Table 1. Sequence and rates of insecticide sprays in experimental plots of apples, Columbus, Ohio, Treatment
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1 Apple insect mngement by insecticides in Ohio, 2012 Finl report, 12/31/2012 Celeste Welty, Associte Professor of Entomology, The Ohio Stte University Rothenbuhler Lbortory, 2501 Crmck Rd., Columbus OH ; e-mil: phone: ; fx: Objective: A field tril ws conducted for continued evlution of insecticide options for control of pple pests with emphsis on control of the key pest, codling moth, nd on new products such s Glditor nd Closer. Glditor is pre-mix of vermectin nd zet-cypermethrin, which ws registered by FMC in June Closer is sulfoxflor, which is under development by Dow nd not yet registered, for control of phids nd other sucking pests. Methods: The tril ws conducted in 2-cre block of 10-yer old pple trees t Ohio Stte University s Wtermn Agriculturl nd Nturl Resources Lbortory in Columbus, Frnklin County, Ohio. There were six tretments, ech with four replictes in rndomized complete block design. There were five djcent Scrlet Spur Red Delicious trees per plot. There ws gurd row of Golden Delicious, Gl, nd Fuji between djcent tretment rows. Three pheromone trps were used to monitor the popultion of codling moth. The trp-bsed biofix ws 4/20/2012. s for control of first genertion codling moth were pplied on in the first cover spry on 5/10, which ws 236 degree-dys fter biofix, nd gin on 5/24 (451 degree-dys) nd 6/7 (718 degree-dys). A fourth cover spry ws pplied on 6/21 for lingering ctivity of codling moth. For control of second-genertion codling moth, insecticides were pplied in the fifth cover spry on 7/5, which ws 260 degree-dys fter re-biofix on 6/25, nd gin on 7/19 nd 8/2. An eighth cover spry ws pplied on 8/16 for third genertion codling moth. Insecticides were pplied in dilute volume of 150 gllons of wter per cre by hndgun spryer operted t pressure of 100 psi, with D6 ConeTip nozzle tip. Products nd rtes used, nd the sequence of product combintions, re shown in Tble 1. Tble 1. Sequence nd rtes of insecticide sprys in experimentl plots of pples, Columbus, Ohio, Spry timing Pink bud Petl-fll 1C, 2C, & 3C 4C 5C, 6C & 7C 8C 1 FMC Mustng Mx 0.8EC: 4 fl Delegte 25WG: FMC 3 Vlent 4 Dow 5 stndrd 6 untreted Mustng Mx 0.8EC: 4 fl Mustng Mx 0.8EC: 4 fl Lorsbn 50W: Closer SC: 3 fl Lorsbn 50W: Glditor (F9318) 0.33EW: 18 fl + oil 0.5 Glditor (F9318) 0.33EW: 18 fl + oil 0.5 Avunt 30WDG: 6 3 lb/a Avunt 30WDG: 6 Belef 50SG: 2.8 1C & 2C: Dnitol 2.4EC, fl ; 3C: Bely 2.13SC, 12 fl Delegte 25WG: 5.2 ; in 2C: plus Closer SC 1.5 fl Altcor 35WG: 3 Delegte 25WG: 5.2 Altcor 35WG: 3 Altcor 35WG: 3 Assil 30SG: 6 + oil
2 Insect injury ws evluted on 100 rndomly selected fruit from the center of ech plot, nondestructively on 6/25, nd destructively t hrvest on 9/13. White pple lefhopper ws evluted in the center tree of ech plot by scouting one middle lef in ech of 25 fruit clusters on 4/16, 4/30, nd 5/9, nd by scouting the endmost five leves of ten terminl shoots on 6/1 nd 6/18. Green pple phid ws evluted in the center tree of ech plot by scouting its presence or bsence on ech of the five endmost leves on ech of ten terminl shoots on 5/23, 6/1, nd 6/18; the number of predtory insects ws lso recorded. Woolly pple phid infesttion ws evluted on ech of the center three trees per plot by scouting the presence or bsence of the pest in one-minute serch per tree on 6/1, 6/18, nd 8/1. Mite popultions were smpled in mid-july nd erly August. A smple of 50 rndomly selected leves ws tken from one tree t the center of ech plot; this smple size ws twice the usul 25 leves per plot due to low mite density. Leves were brushed with mite-brushing mchine, nd mites were counted in sub-smples to determine the verge number of Europen red mite nd predtory mites per lef. The density of pple rust mite ws rted s low (<5 mites per lef), moderte (5 to 50 mites per lef), or high (>50 mites per