Animal Reproduction. Reproductive Cyclicity. # lectures for cumulative test # 02 book 12. Reproductive cyclicity: terminology and basic concepts

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1 Animal Reproduction JP Advis DVM, Ph.D. Bartlett Hall, Animal Sciences, Cook, (732) , 15 Course website: rci.rutgers.edu/~advis Material to be covered: About lecture Meetings 01-02: Introduction to Animal Reproduction (2) Meetings 03-04: Reproductive Structures and their Functions (2) Meetings 05-07: The HPG axis and its Liposoluble and Watersoluble Hormones (3) Meetings 08-09: The Neuroendocrine Control of Male and Female Puberty Onset (2) Meetings 10-11: REVIEW AND TEST #1 Meetings 12-17: Female and Male Reproduction and Techniques for their Control (6) Meetings 18-19: REVIEW AND TEST #2 Meetings 20-21: Reproductive Behavior and the Spermatozoa in the Female Tract (2) Meetings 22-23: Embryogenesis, Placentation, Parturition and Lactation (3) Meetings 24-25: Puerperium, Lactation and Reproductive Ageing (2) Meeting 26 Reproductive Pathology and Case Studies (1) Meetings 27-28: REVIEW AND TEST #3 AND TEST #4 slides: There are not intended to be the sole source for studying the course material!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Slides are good to review the course material after you have study your course textbook Slides are a good indicator of the relative importance of lecture topics (see slide # per topic) Group slides by titles when using them to review course material. Match lectures and text. Reproductive Cyclicity # lectures for cumulative test # 02 book 12 Reproductive cyclicity: terminology and basic concepts Reproductive cyclicity: the follicular phase Reproductive cyclicity: the luteal phase Reproductive cyclicity: techniques for controlling female reproductive processes 16 Endocrinology of the male and the spermatogenesis process Endocrinology of the male and techniques to control male reproductive processes 18 REVIEW material from lecture # 12 through lecture # EXAM # 02 - material from lecture # 01 through lecture # Page 1

2 Reproductive techniques: Intro The preovulatory surge of LH is an obligatory event for reproduction to occur. It is elicited by E2. Reproductive techniques: Intro human rat The hormonal profiles of a menstrual and of an estrous cycle are similar, when lined up to the LH surge as time zero. Page 2

3 Reproductive techniques: Intro Players involved in events occurring during the reproductive cycle menses, estrus, LH surge, repetitive events differences / similarities menstrual / estrous cycles main events a drop in P4, increase in E2, LH surge folliclar vs luteal, E2 vs P4, ovarian vs uterine phases luteolysis, LH surge, ovulation as cyclic events GnRH as trigger of LH surge (mouse without GnRH) E2 as trigger of GnRH release (phasic vs tonic E2 r) a race: FSH, follicular wave, atresia, dominant follic. FSH stimulates FSH/LH receptor formation and E2 E2 stimulates formation of ovarian FSH receptors increase follicule growth in presence of low FSH/LH If you understand this list of events, you are ready to put them in motion at the races and as techniques Reproductive techniques: Intro If you understand this list of events, you are ready to put them in motion at the races and as techniques Page 3

4 Reproductive techniques: Intro If you understand this list of events, you are ready to put them in motion at the races and as techniques Reproductive techniques: Intro If you understand this list of events, you are ready to put them in motion at the races and as techniques Page 4

5 Reproductive techniques: Intro removal of P4 negative Fb on FSH / LH (by luteolysis) as starting point of a cyclic race to fun or problems increase tonic FSH / LH release (amplitude, frequency), as initial response of the neuroendocrine system increase E2 intraovarian & hypothalamic effects, as a little engine going beserk to fulfill a "sponge" goal E2 triggers the preovulatory surge of LH GnRH neuron "practically" lacks E2 receptors, a cause we have to care about neurotransmitters (+,- input array) synaptic-like features among GnRH neurons and the concepts of network and subnetworks (like the heart?) coexistence of GnRH and galanine in a subnetwork NPY and E2 role as an example of GnRH input array Kisspeptine, a possible new runner in the race ßEND and GnRH disinhibition as mechanism for the preovulatory surge of LH, an ovulation obligatory event If you understand this list of events, you are ready to put them in motion at the races and as techniques Page 5

6 Reproductive techniques: Intro GnRH neuron GnRH If you understand this list of events, you are ready to put them in motion at the races and as techniques Exogenous P4 / CIDR Remember the races??? Exogenous P4 (CIDR) can be used to synchronize estrus for artificial insemination and techniques Page 6

