Ecology and management of stink bugs & Lygus on cotton in the SE and Mid-south

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1 Ecology and management of stink bugs & Lygus on cotton in the SE and Mid-south ENT 762 Jack Bacheler Prof. Emeritus

2 Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) are a large and sometimes colorful family of both predacious and phytophagous insects 2

3 Declining insecticide use for bollworms in North Carolina Era Years Apps. / acre Pre-Eradication Pre-Bollgard Bollgard, BG2, etc. 96-present 1-2 The emergence of stink bugs as a significant economic pest of cotton parallels the reduction of insecticide use for caterpillar pests following boll weevil eradication of the boll weevil and the introduction of Bt cotton varieties. 3

4 North Carolina s major boll damaging stink bug species nymph nymph adult Green stink bug nymph adult Brown stink bug Images: M. Rice The green (Acrosternum hilare) and brown stink bug (Euschistus servus) are by far the most damaging stink bug species to cotton in NC and VA. 4

5 Proportion of green, brown and southern green stink bugs at SE test locations, =Green = Brown = Southern green = Other 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% N 04 N 05 N 05 N 05 N 05 N 05 N 06 N 06 N 08 N 08 S 06 S 06 S 07 G 05 G 06 G 06 G 08 G 08 G 08 Brown and green stink bugs are the predominant stink bug species in NC, while the southern green stink bug and browns are the main species in GA, with SC intermediate. 5

6 Primary green and brown stink bug field crop flow in NC Wheat and weed hosts Corn and weed hosts Cotton, peanut soybean and tobacco Wheat sa primary early season host of the brown stink bugs, followed by corn and weed hosts and finally most other major field crops in NC. 6

7 Stink bug cotton scouting challenges: Adults damage bolls immediately Nymph hatchlings from egg masses result in patchy distribution A relatively low population can cause significant damage Vectors hardlock and boll rot pathogens Scouting for stink bugs is challenging for the reason shown above. 7

8 Stink bug damage to young cotton boll Cut open young boll showing extensive internal damage due to stink bug feeding. 8

9 Stink bug damaged vs. undamaged boll at harvest Stink bug damage is readily visible at harvest time. This damage impact both yields and fiber quality. 9

10 ** * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * ** * * ** * * * * Chowan County damaged boll assessment, 1980 * * * * 41 fields (2 3 apps. Dipel insecticide) 6 fields (3 applications of Pydrin) The orange asterisks mark the cotton fields assessed for bollworm and stink bug damage under a biological insecticide approach. The 6 cotton fields within the green circle were treat with a pyrethroid insecticide. 10

11 Comparison of two approaches for bollworm control, 1980 Chowan County (n = no. fields) Approach % damaged bolls Yield (lb. (# of cotton fields) Bollworm Mystery Total lint/ac) Dipel (41) Pyrethroid (6) The pyrethroid treated cotton fields revealed almost 20% less boll damage and 236 more lint/acre. 11

12 Cleveland County, NC Cleveland County was an area of low insecticide use. 12

13 Stink bug damage to bolls: Cleveland County vs remainder of NC ( ; n = 1400 cotton fields) 8.5 Cleveland Co. % damaged bolls While this area need less than 0.5 applications per acre for caterpillar pests compared with the 2.5 applications, it sustained more more stink bug injury. 13

14 First stink bug threshold for cotton in the US: % external damage to thumb-sized bolls Self explanatory 14

15 Internal boll damage by stink bugs Common internal stink bug injury to bolls showing pin prick like feeding probes, stained lint (right) and warts (left) 15

16 Internal boll damage by stink bugs Jeremy Greene developed a static 20% internal damage threshold in late1997 This static threshold remained the same throughout the boll production period. 16

17 Stink bug thresholds on cotton, 1998: 15% a few based on #/row ft. based internal boll damage thresholds remained static 20% 20% 10% 20% SE internal boll damage thresholds in

18 % damaged bolls State-wide damage boll survey: bollworm damage, !! Year Approx. 1,400 cotton fields were surveyed and checked for both bollworm and stink bug damage. 18

19 % damaged bolls State-wide damage boll survey: stink bug damage, Approx. $30/acre Year Same time period for stink bug damage. 19

20 Efficacy of Conventional, BG, WideStrike and BGII against bollworms and stinkbugs, (n=773 cotton fields) 8 Bollworm damage Stink bug damage Overall boll damage 7 6 % Boll damage Conv. BG WS BG II Conv. BG WS BG II Conv. BG WS BG II Although stink bug damage was significantly greater than bollworm damage for the various technologies, this damage had to be discounted (multiplied by 0.4) to account for field trials showing that a stink bug damaged boll was, on average, only 40% of the lint loss per boll compared to a bollworm damaged boll. 20

21 Variability in stink bug damage to bolls Figure shows various levels of stink bug injury due to stink bug feeding. 21

22 Treated 5x Untreated This figure from GA illustrates the potential damage caused by stink bugs. The cotton in the background was treated 5 times for stink bugs while the cotton in the foreground was not treated. Very little bollworm damage was seen in the BG II cotton variety in both the treated and untreated areas of this test. 22

