Index 333. GRTH, see Gonadotropinregulated

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1 Index 329 Index A ADAM2, see Fertilin ADAM3, see Cyritestin ADAM24, see Testase Androgen receptor, CAG repeat, 254, 255,275,321,322 gene polymorphisms, 275, 276 genetic screening, 322 Andrology, genomics relationship, 4, 5 historical perspective, 4 Aneuploidy analysis, chromosomal translocations, 132, 133 fluorescence in situ hybridization, , 136, 137, ,XY karyotype, 134, 137 indications, 139 inversions, 133, 134 nonobstructive azoospermia, 137, 139 normal men, 129, 130 offspring studies, prospective studies, 136, 137 retrospective studies, 135, 136 recommendations, 323, 324 sex chromosome abnormalities, 131, 132, 134 sperm selection based on chromosome content, 134, 135 Annexin V, sperm apoptosis marker, 303 Apoptosis, sperm markers, 302, 303 Argonaute, chromatid body association, 202, 203 function, 201, 202 ART, see Assisted reproductive technology Assisted reproductive technology (ART), approaches, 301 costs, 269 intracytoplasmic sperm injection, 232, 252, 268, 269, 308, 309 limitations and alternatives, 79, 90, 269 offspring infertility, 252, 320, 321 pregnancy prediction with sperm chromatin damage testing, sperm handling, 308, 309 trends in use, 79 Ataxia telangiectasia, infertility, 156, 157 ATM, functions, 156, 157 AZF, see Azoospermia factor Azoospermia factor (AZF), infertility defects, 233, 234 microdeletions, evaluation, partial AZFc deletions and Y-chromosome variants, 240, 241, , 280, 282 types, 233, 234, 239, 240, 319 Azoospermia, definition,

2 330 Index B Bcl-x, sperm apoptosis marker, 303 BMPs, see Bone morphogenetic proteins Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), epididymis expression, 215 BRCA2, gene polymorphisms, 282 C Calcium flux, calcium pumps in sperm, plasma membrane calcium ATPase, 80, 81 sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase, 81, 82 secretory pathway calcium ATPase, 82 progesterone agonism studies, 82, 83 signaling toolkit in sperm, 83, 84 sperm function, 79, 80 Candidate male infertility genes, idiopathic male infertility, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108 polymorphisms, 22 sequencing, 22, 23 table, 7 21 Caspase, sperm apoptosis marker, 303 CB, see Chromatid body CBAVD, see Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens cdna libraries, applications, database analysis, 34 differential screening, 31 history of male fertility studies, 30, 31 CDY1, microdeletions, 241, 244 CE9, processing in epididymis, 214 CFTR, see Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Chromatid body (CB), dynamics, 205 function, 199, 200 MIWI distribution, 202 RNA-induced silencing complex functional link, 202, 203 VASA, 200, 202 Chromatin damage, sperm, mechanisms, 302 minimization for intracytoplasmic sperm injection, 308, 309 reactive oxygen species studies, 304, 305 testing, pregnancy prediction, SCSATM, 305, 322 TUNEL assay, 305, 322 Chromatin remodeling, male germ cells, 198, 199 spermiogenesis, 303, 304 Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), clinical features, 316, 317 Contrin, function, 32, 33 CREM, see Cyclic AMP response element modulator CRES proteins, epididymis expression, 214 protein removal from epididymal lumen, 223, 224 Cryptorchidism, clinical consequences, 183, 184 environmental endocrine disrupter effects, 191