7 lpha injection day 0 6 no effect normal estrous cycle estrus every 21 days injection day 6-17 cows in estrus in 3 days lpha can be used to synchronize estrus for artificial insemination and techniques PMSG and HCG The influence of PMSH and HCG on reproductive performance of Atabay breed ewes in breeding and non-breeding seasons was investigated. For this purpose, two experiments were conducted at breeding and non-breeding seasons. At each experiment, 30 Atabay ewes with initial live weight of 28±1.5 kg and age of 2.5±0.45 year were randomly allocated into three equal groups. After estrous synchronization, using intramuscular progesterone administration following treatments were studied: Group 1 (control); ewes that received only saline, Group 2; ewes that received 1000 IU of PMSG, and Group 3; ewes that received both PMSG (1000 IU) and HCG (500 IU). The percentage of ewes showing estrus was similar in breeding season for all groups (P>0.05) while in non-breeding season, a higher percentage of ewes of group 3 showed estrus (P<0.05). Conception rates in groups 1, 2 and 3 in non-breeding season were found as 80, 90 and 100 percent, respectively (P<0.05), while pregnancy rates were not significant in experimental groups in breeding season. Gestation period and parturition period were shorter for groups received gonadotropins than control group in both seasons (P<0.05). At this study, single birth rates were significantly lower for ewes in group 3 than other groups in both experiments but multiple birth rates were higher for group 3 than groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05). Lambing rate in breeding season for groups of 1, 2 and 3 was 90, 80 and 140 percent (P<0.05) respectively, while it did not significantly differ between experimental groups in non-breeding season. Results of this study showed that oestrus response, conception rate, gestation period and single birth rate did not affected by season but parturition period for breeding and non-breeding seasons was 22.6 and 27.5 days, respectively (P<0.05). In addition, multiple birth rate and lambing rate were higher in breeding season (P<0.05) than non-breeding season. Samadi F. (2009), J of Agricultural Sci and Nat Resources 16 (3) pp PMSG and HCG can be used to induce ovulation in prepubertal animals and in animals in their follicular stage Page 7

8 GnRH pulses GnRH pulses can be used to induce ovulation in prepubertal animals and in animals in their follicular stage GnRH pulses E2 P4 Days before or after the LH surge Results of ovulation induction employing a physiological frequency of GnRH administration to hypogonadotropic hypogonadal women upon ovarian steroid secretion. Normal values are represented by the light green and pink shaded areas. (From Crowley, W.F. Jr., Filicori, M., Spratt, D.J., et al. (1985) The physiology of gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) secretion in men and women. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 41: 473.) GnRH pulses can be used to induce ovulation in prepubertal animals and in animals in their follicular stage Page 8

9 lpha and GnRH lpha and GnRH can be used to induce ovulation in prepubertal animals and in animals in their follicular stage Page 9

10 Overview on contraceptives Most contraceptive techniques affect specific hormonal effects found during an estrous or menstrual cycles. Overview on contraceptives Most contraceptive techniques affect specific hormonal effects found during an estrous or menstrual cycles. Page 10

11 Overview on contraceptives Most contraceptive techniques affect specific hormonal effects found during an estrous or menstrual cycles. Page 11

12 Exogenous P4 Most contraceptive techniques affect specific hormonal effects found during an estrous or menstrual cycles. Page 12

13 RU-486 a P4 receptor blocker Most contraceptive techniques affect specific hormonal effects found during an estrous or menstrual cycles. Intrauterine devices (IUD) The intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, flexible gadget that is inserted into your uterus and stays there long term - for years, if you wish. It is made of: a) plastic and copper, or b) impregnated plastic that slowly releases a synthetic form of the hormone progestin. The copper IUD works by: 1- preventing the fertilized egg from attaching to the uterine lining, 2- the copper helps to kill sperm. The hormonal IUD: 3- changes the mucus (sticky fluid) at the cervix so sperm can't get through; 4 - changes the uterine lining so a fertilized egg can't grow. To get an IUD, you need to see a healthcare professional, such as your doctor. They are about 98-99% effective and you can expect to be fertile again once the IUD is removed. Copper IUDs tend to cause heavy periods; hormonal IUDs may have the opposite effect and you might lose your period altogether while using it. There is a small risk of some health problems, such as getting pelvic inflammatory disease in the first few weeks after insertion. Most contraceptive techniques affect specific hormonal effects found during an estrous or menstrual cycles. Page 13

14 Intrauterine devices (IUD) Overabundant white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) pose risks to property, health, and safety of human beings. Public concerns about lethal management can impair efforts to address these issues, particularly in urban settings. Several techniques developed for reducing reproductive output of deer have limited utility because they require repeated dosing to achieve permanent effect and face uncertain regulatory approval for use beyond experimentation. From 10 August 2006 through 30 December 2007, we evaluated the contraceptive efficacy of copper-containing intrauterine devices (IUDs) implanted transcervically in white-taileddeer at the E.S. GeorgeReserve inpinckney, Michigan. Intrauterine deviceswere implanted before (n = 9) and shortly after (n = 10) the breeding season. Postbreeding season IUD treatment was in conjunction with a 5cm3 dose of 5 mg/ml prostaglandin F2 (PGF2), delivered subcutaneously. Intrauterine devices reduced pregnancy rates when administered prior to breeding (P < 0.001) and prevented pregnancy for up to 2 years (the duration of the study). Two of 8 does that received IUDs prior to the breeding season and survived to the end of the study became pregnant (due to loss of the implant) during the second year while all (n = 16) does without implants conceived. Cervical changes associated with early pregnancy made trans-cervical implantation after the breeding season challenging, and resulted in improperly placed IUDs in 2 treated does. The apparent expulsion of IUDs by pregnant does that received the combined treatment after breeding suggests IUD treatment should be limited to the pre-breeding season. Intrauterine devices show potential as a tool for small-scale deer population management via non-steroidal reproductive inhibition. Malcom KD et al (2009), Contaceptive efficacy of a novel intrauterine device in white-tailed deer. Animal Reproduction Science 117, Most contraceptive techniques affect specific hormonal effects found during an estrous or menstrual cycles. Prolonged Most contraceptive techniques affect specific hormonal effects found during an estrous or menstrual cycles. Page 14

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