23 Pounds of lint cotton / acre Stink bug damage to bolls vs. yield; Wayne Co., y = x R2 = % boll damage In this 2004 test with very high stink bug populations, the difference between treating 7 time vs. untreated was approx. 500 pounds of lint. 23

24 Bt vs. conventional cotton acreage in North Carolina, Conventional cotton acreage Bt cotton acreage Acreage (x 1,000) Year This figure shows the adoption of Bt cotton in NC from it introduction through

25 Stink bugs damage cotton less: 1) early in the bloom period: when feeding causes limited damage 2) late in the bloom period: when bolls are no longer susceptible Research begun at NCSU in 2004 and expanded into SC and GA in 2005 indicated that stink bugs caused limited damage to cotton bolls both early in the bloom period (low levels of bugs and plant compensation for damage) and late in the bloom period (many bolls no longer susceptible to injury from stink bugs). 25

26 Boll age and size vs. yield loss (approx diam. & > 25 days old) Bolls reaching the age of 3.5 weeks were found to be safe from stink injury; this age corresponded to an outer diameter of approx inches. Outer boll wall shows external stink bug injury 26

27 Cutaway shows no internal damage. 27

28 Field device to separate safe from susceptible bolls. 28

29 Bolls become safe from stink bug damage over time: 3.5 weeks is considered a Safe Boll Self explanatory 29

30 Suggested dynamic threshold for stink bugs* Susceptible (< 1.25 dia.) Boll Ratio Safe (> 1.25 dia.) Threshold (%) * A BollChecker may be helpful in determining ratios. ** Boll diameter approximately 1.25 inches or larger. Table used to adjust threshold upwards based on an assessment of the ratio of safe vs. susceptible bolls/ 30

31 Average number of stink bugs per 6 row feet (n = 8 tests, ) Number of stink bugs Adults Nymphs Week of bloom Immigration of stink bugs into cotton fields. 31

32 Impact of stink bug feeding on reduction of harvestable locks 100 % unharvestable locks No Stink bugs Green 3rd Green 4th 60 Green 5th 66 Green adult 53 Brown adult Stink bug species and instar Early stage stink bugs cause minimal damage to cotton bolls. 32

33 Thresholds evaluated ( ; n = 47 trials in NC, SC & GA) UTC: untreated control Wkly bloom: sprayed weekly from 1 st wk of bloom 10% sprayed at 10% with 1 internal symptom 20% sprayed at 20% with 1 internal symptom 30% sprayed at 30% with 1 internal symptom Dynamic 50, 30, 10, 10, 10, 20, 30, 50% by wk Treated with pyrethroid + dicrotophos (e.g., lb ai/acre) Beginning in 2005, a series of stink bug threshold tests was conducted in NC, GA and in SC, as indicated above to test the economic merit of the dynamic threshold that took advantage of the low probability of damage early and late in the bloom period by raising the threshold during those periods. This dynamic threshold was compared with static thresholds of 10, 20 and 30% internal boll damage which remained the same throughout the bloom period. 33

34 Economic difference between use of 20% vs. Dynamic Threshold (n = 47 tests; NC, SC & GA; ) Damage level UT 20% Dynamic Difference 20%) Low (0 app.) $7.42 Mod. (1 app.) $19.29 High (2+ app.) $33.78 This summary looks at the economic advantage of the 20% and the dynamic over the untreated check at three different levels of stink bug damage. The low stink bug level treatments were the tests that did not reach the 20% threshold; the moderate treatments were those tests in which the 20% threshold was met one time; the high treatments were those tests in which the 20% threshold was met 2or more times. As one can see above, the dynamic threshold provided a $7.42, $19.29, and a $33.78/acre advantage over the 20% threshold under low, moderate and high stink bug levels, respectively in the above tests. 34

35 2009: Dynamic threshold: 50*, 30, 10, 10, 10, 20, 30, 50 (% internal boll damage by week of bloom) Beginning in 2005, a series of stink bug thresholds was conducted in NC, GA and in SC, as indicated above. Each of the plots was scouted weekly for damage to quarter sized bolls and treated only if the respective threshold was met. The UTC treatment was never treated while the Weekly bloom plots were sprayed every week beginning at initial bloom. A total of 47 thresholds tests were conducted from

36 Side 1 Following the results of the threshold tests showing that the dynamic threshold was economically superior to the other static thresholds used in the Southeast, we developed an easy to use field card to simplify scouting for stink bug damage. This 3x 6 inch durable plastic card is a self contained abbreviated scouting guide, listing the internal damaged boll thresholds by week of bloom, providing holes for the selection of the correct quarter sized bolls (between 0.9 and 1.1 inches in outside diameter), and enumerating the proper scouting steps to be taken. 36

37 Side 2 The color side of the template provides images the stained lint and internal carpal wall warts that constitute boll damage. External damage is not scored as damage because 1) scouts have difficulty in differentiating what constitutes external boll damage from other marks on bolls, 2) some bolls have no external signs of damage yet have internal damage and 3) some bolls with clear external damage from stink bugs have no internal damage. Scouting cards were used in NC, VA, SC, and GA during the 2010 growing season, with separate logos for each state. Because of the acceptance and popularity of these decision aid cards, these devices will be expanded into AL, MS, AR, LA, MO, TN, OK and TX for the 2011 cotton production season. 37