3 Index 331 estrogen receptor 1 variant, 192 prospects for study, 193, 194z testicular descent, developmental steps, INSL3/LGR8 role, steroid hormones in inguinoscrotal descent, 190, 191 transcription factors, 192, 193 Cyclic AMP response element modulator (CREM), activator, 199 gene polymorphisms, 282, 283 testes gene expression regulation, 197, 199 Cyritestin, processing in epididymis, 214 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), mutation and anatomical defects, 100, 252, 316, 317 D DAZ, expression profiling, 167, gene clusters, 240 infertility defects, 234 microdeletions, 241, 243 protein protein interactions, DAZL, expression profiling, 167, 170, 171 gene polymorphisms, 279, 281 perturbation in mouse, 103 protein protein interactions, response element identification, DFI, see DNA fragmentation index Dicer, microrna processing, 203 DMC1, meiosis role, 122 DNA-binding proteins, identification, 32 DNA fragmentation index (DFI), pregnancy prediction with sperm chromatin damage testing, DNA microarray, data concordance with reference technology, 48, 49 epididymis segment-specific gene expression studies, 213 experimental design, germ cell validation, 169, 170 high-throughput analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in single sperm, applications, chromosomal structure in highly repetitive sequences, meiotic recombination contribution to haplotype structure formation, 69, 70 data analysis, 65 internal controls, 65 polymerase chain reaction, 57 60, 62 primer-extension preamplification, 58 principles, 62, 63 single-stranded DNA generation, 64 whole genome amplification, 58, 71 platform types and performance, Affymetrix U133+2 platform, 44 differences, 43

4 332 Index Illumina Sentrix 6, 45, 46 oligonucleotide platform comparison, 46, 47 overview, 38, 39, 43 prospects for study, 49, 50 RNA-binding proteins, 170, 171 software, 40 spermatogenic sperm cell gene expression profiling, 166, 167, 169 DNA sequencing, candidate genes, 102 costs, 23 male infertility genes, 22, 23 Sanger sequencing, 23 E EEDs, see Environmental endocrine disrupters Environmental endocrine disrupters (EEDs), cryptorchidism effects, 191 Epididymis, importance of study, knockout mouse phenotypes, proteases and inhibitors, 214 protein removal from lumen, segment-specific microenvironments, sperm maturation, see Sperm maturation testis/lumacrine regulation of initial segment, 216, 220 Eppin, epididymis expression, 214 Estrogen receptor, estrogen receptor 1 cryptorchidism variant, 192 gene polymorphisms, 277, 278 ESTs, see Expressed sequence tags ETV proteins, epididymis expression, 215, 220 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs), data concordance with reference technology, 48, 49 discovery, 49 testis-specific libraries and candidate gene discovery, F FANCD2, ubiquitination, 155, 156 Fanconi anemia, genes in fertility, 155, 156 Fertilin, processing in epididymis, 214 FISH, see Fluorescence in situ hybridization Flagellum, proteomics, 89 Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), sperm aneuploidy analysis, , 136, 137, 139 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), mutation and infertility, 252, 258, 260 receptor gene polymorphisms, 276 FSH, see Follicle-stimulating hormone G Gene deserts, functions, 6 Gene polymorphisms, see also specific genes, analysis, see DNA microarray DAZL, 103, 279 features, 6 male infertility genes, 22, 274 Genitofemoral nerve (GFN), androgen effects, 190

5 Index 333 Genomics, andrology relationship, 4, 5 prospects for male infertility studies, GFN, see Genitofemoral nerve GGT, see -Glutamyl transpeptidase -Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), epididymis expression, 216, 220 Glutathione S-transferase M1, gene polymorphisms, 282 GnRH, see Gonadotropinreleasing hormone Gonadotropin-regulated testicular helicase (GRTH), gene polymorphisms, 282 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), mutation and infertility, 252 gr/gr deletions, see Y chromosome GRTH, see Gonadotropinregulated testicular helicase H Hapmap Project, candidate gene discovery, 101 hapmap resolution, 23 HGP, see Human Genome Project Holliday junction, resolution, 147 HOXA10, testicular descent role, 192, 193 HOXA11, testicular descent role, 192, 193 HR6B, defects and infertility, 154, 155 Human Genome Project (HGP), gene discovery, 5 gene diversity, 5 historical perspective, 4, 4 RNA analysis, 5 Huyaluronic acid, sperm binding for selection, Hydroxyguanosine, sperm DNA integrity testing, 323 I Idiopathic male infertility, candidate gene identification, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108 DAZL perturbation in mouse, 103 definition, 253, 273 epidemiology, 99, 100 mouse models, protamine gene haploinsufficiency, 103, 104 synaptonemal complex protein 3 studies, 102 Tnp gene perturbation studies, 104 Infertility, classification of causes, 250, 251 diagnosis, 266 epidemiology, 99, 165, 231, 251 evaluation indications, 315, 316 INSL3, androgen effects in action, 191 LGR8 receptor, see LGR8 mutations, 188, 189 processing, 188 testicular descent role, Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, see Assisted reproductive technology Inversions, sperm aneuploidy analysis, 133, 134 In vitro fertilization, see Assisted reproductive technology K Klhl10, analysis in mouse infertility, 105, 107, 108 Klinefelter syndrome, sperm aneuploidy analysis, 132, 318