lef) for ech smple. Dt were subjected to nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) nd men comprisons by lest significnt difference (LSD) tests in the SAS 9.1 microcomputer sttistics progrm. Percentge dt were trnsformed by rcsine squre root before nlysis. Results nd Discussion: Bud development ws bout 3 weeks erlier thn norml. Codling moth pressure ws high s indicted by lrge trp counts (Fig. 1). Lesser ppleworm ws lso present; orientl fruit moth ws bsent. Figure 1. Sesonl trends in the dult popultion of codling moth s detected by pheromone trp cptures in pples t Wtermn Orchrd, Columbus, Ohio, The percentge of fruit tht ws clen of ny insect dmge ws significntly higher in ll five insecticide tretments thn in untreted plots in June (P = ; Tble 2) nd in September (P = ; Tble 3). The percentge of fruit dmged by codling moth or other internl Lepidopter ws significntly lower in ll five insecticide tretments thn in untreted plots in June, which reflects control of first genertion (P = ; Tble 2), nd in September, which reflects control of the second genertion! 2
3 (P < ; Tble 3). Among the five insecticide progrms, the fewest entries by internl Lepidopter in June were in the Mustng Mx tretment nd the most entries were in the Belef tretment; by September, the fewest entries by internl Lepidopter were in the tretment tht used Altcor for first genertion nd Assil for second genertion, nd the most entries were in the tretment tht used Mustng Mx for first genertion nd Delegte for second genertion. Other insects tht cused dmge to fruit were plum curculio, trnished plnt bug, woolly pple phid, stink bugs, lefrollers, nd Sn Jose scle, but none of these vried significntly mong tretments (Tbles 2 nd 3). No pple mggot ws detected. No phytotoxicity ws observed. Tble 2. Insect injury to pple fruit fter tretment by six mngement progrms, evluted nondestructively on 25 June 2012 t OSU s Wtermn Lb, Columbus, Ohio. Internl Lepidopter Plum Entry Sting Totl curculio Trnished plnt bug Woolly pple phid Lorsbn/Avunt/Dnitol/Bely 0.2 BC B A Lorsbn/Avunt/Altcor 0.5 BC B A Mustng/Glditor/Mustng 0.0 C B A Mustng/Glditor/Belef 1.3 B B A Closer/Imidn/Delegte 0.8 BC B A untreted 11.7 A A B Clen Probbility (ANOVA) P< P=0.66 P= P=0.81 P=0.08 P=0.11 P= Within ech column, mens followed by sme letter re not significntly different (P>0.05); men seprtions by LSD. Vlues shown re ctul percentges but ANOVA bsed on trnsformed vlues. Tble 3. Insect injury to pple fruit fter tretment by six mngement progrms, evluted destructively t hrvest on 13 September 2012 t OSU s Wtermn Lb, Columbus, Ohio. Internl Lepidopter Plum curculio Lorsbn/Avunt/ Dnitol/Altcor Entry Sting Totl Oviposition Lte feeding Trnished plnt bug Stink bug Lefroller (lte) Sn Jose Scle Woolly pple phid Clen 7.7 B B A Altcor/Assil 7.0 B B A Closer/Delegte/ Altcor Mustng/Glditor/ Belef/Delegte Mustng/Glditor/ Mustng/Delegte 9.8 B B A 13.5 B B A 15.2 B B A untreted 56.4 A A B Probbility (ANOVA) < < Within ech column, mens followed by sme letter re not significntly different (P>0.05); men seprtions by LSD. Vlues shown re ctul percentges but ANOVA bsed on trnsformed vlues.! 3
4 Green pple phid ws bundnt in ll plots in erly summer nd showed significnt tretment effects on 6/1 (P = ) when the infesttion ws lowest in the Closer/Delegte tretment nd highest in the Mustng/Glditor/Mustng tretment (Tble 4). Predtory insects tht were found in green pple phid colonies were Orius insidiosus dults nd nymphs, ldy beetle lrve nd dults, lcewing lrve nd eggs, nd Aphidoletes lrve; none of these showed significnt tretment effects (P > 0.05). Woolly pple phid ws detected in ll plots but did not show ny significnt tretment effects (Tble 5). White pple lefhopper ws present t negligible levels nd did not show ny significnt tretment effects (Tble 6). Tble 4. Green pple phid: presence or bsence of phids on ech of the five endmost leves on terminl shoots of Delicious pple trees, Columbus, Ohio, of terminl