38 Decision aid card (3 x 6 inches). 38

39 2010 Dist. to: Consultants Agents Producers Scouts Field templates were individualized for each of the participating SE states and distributed to the extension entomologists in NC, VA, SC and GA for redistribution to county agents, consultants and industry personnel. 39

40 Decision Aid Card Rating, 2011 ( 22 NC Independent Crop Consultants) 0 10 Useless (This sucks!) 8.1 This is the best tool ever! (81.4%: used our stink bug card) Independent NCDA licensed evaluated the field card. More than 90% evaluated the card. It received a rating of 8.1 out a possible

41 Distribution of stink bug decision aid cards across the Cotton Belt, 2011 Virginia 200 North Carolina 1,000 South Carolina 700 Georgia 1,500 Alabama 200 Louisiana 500 Mississippi 500 Arkansas 500 Missouri 500 Tennessee 500 Oklahoma 50 Texas 200 Cotton Inc. 200 Cards were produced for the SE, Mid south, TX and OK. Later AZ and Brazil. 41

42 Stink Bug Decision Aid App: An ios and Android version of the decision aid was designed and available as a free smart phone download. 42

43 43

44 Decision aid sections 44

45 Marlin Rice (Pioneer) provided the images. 45

46 A camera function was included to send images of damage, for species ID, etc. 46

47 By inputting the first 3 boxes, user can compare the appropriate threshold to his/her damage assessment. 47

48 Sorry. I d rather be looking at the North Carolina Cotton Stink Bug App!! Heavy demand! 48

49 Stink bug pests of cotton?? Brown stink bug Green and southern Green stink bug Brown marmorated stink bug The Brown marmorated stink bug is expanding its range and could become a pest of cotton. A handful of cotton fields in the western Piedmont were severely damaged by this species in

50 Brown marmorated stink bug damage to corn This species is often present in very high numbers and has become a serious economic pest of vegetables and fruits from mid Virginia north. 50

51 Brown marmorated stink bugs are becoming established in NC! Example of high population 51

52 Scouting Cotton for BMSB H. halys H. halys regression Uninfested Uninfested regression Quartersized bolls Safe!? Internal warts Boll diameter (cm) Kamminga et al Journal of Cotton Science 18: The ability of this species to feed on large bolls safe from other species is alarming and may result in a reconsideration of current thresholds. 52

53 Plant bug damage to cotton Damage plant terminals, squares and young bolls In NC, levels higher further east Essentially a non problem in NC prior to Bt adoption Plant bug levels have also increased following the introduction of Bt cotton. 53

54 Plant bug damage Self explanatory 54

55 Early plant bug scouting & thresholds Square retention first 80%, okay for 5-7 days Sweep if square retention <80% Pre-bloom threshold: 8 bugs/ 100 sweeps Pre bloom scouting for square retention and plant bugs. 55

56 Later plant bug scouting & thresholds Use 2.5-ft. black beat cloth beat both rows Use 2-3 bugs as threshold <80% Nymphs = reproduction Bloom thresholds. 56

57 Plant bug insecticide efficacy Insecticide SE Rating (1-5) Brigadier 5.0 Bidrin XP 4.7 Bidrin 4.5 Acephate 4.3 Endigo, Transform 4.0 Bifenthrin 3.8 Centric 3.4 Belay, Carbine 3.0 Admire Pro 2.3 Intruder 1.0 More disruptive Two edged sword: The most disruptive plant bug insecticides are the least effective. 57

58 Plant bug insecticide efficacy Plant bugs in NC already developing tolerance to Chloronicotinoids: (Seed trts, aphids, Bollworm and stink bug) Insecticide SE Rating (1-5) Brigadier 5.0 Bidrin XP 4.7 Bidrin 4.5 Acephate 4.3 Endigo, Transform 4.0 Bifenthrin 3.8 Centric 3.4 Belay, Carbine 3.0 Admire Pro 2.3 Intruder 1.0 More disruptive Additionally, plant bugs are also becoming intolerant to the nicotinoids shown in the box. 58

59 % cotton acreage % cotton acreage sprayed for plant bugs in NC, and (independent crop consultants survey) Pre bloom Post bloom In NC, although our insecticide use needed for plant bugs is far less than in the Mid south, the trend appears to be increased acreage sprayed for this pest. 59

60 Number of plant bug applications in the Mississippi Delta, (acephate lb. active/acre) Applications (0.25) Year Both the number of applications and the rate have skyrocketed in the MS delta. 60

61 Insecticide application timing for plant bugs and aphids in Mid-south cotton Diamond Nicotinoids Transform OP s and pyrethroids Everything Planting 1 st square 1 st flower Peak flower Cutout Plant bug management strategy in MS. Earlier planting of early maturing varieties mitigates the damage potential somewhat.l 61

62 Any Questions?? Jack Bacheler NCSU Entomology

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