6 334 Index testicular sperm extraction, 318 Knockout mouse, infertility models, 87, 101 L LGR8, INSL3 ligand, see INSL3 mutations, 189 signaling, 189 testicular descent role, LH, see Luteinizing hormone Luteinizing hormone (LH), mutation and infertility, 252, 260 M Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), processing in epididymis, 214 Meiosis, defective recombination and infertility, MLH1, 152, 153 MLH3, 152, 153 MSH4-MSH5 heterodimer, 151, 152 overview, 147, 148 RAD51, 122, 123, SPO11, 122, 148, 149 defects in male infertility, 115, 116 overview, 116, 117 phases, 147 recombination proteins, synaptonemal complex proteins, , 149, 150 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHR), gene polymorphisms, 283 MicroRNA (mirna), function, 199 RNA processing, 201, 203 RNA-induced silencing complexes, 201 MIWI, chromatid body distribution, 202 RNA processing, 199 spermatogenesis role, 202 MLH1, immunocytogenetics, 123 meiosis role, 121, 122, 152, 153 retinoblastoma and deficiency, 153, 154 MLH3, meiosis role, 152, 153 MMPs, see Matrix metalloproteinases MSH4, meiosis role, 122, 151, 152 MSH5, meiosis role, 122, 151, 152 MSY2, function, MTHR, see Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase N NOA, see Nonobstructive azoospermia Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), AZF microdeletion analysis, etiology, 145, 146, 317 immunocytogenetics analysis of etiology, 123, 125, 126 karyotype evaluation, 318, 319 sperm aneuploidy analysis, 137, 139 treatment, 321 O OA, see Obstructive azoospermia Obstructive azoospermia (OA), cystic fibrosis

7 Index 335 transmembrane conductance regulator mutation and anatomical defects, 100, 252, 316, 317 Oligospermia, definition, 232 Oviduct, sperm interaction and significance, 84, 85 P P26, epididymal protein delivery to spermatozoa, 221 p53, sperm apoptosis marker, 303 PCR, see Polymerase chain reaction PEP, see Primer-extension preamplification PGD, see Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, gene polymorphisms, 282 Plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA), sperm function, 80, 81 PMCA, see Plasma membrane calcium ATPase Pog, defects and infertility, 156 POLG, gene polymorphisms, 279, 280 Polyglutamine repeats, androgen receptor, 254, 255, 275, 321, 322 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), high-throughput analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in single sperm, 57 60, 62 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), chromosomal translocations, 132, 133 Klinefelter syndrome, 132 recommendations, 324 Primer-extension preamplification (PEP), high-throughput analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in single sperm, 58 Progesterone, calcium mobilization in sperm, 82, 83 Prohormone convertases, processing in epididymis, 214 Protamine proteins, expression, abnormal expression and male infertility, 291, 292 genetics, , 296, 297 ratio of types, , 297 functions, genes, haploinsufficiency, 103, 104 polymorphisms, 278, 279, 293 transcription and translation, 294, 296 processing, 290, 296 Proteomics, sperm applications, 87, 89, 90 PUM2, DAZ/DAZL interactions, 171, 172 regulatory elements with germ cell-enriched transcripts, 178 response element identification, RNA binding, 172, 173, 175 R RAD51, meiosis role, 122, 123, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), sperm chromatin damage, 304, 305 Reciprocal translocation, sperm aneuploidy analysis, 133