leves infested on three smpling dtes 5/23 6/1 6/18 Closer/ Delegte C 25 Mustng/ Glditor/ Belef BC 24 Altcor AB 50 untreted AB 52 Lorsbn/ Avunt/ Dnitol AB 28 Mustng/ Glditor/ Mustng A 44 effect P = 0.27 P = P = 0.40 Within ech column, mens followed by sme letter re not significntly different (P>0.05); men seprtions by LSD. Vlues shown re ctul percentges but ANOVA bsed on trnsformed vlues. Tble 5. Woolly pple phid infesttion detected on Delicious pple trees, Columbus, Ohio, of trees with woolly pple phid present 6/1 6/18 8/1 Lorsbn/Avunt/ Dnitol Altcor Closer/Delegte Mustng/ Glditor/ Belef Mustng/ Glditor/ Mustng untreted effect P = 0.20 P = 0.13 P = 0.57 Tble 6. White pple lefhopper on fruit clusters nd terminl shoots of Delicious pple trees, Columbus, Ohio, Number of lefhoppers per spur cluster lef Number of lefhoppers on endmost five leves of terminl shoots 4/16 4/30 5/9 6/1 6/18 Mustng/ Glditor/ Belef Lorsbn/ Avunt/ Dnitol Mustng/ Glditor/ Mustng Altcor Closer/Delegte untreted effect P = 0.18 P = 0.24 P = 0.45 P = 0.09 P = 0.31! 4
5 Mites were t low density s they hve been in this orchrd for the pst few yers. After mites were detected in untreted plots in erly July (Tble 6), mites were surveyed in ll plots. The Europen red mite did not show ny significnt tretment effect on 7/18 (Tble 7) or on 8/8 (Tble 8). Apple rust mite showed significnt tretment effects on 7/18 (Tble 7) nd on 8/8 (Tble 8). Stigmeids were the most bundnt predtory mite nd they showed significnt tretment effects on both smpling dtes; they were more bundnt in the Closer/Delegte/Altcor tretment thn in other treted plots (Tbles 7 nd 8). Tble 6. Density of Europen red mite (ERM) nd ssocited mites on Delicious pples on 7/7/2012. Men number per lef ERM motiles ERM eggs Apple rust mite Men number of predtors per lef rting, scle 0-3 Stigmeid motiles Phytoseiid motiles Untreted check Density rting scle: 0 = none; 1 = low (<5 per lef); 2 = moderte (5 to 50 per lef); 3 = high (>50 per lef). Tble 7. Density of Europen red mite (ERM) nd ssocited mites on Delicious pples on 7/18/2012. Men number per lef ERM motiles ERM eggs Apple rust mite Men number of predtors per lef rting, scle 0-3, b Stigmeid motiles b Phytoseiid motiles untreted B 0.75 A 0 Closer/Delegte/ Altcor B 0.39 AB 0 Altcor/Assil A 0.18 B 0 Mustng/Glditor/ Mustng/Delegte Lorsbn/Avunt/ Dnitol/Altcor Mustng/Glditor/ Belef/Delegte B 0.16 B B 0.12 B B 0.11 B 0 effect P = 0.40 P = 0.44 P = P = P = 0.45 Density rting scle: 0 = none; 1 = low (<5 per lef); 2 = moderte (5 to 50 per lef); 3 = high (>50 per lef). b Within ech column, mens followed by the sme letter re not significntly different (P>0.05), by LSD. Tble 8. Density of Europen red mite (ERM) nd ssocited mites on Delicious pples on 8/8/2012. Men number per lef ERM motiles ERM eggs Apple rust mite Men number of predtors per lef rting, scle 0-3 Stigmeid motiles b Phytoseiid motiles untreted A 0 Closer/Delegte/ AB 0 Altcor Altcor/Assil C 0 Mustng/Glditor/ C 0 Mustng/Delegte Lorsbn/Avunt/ Dnitol/Altcor BC 0 Mustng/Glditor/ ABC 0 Belef/Delegte effect P = 0.58 P = 0.37 P = 0.50 P = Density rting scle: 0 = none; 1 = low (<5 per lef); 2 = moderte (5 to 50 per lef); 3 = high (>50 per lef). b Within ech column, mens followed by the sme letter re not significntly different (P>0.05), by LSD. Acknowledgements: pplictions nd orchrd mintennce by Mrk Schmittgen nd Glenn Mills were gretly pprecited, s ws technicl ssistnce by Amnd Lord, Mckenzie Dorner, Greg Holthus, nd Emily Linkous. Funding nd products were supplied by FMC, Vlent, nd Dow. Products supplied by DuPont, United Phosphorus, nd Gown were pprecited.! 5
Table 1. Sequence of products applied in apple insecticide trial, Columbus, Ohio, 2015.
Apple insect mngement by insecticides in Ohio, 2015 Finl report, 12/31/2015 Celeste Welty, Associte Professor of Entomology, The Ohio Stte University Rothenbuhler Lbortory, 2501 Crmck Rd., Columbus OH
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