction: 0-60%... Ovulation: 40-60%... Pregnancy rate: 0-50%... 18% probability of success Use of dopaminergic drugs What are these drugs for? = with a dopamine activity An essential neurotransmitter Several actions on the : - Inhibition of the secretion of prolactine - 1 st medical application: lactation of pseudopregnancy - Keep in mind NOT all the drugs used in this indication have a dopaminergic activity!!!! - Stimulation of the pulsatility Use of dopaminergic drugs Oral administration How to use them? Efficiency depending on the time of administration: - Diestrus/early anoestrus: 20 to 30 days of treatment - Late anoestrus: 6 to 15 days of treatment Oestrus induction: 80%... Ovulation: 100%... Pregnancy rate: 80%... 64% probability of success What are these drugs? = with a activity Stimulating the secretion of FSH/LH Subcutaneous implants that have to be removed How to use them? Oestrus induction: 100%... Ovulation: 80%... Pregnancy rate: 60-70%... Subcutaneous administration Vulva Interscapular area Umbilical area 56% probability of success 3
4 n=32 Oestrus was induced in ALL bitches Treatment-Oestrus induction: 4.3±1.4 days [2 to 7 days] Anoestrous bitches History/ P4/ Vaginal swab/ US agonist implant Heats Luteal phase Oestrus induction? Ovulation? Pregnancy? Luteal failure? Abortion? Litter size? Ovulation: - 62,5% (5/8 bitches) in early-mid anoestrus - 83,3% (20/24 bitches) in late anoestrus Treatment-ovulation: 11.8±2.1 days [8 to 16 days] Early-mid anoestrus: 25% (2/8 pregnancies) -1 presented embryonic resorptions - 1 delibered 5 puppies normally Pregnancy Late anoestrus: 1 not bred 69.6% (16/23 bitches) pregnant Mean litter size: 6.7±3.5 puppies [1 à 14] Involution of the uterus = time for the uterus to come back to a state where it can accept pregnancy In most mammals: 1-2 weeks after delivery In the bitch: 120 days!!!! No medical solution today to make it faster!!! Involution of the uterus vs dopamine agonists? = time for the uterus to come back to a state where it can accept pregnancy From a practical point of view: - Possible to induce estrus - Not possible to maintain gestation yet! results Allow synchronization But problems of anovulation 4
5 Efficient solutions are available! Estrus induction in the bitch: what can be expected in 2012? Dopamine agonists, agonists* Available in veterinary practice Safe alternatives When can it be proposed? Essentially in case of prolonged anoestrus (primary, secondary) Medical check-up prior to it appears mandatory!!! Research is ongoing! Actual solutions How to improve the actual protocols? How to improve ovulation rate? How to shorten uterine involution? Research is ongoing! Future solutions? Upstream regulation of the secretion New alternatives for the future? Right or wrong? Thank you for your attention! A constant debate!!! 5
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