8 336 Index Retinoblastoma, MLH1 deficiency, 153, 154 RNA-binding proteins, see also PUM2, gene expression profiling, 170, 171 identification, 32, 33 RNA-induced silencing complex, see MicroRNA; RNA interference RNA interference, prospects for male infertility studies, 25 small interfering RNA, processing, 201 RNA-induced silencing complexes, 201 spermatogenesis, 200, 201, 204 Robertsonian translocation, sperm aneuploidy analysis, 132, 133, 318 ROS, see Reactive oxygen species S SAGE, see Serial analysis of gene expression Sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), sperm function, 81, 82 SC, see Synaptonemal complex SCO syndrome, see Sertoli cellonly syndrome SCSATM, sperm DNA integrity testing, 305, 322 Secretory pathway calcium ATPase (SPCA), sperm function, 82 Semen analysis, see Sperm function testing SERCA, see Sarcoplasmicendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), applications, 37, 38 Sertoli cell-only (SCO) syndrome, gene expression profiling, 166, 167, 169 Single nucleotide polymorphisms, see Gene polymorphisms SPCA, see Secretory pathway calcium ATPase Sperm aneuploidy, see Aneuploidy analysis Spermatogenesis, see also Meiosis, chromatin remodeling, 198, 199 failure evaluation, 317 microrna regulation of messenger RNA, see MicroRNA mouse mutagenesis studies, overview, 146, 198, 253 Sperm function testing, diagnostics, prospects, 78, 79 semen analysis, 100, Sperm maturation, epididymal protein delivery to spermatozoa, 221, 222 importance of study, knockout mouse phenotypes, proteases and inhibitors, 214 protein removal from epididymal lumen, segment-specific microenvironments, SPO11, meiosis role, 122, 148, 149 synaptonemal complex protein interaction, 150, 151 SRY, infertility defects, 234 Subfertility, diagnosis, 268

9 Index 337 environmental factors, 100 epidemiology, 78' SYCP3, see Synaptonemal complex protein 3 Synaptonemal complex (SC), assembly, nonobstructive azoospermia defects, 126 Zip proteins in yeast, 149 Synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SYCP3), immunostaining studies, 118 perturbation in mouse, 102, 150, 254 T Testase, processing in epididymis, 214 Testicular descent, see Cryptorchidism Testosterone, gene mutations and infertility, 252, 260 testicular descent role, 190, 191 Tnp genes, perturbation in mouse, 104 TSP, expression profiling, 169 TUNEL assay, sperm DNA integrity testing, 305, 322 U Ubiquitination, FANCD2, 155, 156 HR6B defects and infertility, 154, 155 pathway, 154 Pog defects and infertility, 156 UCEs, see Ultraconserved elements Ultraconserved elements (UCEs), identification, 5, 6 USP9Y, infertility defects, 235 V VASA, chromatid body composition, 200, 202 W WGA, see Whole genome amplification Whole genome amplification (WGA), high-throughput analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in single sperm, 58, 71 Y Y chromosome, microdeletions, AZF, , DNA repository, 256, 257 frequency, 255, 257 gr/gr, , 257, overview, 100, 233 polymorphisms and haplogroups, 238, 239 structure, Z Zona pellucida (ZP), protein types, sperm interactions, ZP, see Zona pellucida

DAX1, testes development role 7, 8 DFFRY, spermatogenesis role 49 DMRT genes, male sex differentiation role 15

DAX1, testes development role 7, 8 DFFRY, spermatogenesis role 49 DMRT genes, male sex differentiation role 15 Subject Index N-Acetylcysteine, sperm quality effects 71 Ambiguous genitalia, origins 1, 2 Anti-Müllerian hormone function 13 receptors 13 Sertoli cell secretion 10, 38 Apoptosis assays in testes 73, 74